Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 16 (2020) 62–67

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rsap

Design and development of a mobile app of drug information for people with T
visual impairment
Juliana Madrigal-Cadavid∗, Pedro Amariles, Daniel Pino-Marín, Johan Granados, Newar Giraldo
Research Group on Pharmaceutical Promotion and Prevention, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Background: People with visual impairment presents difficulties to access the labels information of medicines. In
Visual disability this sense, technological tools can contribute to improve access to this information and the appropriate use of
Rational use of medicines medicines in this population. However, currently, in Colombia, there are no tools to facilitate this process.
Technological tools Objective: To design and development of a mobile app of drug information for people with visual impairment,
Mobile applications
which allows them to access information for the appropriate use of medicines.
Mobile health
Methods: A user-centered design process is carried out in four phases was used: a) Identification the needs and
barriers for appropriate use of medicines; b) Lifting of requirements, c) Interface design and prototyping, and
development of the mobile app, and d) Usability test.
Results: The study involved 48 people with visual disability, of which 69% required assistance for the use of
medicines. The main barriers identified were access to information and dosing. A total of ten user requirements
were identified, based on these and international accessibility standards FarmaceuticApp was designed and
developed, incorporating the problems that were identified in the usability test.
Conclusion: A mobile app of drug information for people with visual impairment using a user-centered design
process was designed and developed, highlighting the importance of involving the users and other stakeholders
in the design and development m-health technologies. FarmaceuticApp could contribute to the appropriate use
of medicines and improve therapeutic adherence, as well as autonomy and independence in people with visual
impairment.

Background better control of chronic diseases.

In recent years, technological developments in the field of health
and medicine have expanded and improved the health care process,
contributing to the achievement of therapeutic objectives and to im-
provements in quality of life.1–4
In the pharmaceutical care context, several technological strategies
have been implemented, such as the use of mobile apps focused on
adherence, control, and self-management of chronic and mental ill-
nesses such as diabetes, HIV, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.
Advances have been made for vulnerable populations, such as children
and the elderly.4–6
Worldwide, it estimated there are around 300,000 mobile health
apps (m-health) for the management of chronic diseases, promotion of
healthy lifestyles and physical activity, therapeutic adherence, health
education for patients, and for contraception.1 This strategy in addition
to being economical and efficient, could improve access to health ser-
vices, increases information for patients and professionals and allows
However, some limitations of mobile apps could affect their bene-
fits: a) poor regulation and evidence, which could compromise patient
safety; b) poor security of patient data; and c) design and development
not focused on patient needs.4,7–9
In Colombia, one of the main barriers identified to the appropriate
use of medicines in the population with a visual impairment was access
to information on the labels of medicines (contraindications, storage,
and expiration date).10 Currently, there is no tool to facilitate this
process. Thus, the objective of this study was to design and develop of a
mobile app of drug information for people with visual impairment,
which allows them to access information for the appropriate use of
medicines.

∗
Corresponding author. Calle 67 # 53 - 108 Off. 1-450, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.
E-mail addresses: juliana.mc90@hotmail.com, juliana.madrigalc@udea.edu.co (J. Madrigal-Cadavid).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.02.013
Received 20 February 2019; Accepted 21 February 2019
1551-7411/ © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
J. Madrigal-Cadavid, et al.
Methods
Study design
A user-centered design process was carried out in four phases in the
framework to improve the uptake and impact of m-health technologies
and develop a highly useable and accessible app for the people with
visual impairment.
Phase I
Identification the needs and barriers for appropriate use of medicines
A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in a healthcare
institution in Medellin (Colombia), to identify the needs and barriers for
appropriate use of medicines in people with visual impairment. A
structured questionnaire was designed with 29 questions to identify: a)
socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, b) needs and barriers for
the appropriate use of medicines, and c) use of technology and the
internet.
The investigators applied the questionnaire using face-to-face or
telephone contact with the participants after their receiving informa-
tion about the study, policies for confidential information, and accep-
tance and understanding of the informed consent.
The recruitment of participants involved use of a purposive sam-
pling of visual impairment population database attended in the in-
stitution was used. This included people with visual impairment be-
tween 18 and 60 years of age, residents in Medellin (Colombia), and
without a cognitive or linguistic deficit.
Ethical approval: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee
of the Nursing Faculty University of Antioquia (Colombia) (Approval
No. CEI-FE 2016–45).
Phase II
Lifting of requirements
With the results of phase I, the features fundamental for use of
mobile app and the technological tools used by the participants were
identified. The feasibility and technical complexity of each requirement
were evaluated for user requirements prioritization:
Feasibility: A non-structured bibliography search was made to
identify the accessibility features and services for people visual dis-
abilities available to integrating android application development.
Complexity: The development team (systems engineer, electronic
engineer, information systems analyst, and graphic designer) evaluated
the technical complexity of each requirement taking into account the
features, services, and development tools available and the difficulty of
programming. Based on these criteria, the researchers and the devel-
opment team rated the priority of each user requirement independently
on a 4-point numeric rating scale according to the MoSCoW prior-
itization method11 (1: Must have, 2: Should have, 3: Could have, 4:
Won't have at this time). In addition, technical requirements of the
mobile app were established.
Phase III
Interface design and prototyping
Based on the user requirements with priority 1, 2 and 3 defined in
phase II, initial sketches of graphics interface were designed
(Lucidchart© 2017, online. Lucid Software Inc). Then the development
team generated a high-fidelity prototype and final graphics interface
(Protoio© 2017, online. Protoio Inc.), in accordance with the interna-
tional accessibility standards of the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C).
Development of the mobile app
Development of the mobile app was carried out in 4 stages. The
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Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 16 (2020) 62–67
operating characteristics of each stage were generated in the user
stories: a) drug information database and settings, b) searches, c) my
medicines, and d) find nearby pharmacies and hospitals.
Each stage was reviewed and tested by the researchers and a user
and adjustments were made by the development team. The mobile app
was developed in Java using Android Studio 3.2.1 (Google LLC).
Compatibility, errors, and quality of the development was evaluated
thought Robo tests in physical and virtual devices with API level 21 to
28 using Test Lab (Firebase Console. Google LLC), and accessibility was
evaluated using the Accessibility Scanner app (Google LLC).
Phase IV
Usability test
Usability was evaluated using Guerilla Usability Testing, with a
format designed to record information of the user interaction with the
mobile app. Recruitment of participants was via a purposive sampling
for each type of visual impairment (blindness and low vision). The
participants were assigned tasks and measured the time they required
to perform them:
1. Download and install the mobile app from the Play Store
2. Start the app and configuring according to type visual impairment.
3. Explore the different search methods (capture of bar code, voice
command and text)
4. Explore the “My Medicines” section
5. Explore the “Find nearby pharmacies and hospitals” section
In the end, users can score the mobile app (on a Likert scale of 1:
Very Poor to 5: Very good) and give observations.
Results
Phase I
Identification the needs and barriers for appropriate use of medicines
In total, 48 people with visual impairment were recruited for the
interviews. The socio-demographic and clinical characteristics are de-
tailed in Table 1.
The main need identified was 69% requires assistance for use of
medications. The main barriers were access to information (52%),
dosing (42%), difficulty identifying the medication (35%), preparation
(33%) and use of complex pharmaceutical forms (33%).
With respect to the use of technology, 90% of participants had a
cellphone and 93% had Android. The 69% had access to the Internet
and use mobile apps and 96% considered necessary to have a mobile
app of drug information to favor appropriate use of these.
Phase II
Lifting of requirements
Five functional requirements for the mobile application with
priority 1, one with priority 2 and 4 with priority 3 were established. In
addition, 6 requirements with priority 4 were established, will be used
in a later version of the mobile app (Table 2).
Also, non-functional requirements such as Android platform version
5.0 ″Lollipop” or superior, device with a minimum 5-megapixel camera,
download from Play Store were identified.
Phase III
Interface design and prototyping
The mobile app “FarmaceuticApp” was based on the search of
medication (capture of bar code, voice command or text) and through
audio and magnification, facilitates access to drug information (Fig. 1).
To use mobile app easily, a friendly graphical interface and high-
J. Madrigal-Cadavid, et al. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 16 (2020) 62–67

Table 1
Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics (n = 48).
Socio-demographic characteristics% (n)

Mean Age (years) 42

Gender Male 52% (25)
Female 48% (23)
Visual condition Low vision 54% (26)
Blindness 46% (22)
Academic level Primary 25% (12)
Secondary 40% (19)
Vocational Technician - Technologist 8% (4)
Professional title 27% (13)
Socio-economic level Level 1 2% (1)
Level 2 42% (20)
Level 3 52% (25)
Level 4 4% (2) Fig. 1. Overview of the mobile app.
Clinical characteristics% (n)
Cause of disability Illnesses 63% (30)
Congenital 21% (10) information (on a Likert-type scale of 1–5 on importance) identified in
Accident 12% (6) phase I, drug database with the following information was generated:
Other 4% (2)
indication, correct use, storage, side effects, precautions, interactions
Diagnosed visual disease Glaucoma 21% (10)
Cataract 21% (10) and recommendations.
Blindness 4% (2) The drug database was structured from Bot Plus 2.0 (Spain. https://
Other 54% (26) botplusweb.portalfarma.com/), Medicamentos a un clic (Colombia.
Comorbidities Hypertension 30% (14)
http://www.medicamentosaunclic.gov.co/) and Sistema de Información
Diabetes mellitus 21% (10)
Thyroid diseases 8% (4) de Medicamentos (Pharmaceutical Promotion and Prevention, University
Neurological disorders 8% (4) of Antioquia. http://www.humax.com.co/paf.php?cat=2&lg=es) in
Other 33% (16) SQLite Studio version 3.2.1 (SalSoft Pawel Salawa) and contains re-
Use of medicines 1-9 daily levant information of approximate 400 active pharmaceutical in-
gredients, principally ambulatory care drug (with its different phar-
maceutical forms or formulations) and its automatically updates in the
fidelity prototype were developed. The functional requirements with
mobile app through a server.
priority 1, 2 and 3 were included and we used suitable colors, contrasts,
In ‘settings’, the user can activate or deactivate the voice assistant,
font sizes, content labels, clickable items, and icons to guaranty the
vibration, sound alerts and adjust the size letter, according to her de-
accessibility (Fig. 2).
gree of visual impairment. Likewise, labels, focus, and grouping of
elements, non-textual alternative text, screen identification and warn-
Development of the mobile app ings verbalization to guarantee adequate functioning with Talkback
The user stories with characteristics of the four stages for the de- were identified.
velopment of “FarmaceuticApp” were generated:
b) Searches
a) Drug database and settings
Main characteristics of the three search methods: capture of bar
Based on clinical variables and importance rating of drug code, voice command, and text were established.

Table 2
Functional requirements of the mobile app.
Characteristic Description Feasibility Complexity Priority

Visual accessibility Mobile app describes aloud what appears on screen, tells you about each item on the screen as you Yes High 1
select it.
Screen magnification Enlarges the information displayed on the mobile screen, to facilitate reading in people with low Yes Low 1
vision.
Search methods Bar code capture: activates the camera to capture the bar code of medicine. Yes High 1
Voice command: activates the microphone to perform the search by generic or brand-name of the Yes Medium 2
medicine.
Text search: type generic or brand-name of the medicine. Yes Low 3
History Allows to add or remove a medication to the history to consult quickly Yes Low 3
Settings Allows activate or deactivate functions according to degree of visual impairment Yes Low 3
Upgrades Auto update drug database when the mobile app is opened Yes Medium 1
Drug Database The information is provided from the drug database of the Research Group on Pharmaceutical Yes High 1
Promotion and Prevention, University of Antioquia.
Find nearby pharmacies and Activate GPS of device and shows pharmacies and hospitals located near user Yes Medium 3
hospitals
Search by text recognition Activates the camera to detecting text in images using text recognition Yes High 4
Expiration date Identifies and shows the expiration date medicine Yes High 4
Profile Mobile app can be personalized according to patient characteristics (age, diseases, special conditions) Yes Medium 4
Medication reminder Allows create medication reminder to improve adherence Yes Medium 4
Contact a pharmacist Contact a pharmacist when you have questions or need information about medication Yes High 4
Identification of counterfeit Verification of production lot number and compare with information of the National Institute for Yes High 4
medicines Monitoring Food and Drug Administration (Invima)

Priority: 1: Must have, 2: Should have, 3: Could have, 4: Won't have at this time.

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J. Madrigal-Cadavid, et al. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 16 (2020) 62–67

Fig. 2. Prototype of mobile app.

• Voice command and text search by generic and brand-name.
• Capture of bar code search is the most specific, it identifies the drug
and the pharmaceutical form
• Vibration and sound alerts when identifies the drug.
• Once the drug is identified, the user can access to complete in-
formation.
c) My medicines
“My medicines” allows the user to add the medications that fre-
quently consult, to have complete information without search again.
d) Find nearby pharmacies and hospitals.
Shows the map and list pharmacies and hospitals located near user
through GPS. Also can get directions and show routes on Google Maps
(Fig. 3).
The Robo test on several makes and models of Android devices (11
physical devices and 16 virtual devices) was performed and all the
results were correct. Each suggestion of the accessibility test was re-
viewed and adjusted to guaranty the accessibility standards in the
mobile app “FarmaceuticApp”.
Phase IV
Usability test
In total, 20 people with visual impairment (10 people blindness, 10
people low vision) made the usability test.
The times to execute the download, start - settings and searches are
detailed in Table 3.
In general, users scored FarmaceuticApp between 4 and 5 (good and
very good) and 100% of users would use it when using medication.
Discussion
Visual impairment affects quality of life results in higher costs for
these patients and for the health system.12,13 In addition, it supposes a
higher difficulty carrying out daily activities, compromising their au-
tonomy and independence.14 In general, information about the socio-
demographic and clinical characteristics of the population with visual
impairment is known. However, needs and barriers faced by this

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Dosing, especially for liquid and injectable formulations such as

insulin, was another barrier identified. In this sense, some studies have
shown that medication regimen complexity can influence adherence to
treatment.23,24 Some recommendations for use of these formulations
are the use of syringes or measuring cups marked to touch.14
Currently, the availability and development of mobile apps are very
high, which allows the integration and participation of people with
disabilities in various social arenas.25,26 Mobile health apps proven to
be an accessible and economic strategy with positive results in ther-
apeutic adherence and in the self-control of the disease.27,28 However,
the availability and usability of mobile health apps for people with
visual impairment are very limited.
The usability test in this study helped identify some problems of
usability in people with visual impairment. The time required for
people with blindness to perform the bar code search (4–6 min) was the
main result identified in the usability test. Not all medications have
such a bar code in their primary packaging, and the size and location
depend on the drug manufacturer. In this sense, search by an image in a
new version of the mobile app was included. This option activates the
camera to detecting text in images using text recognition, and by
identifying the drug name performs the search in the database to access
the drug information.
For the design and development of healthcare technology, it is re-
commended to involve an interdisciplinary group that includes the
development team, health professionals and patients, to improve the
acceptance and impact of the tool. FarmaceuticApp was designed and
developed for user-centeredness in accordance with the methodology
proposed in previous research.29–31 This helps to ensure accessibility
and usability, and to contribute to the appropriate use of medications
for patients with visual impairment.

Fig. 3. Nearby pharmacies and hospitals.

Limitations

population for their personal and social development in all social areas The study has several limitations. First, FarmaceuticApp is only
are not well-defined, especially in the healthcare arena.15 available for Android. Worldwide, Android is the most popular mobile
The use of medications becomes hat much more complex for pa- operating system (75%); however, a version for iOS could be developed
tients with visual impairment. In this study, assistance for use and ac- later. Second, although the sample used in phase I was not very large,
cess to information labeling or package leaflet drugs were the main the requirements for the mobile app were adequately identified, and
barriers identified. This could affect the appropriate use of medications with the usability test, this was confirmed. Some authors recommend
and have a negative impact on therapy results. It has been observed that usability tests performed with only 5 users; however, this study still
patients with more information have greater adherence to treatment requires further validation in more varied populations.
and better use of medications, achieving best results.16–20
The pharmaceutical industry is responsible for the information drug
Conclusion
label or package insert. However, several studies have shown that pa-
tients often have problems understanding the sections describing the
A mobile app of drug information FarmaceuticApp, for people with
dosage, contraindications and adverse drug reactions, mainly due to the
visual impairment using a user-centered process was designed and de-
technical terms and the small size of the letters.21,22 In this sense, it is
veloped, highlighting the importance of involving users and other sta-
recommended that they have complementary information, use alter-
keholders in the design and development m-health technologies. Access
native communication channels, support or intervention of health
to drug information for appropriate use of these in people with visual
professionals and the use of a clear and common language for pa-
disability was the main barrier identified. FarmaceuticApp could con-
tients.21 Thus, drug database with key information for patients from
tribute to this process and improve therapeutic adherence, as well as
three drug databases of reference was generated (Bot Plus 2.0, Medi-
autonomy and independence among these patients. FarmaceuticApp is
camentos a un clic, Sistema de Información de Medicamentos) and adapted
free access and is available at Google Play Store (https://play.google.
to clear and compressible language for the patients.
com/store/apps/details?id=co.com.pypudea.farmaceuticapp).

Table 3
Results usability test.
Activity Time people blindness (min) Time people low vision (min)

Median Max Min Median Max Min

Download 3 5 2 2 3 1
Start – settings 2 4 2 2 4 2
Capture of bar code 5 6 4 2 3 2
Voice command 3 3 2 2 3 1
Text 3 4 2 2 4 2

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J. Madrigal-Cadavid, et al.
Previous presentations
The partial results of this study were presented at:
IV Colombian Congress of Pharmaceutical Care: “Making visible the
values to patients and health care systems ”- 2017.
• Madrigal-Cadavid J. Uso de la tecnología en salud: una estrategia
para la atención farmacéutica en población vulnerable. Vitae. 2017;
24 (Supl.1): S33.
•
Madrigal-Cadavid J, Cardona D, Amariles P. Caracterización de
necesidades y requerimientos para el diseño de una aplicación móvil
de información de medicamentos para personas con discapacidad
visual. Vitae. 2017; 24 (Supl.1): S87.
8th National Congress of Community Pharmacists 2018.
• Madrigal J, Ceballos M, Amariles P. Diseño de una aplicación móvil
de información relevante para el uso adecuado de medicamentos
para personas con discapacidad visual en Colombia. Farmacéuticos
Comunitarios. 2018; 10 (Suplemento 1):159
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no competing interest.
Authors’ contributions
JMC, PA, JG and NG contributed to design of study. JMC and DPM
performed the phase I and phase IV of the study. JMC and JG provided
supervision of the phase II and phase III. PA provided overall super-
vision of the study. JMC wrote first draft of manuscript and PA, DPM,
JG and NG revised the manuscript. All authors have read and approved
the final version.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.02.013.
Funding
This work was supported by Gextion Grupo de Expertos en Gestión e
Innovación S.A.S, Colombia. The Research Group on Pharmaceutical
Promotion and Prevention received financial support from the
Committee for Development Research (CODI) University of Antioquia,
Colombia: Sustainability program (2018–2019).
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