CCS 2700 Web Management and Deployment

CCS 2700
Web Management
and Deployment
Denver Jhon Calantoc, MIT

College of Computer Studies
Central Philippine University
Software Deployment Methodologies
Topic Deployment Best Practices
Advantages and Benefits
College of Computer Studies |

Agile development methodology
Agile is a term used to describe software

development approaches that employ
continual planning, learning, improvement,
team collaboration, evolutionary
development, and early delivery.
Teams use the agile development

methodology to minimize risk (such as bugs,
cost overruns, and changing requirements)
when adding new functionality.
College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

DevOps is a methodology
and a set of best practices
for software development
whose primary goals are
to shorten delivery times
for new software updates
while maintaining high
quality

Software Deployment Tools
• Software deployment tools are automated utilities for installing new software or
updates to existing systems.
 Installing new software can often require settings on the new host to be altered and it might
mean that supporting services have to be installed as well in order for the software to work.
• Deployment tools streamline the process of distributing software and updates,

usually via scheduling or automation, so that developers can focus on more critical
tasks.
• They also allow developers to collaborate on projects, track progress, and manage
changes.

Deployment Tools
Jenkins
• A free, open-source software deployment tool that can be adapted by
plugins. It installs on Windows, macOS, and Linux. https://www.jenkins.io/
GitLab CI/CD
• A software development pipeline environment that includes software
deployment through GitLab CD. This environment is available as a cloud-
based service or for on-premises installation on Linux.

Deployment Tools
When selecting a deployment tool, consider the following:
1. Complexity of your deployment landscape

2. Custom scripting vs. out-of-the-box content
3. On-premise vs. self-hosted
4. Plugins and customizability
5. Ease of use for non-experts
6. Support for multiple languages and platforms
7. Scalability
8. Reporting
9. Auditability & compliance
10. Microservices
Reference: https://www.plutora.com/ci-cd-tools/deployment-tools

USE GIT
 A version control system is

invaluable to any good deployment
workflow. Especially in a team where
mistakes are bound to happen.
Deployment
Best Practices  Still useful even as a sole developer,
in case a rollback is needed or the
team is expanding.

Work in Branches
 Working in branches allows working

on different things simultaneously
with them affecting each other.
Deployment  If, for example, a bug needs to be

Best Practices fixed, the development environment
can be branched to work on the
bug.
 Changes in separate branches will

give testers a better overview of
what was pushed and what should
be tested.

Use a local environment as
your development
environment
 While it is possible to work directly

on a development environment, it’s
Deployment faster to work locally.
Best Practices
 The downside to this is having to
install the system and update your
local machine. But it is still more
efficient in the long run as you don’t
have to constantly commit, push,
and deploy changes before you
know that they work.

Review differences before
deploying to live
 When the testers have made sure

everything works in the staging
environment, it’s time to deploy the
code to live.
Deployment
Best Practices  But before that, it’s important to
review the differences between the
two environments.
 This step is to ensure nothing gets

overlooked and bugs do not make it
to live. It is more costly to have to
implement hot-fixes or roll back full
versions.

Review differences before
deploying to live
 When the testers have made sure

everything works in the staging
environment, it’s time to deploy the
code to live.
Deployment
Best Practices  But before that, it’s important to
review the differences between the
two environments.
 This step is to ensure nothing gets

overlooked and bugs do not make it
to live. It is more costly to have to
implement hot-fixes or roll back full
versions.

Have a deployment schedule
 As mentioned earlier, have a

deployment schedule as part of
planning. A fixed time for
Deployment deployment is a good way to ensure
everyone involved knows when
Best Practices changes are coming.
 This is also to help ensure that

during deployment people will be
ready to take care of whatever
comes along.

Consider having user groups
with different permissions
 While any developer should have

Deployment access to pushing changes to
Best Practices staging environments, you may
want to restrict those who can
deploy to live.
 The bigger the team, the more

important this becomes.

Stay calm - even if something
breaks
 And they will. No matter how

carefully you plan and execute your
Deployment plan, things tend to break.
Best Practices  Stay calm and assess the situation to

make sure further actions do not
break things even further.
 Have a plan ready before working on

a fix.

What time of day should
you deploy changes?
This varies from project to project but

you can ask yourself these two
questions to determine when to
deploy changes:
Deployment
Best Practices  When do you have the least
number of active users?
 When do you have someone ready

to monitor and fix issues after
deployment?
This brings us back to our planning

and scheduling.

Reduced risk of breaking a live
website
Advantages of
deployment and Your changes during development pose no
multiple risk to your operations in the live
environment.
environments
This is especially important for larger teams
where one person’s work may break
someone else’s.

Save Time
You can make changes in any order you

choose since they are independent of the
Advantages of live environment.
deployment and
Optimize workflow without having to
multiple consider how it impacts the live
environments environment while you do it
No connectivity issues to worry about
After proper testing, changes can be applied

at the same time instead of incrementally

Manage Time Sensitive Content
More Easily
By creating all the content in a different

Advantages of environment, you can finish working on the
changes without worrying about users
deployment and seeing them. And when launch day comes,
multiple the changes can be easily deployed in the
live environment.
environments
By applying roles and permissions, content
editors can take care of deployment without
needing a developer.

Summary
Advantages and Benefits
Deployment Best Practices

Domains
Next Topic

• https://www.educative.io/answers/what-is-
software-deployment
• https://www.plutora.com/ci-cd-
tools/deployment-tools
References • https://umbraco.com/knowledge-
base/deployment/#deployment-best-practices
• Previous course materials by Sir Rommel Jun
Payba

CCS 2700
Web Management
and Deployment

Deployment
Topic

Definition
Deployment in software and web development means to push changes or updates

from one deployment environment to another.
Moving a website or system from a local environment to live servers, also known as your
production environment or production server.
Web management refers to all the activities included in the process of posting and
maintaining a website on the World Wide Web.

Definition
• Software deployment is a technical term that refers to all the activities required
to make a software system available for use.
• A software deployment process includes the steps and processes that deploy
and maintain software applications. Some of the activities in a software
deployment process include releasing the software, installation, testing,
deployment, and monitoring the process.

Definition
“Software deployment” differs from “software release”; the latter refers to the
iterative process of any given application.
A new release could include more functionality, optimization to reduce bugs, or

other benefits.
Software deployment is the term for rolling out an application, which could occur
by being “pushed” throughout the IT environment or by the end-user initiating the
deployment.

Definition
• According to the ISO/IEC 20000 standard definition, a

release is:
A collection of one or more new or changed services or

service components deployed into the live environment as a
result of one or more changes.

Release vs Deployment
Release Deployment
A software release is a set of changes to be Deployment is a shift of code built from one
delivered in the production environment controlled environment to another.
There are frequent releases for updating the It is the last phase of SDLC and is executed
changes in production deployments. across domains
Has higher risks of exposing the users to buggy However, the risk of exposing users to error-
versions, errors, and issues in the software. prone builds is lower than releases as
deployment occurs in a controlled environment.
The release code may not be production-ready, Deployment codes are production-ready
Software releases are visible to users. Deployed codes can run in any target
environment inside the infrastructure

Types of Releases
• Minor releases are also known as updates and edit to the software’s current
version.
• Major releases are commonly referred to as “versions” of the software. Major

software releases upgrade your software’s existing version.
• Emergency, also known as “hotfixes”, are releases made available to remedy

a severe issue, particularly from the perspective of security or performance.
• Maintenance releases usually patch and do bug fixes for maintenance.
• Feature releases happen when a new product feature/functionality is

released.
• Deployment can be as simple as
having one developer editing files
directly on the server,
• Or as complex as having multiple

developers in multiple locations,
Web handling different versions, with
different stages of deployment with
Deployment their respective sites or
environments
• These additional environments help

make sure any changes you make
do not affect your live or production
website

Typical Web Deployment Environments
• Deployment models may vary from company to company, but the most
common is the classic “left to right”
• Changes are made in local, development or staging environments

(depending on the setup) and pushed from left to right until they end up in
live.
• Once completed, the new changes will be seen in live.

Environments
• The development environment is where developers build the code.
• An integration environment is where new code gets integrated into an existing

one and validated
• Test environments are where code testing happens, which includes both
functional and non-functional tests.
• A staging environment is where applications are tested to ensure they are ready
for deployment by mimicking the production-like environments.
• The production environment is the final step of the 4-tier architecture, where
the latest versions of the software are pushed live to the intended users.

Deployment Process Flow
Planning
Monitoring Development
Deploying Testing

Planning
• Having a software deployment plan ensures that everything is done

the same way every time changes are made
• This is especially helpful when multiple people are working on the

same project or when you have different versions

Planning
• The deployment plan must include rules and schedules

regarding how and when to move between environments, and
most importantly how and when to go live
• By having a set plan, you reduce the risk of conflicts between

changes.
• Aside from an overall plan, you can also plan for each individual
change. Quick for minor changes

From a developer’s perspective, the tasks may come in as:
New ➞ Development In Progress ➞ Completed

Development ➞ Quality Assurance testing ➞ Released
to staging ➞ User Acceptance Testing ➞ Released to
Live

Development
• Once planning is complete, actual development takes place.
• Work only on local or development environments so that

development can be done simultaneously and without
breaking anything in production.
• Once done, test and deploy changes through the environment

setup.

Testing
• Testing is crucial to ensure no bugs go into live.
• Each environment is setup differently and code may behave

differently from what is expected as they move along.
• Once everything is tested properly in the environment

resembling the live environment, it’s time to deploy live.
• If bugs are discovered, it’s best to have a plan to handle them.

Deploying
• Once everything has passed through testing in the different

environment and any bugs have been fixed, it’s time to deploy
the changes to the live environment.
• Plan the deployment when it will impact the least number of

users. It may also help to inform users of updates and possible
downtime or other issues.

• Pre-deployment. This is where the
preparation of the actual deployment
takes place. It involves verifying and
testing all functionalities.
• Deployment. This is the phase where
Deployment
the production manager reviews the
software and approves it for
deployment.
Activities
• Post-deployment. This is where the real
work starts, in many respects.
Throughout the software’s life cycle,
post-deployment is ongoing. The goal is
to continuously create and introduce
new features to maintain the software’s
speed, security, and profitability

1. Ask developers to make Production and Stage
environment backups.
2. Ask developers to copy database from
Production to Stage.
3. Announce a Code Freeze for the entire
development team.
Pre- 4. Retest new features and bug fixes.
Deployment 5. Perform general smoke testing using checklists.

6. Report all bugs, categorizing them with a
consistent metric for urgency.
7. Test urgent bug fixes and engage in regression
testing of this functionality.
8. When Stage is tested and has no major and/or
minor bugs (depending on the project), —
announce deployment.

1. Retesting new features and bug fixes.
2. Perform general smoke testing using
checklists.
3. Report all bugs, categorizing them with a
consistent metric for urgency.
4.Urgent bug fixes should first be deployed on
Post- the Stage environment. Here, QA can test
them, and engage in regression testing
Deployment before deploying them on production. Then,
the testing cycle — including bug fix testing
and regression testing — should be
repeated.
5. When production is tested and has no
issues, — deployment is complete.
6.Cancel Code Freeze, or wait for client
feedback as needed before cancelling Code
Freeze.

Monitoring
• Once changes go live and users are actively using the website
or application, it’s important to monitor things to make sure
they work as intended.
• Have a plan to handle anything that may come up

unexpectedly.

The generalized process of

deployment can be defined
in a sequence of three steps:
1. Assess (new) feature
request
2. Select, develop, and
release
3. Deploy the application

Types of software deployment
Basic Deployment
• Basic deployment is the simplest type of software deployment. This type updates
all the target environments simultaneously without any process or strategy.
Rolling Deployment
• In rolling deployment, applications are slowly updated by replacing the old

application software with the new one. Typically, rolling deployment is completed
faster than blue-green deployment, but it also carries some risk because the
original application is not preserved.

Types of software deployment
Blue-Green Deployment
• Blue-green deployment starts by having the original environment plus a duplicate

environment. This enables you to preserve the old environment while deploying
the new application simultaneously.
Canary Deployment
• Canary deployment is when an application is deployed in small batches. Initially

deployed, it only goes to a small group of people. Deployment then continues
incrementally in staged releases. By doing this type of deployment, you can test
the new deployment on a few users before deploying it to the rest of the users.

Types of deployment
Meta data
o Includes changes to code, files, stylesheets, templates, and
others.
o These changes often require validation check between
environments to see if there are conflicts
Content
o Text, images, and video.
o Not as complicated or impactful as meta data and may be done
by content editors and not developers.

Progressive Delivery
• Progressive delivery is a software development paradigm that

provides better control over the delivery of software updates.
• It involves creating a continuous integration and continuous delivery

(CI/CD) pipeline with several flexible techniques for rolling out new
versions of a software product.

Progressive Delivery
Here are core concepts of progressive delivery:
• CI/CD pipelines—automate building, testing, and deployment tasks.
• Feature flag management—enables turning features on and off

during production. It helps teams make changes to features in
production and release updates quickly.
• Progressive deployment—introduces techniques like canary, blue-

green, A/B testing, and roll-out deployments.

Best Practice in Deployment
Adopt Continuous Delivery

• Continuous Delivery ensures that the code is available for the required
deployment. This is done by testing the application in a prototype environment
to ensure that it will perform as expected after it is deployed.
Automated Software Deployment Process

• Manually deploying new software versions is a difficult operation filled with the
potential for human error. The deployment process can be automated to
reduce the chance of errors, increase deployment speed, and streamline the
process.

Create a Checklist for Deployment

• While deploying new software, create a process. A checklist can assist
you in keeping track of what needs to be done next, ensuring that you
do not miss any crucial steps.
Make a Backup Plan

• What are your plans if something goes wrong? It's not the time to rush
for an explanation while watching a failed deployment go down the
drain. Prepare for contingencies ahead of time with a solid rollback
process in place.
Select the Most Appropriate Deployment Method

• Implement software that is simple to integrate with other tools and
existing local applications.
Use a Continuous Integration Server

• Any successful agile deployment requires continuous server
integration. This ensures that the generated application will run on a
developer's system, as well as avoid "integration hell."

Deployment Summary

Next
Advantages and Benefits Meeting
Deployment Best Practices

• https://www.educative.io/answers/
what-is-software-deployment
• https://www.atatus.com/glossary/s
References oftware-deployment/

CCS 2700
Web Management
and Deployment

Domains
Topic

Definition
A domain name is a string that identifies a realm of administrative autonomy,

authority or control within the Internet.
Domain names are often used to identify services provided through the
Internet, such as websites, email services and more.
A domain name is a string of text that maps to an alphanumeric IP address,

used to access a website from client software.
 For instance, the domain name for Google is ‘google.com’.

The History of Domain Names
• The practice of using a simple memorable abstraction of a host's numerical

address on a computer network dates to the ARPANET era.
• In the early network, each computer on the network retrieved the hosts file
(host.txt) from a computer at SRI which mapped computer hostnames to
numerical addresses.
• Due to rapid growth of the network thus its impossible to maintain a centralized
hostname registry
 In 1983 the Domain Name System was introduced on the ARPANET and
published by the Internet Engineering Task Force as RFC 882 and RFC 883.

History of Domain Name
https://www.internetx.com/

TLD’s: Top-Level Domains
Domain names are broken up into parts.

 Extensions such as .COM and .ORG are known as “Top-Level
Domains” (TLDs).
 The part you use for your brand, company, or personal name is
the “Second Level Domain”
 The first part is the “Subdomain,” the most familiar being

“www.”

Domain Structure

TLD’s: Top-Level Domains

Domain Structure

Domain Structure

How Domain Works?

“.com”
• Short for “commercial”
• Original intended use was for commercial
organizations
• Remains the most recognizable TLD
TLDs “.org”
introduced •
•
Meant for non-profit or charitable organizations
Commonly associated with organizations that
in 1984 serve a public good
“.net”
• Created for networks
• Originally associated with networking
companies and infrastructure technology

“.int”
• Short for “international”
• Intended for international organizations, such
as those entered and endorsed by a treaty
between nations
“.edu”
TLDs •
•
Short for “education”
Originally open to all types of educational
introduced institutions, but later restricted to accredited

schools often associated with the US
in 1984 “.gov”
• Represents “government”
• Strictly used by the US government agencies or
entities associated with the sate or at a
municipal level
“.mil”
• For the US military only

Significant Events
1985: The 1st registered .com domain, Symbolics.com, March 15, 1985
1995: Registering Domain Names is No Longer Free
The National Science Foundation awarded tech consulting

company Network Solutions the ability to charge for
registration.
Domain prices began at $100 for a 2-year registration.

Significant Events
1998: Privatization of the DNS and ICANN
The Department of Commerce, issued a proposal for privatizing

the DNS, which was controlled by the US government.
The document, known as the “Green Paper,” was created with

the goal to increase competition in the market and encourage
more participation internationally.
The proposal was criticized, and this led to the creation of the
“White Paper” and the formation of ICANN (Internet Corporation
for Assigned Names and Numbers).

Significant Events
2003: Truth in Domain Names Act, Legislation that set a

punishment for creators of deceptive domain names.
2007: Most expensive domain sale – VacationRentals.com ($35

million)
2012: Man registers 14,962 domains in 24 hours
April 2012, Mike Mann, domain speculator.

Significant Events
2013: Internet runs out of four letter .com-domains

Three-character .com domains have been used up since 1997
2014: More than 100 new generic top-level domains added

Generic TLDs (gTLDs) now include words such as .cars and .music,
even company names like .apple and .hyundai

Pricing
 Pricing structures can be tricky
 A low starting figure can easily
become very expensive upon
renewal
 Prices vary between TLDs, a good
Domain .com offer can be poor in .net or .org
 Often come with promos or deals for
Registration longer terms
Domain Transfer
 If you already have an existing
domain and want to move, there
may be added costs.
 Make sure to read terms carefully

Bundled Extras
• Some registrars charge for
features or services that may come
as free from others
• Also make sure to check the initial
and renewal costs of the add-on
features
Domain • Examples: SSL certificates, WHOIS
privacy, email addresses
Registration
Hosting
• Many domain registrars offer
hosting as an extra
• Web hosting companies can also
register domains

Tech Support
Domain • Remember to check the support

options even if you feel like you
Registration
won’t need any help
• A good feature to look out for is
the 24/7 live chat so that anytime
an issue or problem comes up you
have assistance you can count on.

Bluehost
GoDaddy
Domain Namecheap
Registrar Google Domains
HostGator
CrazyDomains
InMotion

Length
• When it comes to a domain name, less is
more
How to
come up Simplicity
• You want people to remember your domain
with a good name and type it accurately. Complicated or
uncommon words or names may be hard to
domain na remember and spell correctly.
me? Keywords
• Relevant words help users find you in a
search and recognise what you do at a
glance.

• Brand name
When creating your brand name and
domain name, just make sure that you don't
use any existing brand names or
How to
trademarks.
come up • Website name

While it may seem obvious, your domain
with a good name should be the same as your brand
name, or as close to it as possible. You don't
domain na want to confuse people who type in your
domain name and get to a website with a
me? different name.
• Good, not perfect

Don't let choosing a perfect domain hold
you back from starting your business or
project.
How to
come up “An average domain
with a good name is better than no
domain na domain name.”
me?

• Numbers or dashes in your name.
These characters are hard to type
and might lower the perceived
credibility of your website and
Things to business.
Avoid • Funny spellings or words that can be

spelled in different ways (like 'way' or
'too'). These might make it hard for
people to find your site.

• Misspellings. These can make your
site seem suspicious and make
people worry that it's a phishing or
malware site.
Things to
Avoid • Brand names and trademarks used
by other companies. These should
never be used in your domain name;
trying to do so can lead to legal
action and suspension of your
domain.

Domain Summary

Hosting
Next
Meeting

• https://domains.google/
References
• https://www.internetx.com/

CCS 2700
Web Management
and Deployment

Hosting
Topic

Definition
• A Web host is an organization that sells or leases memory

space on its servers. Web hosting is typically done in a data
center, which provides services to clients that enable them to
publish websites on the Internet.
• A Web host can also provide data center space and an Internet
connection for servers owned by others. The service provided by
a Web host is called Web hosting.

Definition
• Web hosting is an online service that makes your website’s content

accessible on the internet.
• Web hosting is an online service that allows you to publish your website files
onto the internet. So, anyone who has access to the internet has access to
your website
• Web hosting is a service provided by companies (e.g., the web host) that sell
or lease space on a server where you store files that enable your website
accessibility on the internet. These companies typically require you to own a
domain, or can help you purchase a domain.

Definition
• Web hosting is a service that stores your website or web application and
makes it easily accessible across different devices such as desktop, mobile,
and tablets.
• Any web application or website is typically made of many files, such as
images, videos, text, and code, that you need to store on special computers
called servers.
• The web hosting service provider maintains, configures, and runs physical
servers that you can rent for your files.
• Web site and web application hosting services also provide additional
support, such as security, website backup, and website performance,
which free up your time so that you can focus on the core functions of your
website.

Web Hosting Features
Source: https://www.website.com/

Web Hosting
 The amount of space allocated on a server to a website depends

on the type of hosting.
 They are differentiated by the kind of technology used for the

server, the level of management provided and the additional
services on offer.

• Web hosting happens when the
files that are part of a website are
uploaded or deployed from a local
computer on to a web server.
How
Hosting • The server’s resources, (CPU, RAM,
disk space, and bandwidth) are
Works allocated to the websites using it.
• The division of server resources

varies depending on the type of
hosting plan chosen.

• To choose the appropriate hosting
plan, first look at the different plans
How available and choose based on your
needs.
Hosting
Works • This can be simplified: Choosing
the right web hosting is similar to
searching for office space.

Is a workstation in an open co-working space
enough?
Or the next best thing; an office within a
business center?
How do you Do you have plans to expand quickly?
decide? Do you expect a lot of people coming and

going?
Would you consider renting an entire
building?
Or would building your own space work
better?

How easy the rooms are to access?
Which functions do they offer?
(Extras such as a whiteboard, high-
speed internet, and other facilities)
How do you Where are they located ?
decide? And what’s the overall cost?
These considerations will determine

your needs and help decide which
type of office is right for you.

Shared Hosting
o Like renting a workstation
o Open plan office or co-working space
How do you o Includes basic conveniences: desk,

Internet, office supplies
decide? o Shared space with co-workers, kitchen,

restroom, printer
o Can’t make changes to the space
o Popular for small websites or projects
o Not good for large-scale commercial

projects

Virtual Private Server (VPS)
o Step up from shared hosting
How do you o Medium-sized businesses can benefit
decide? from renting an office in a good location
o In a VPS, users are separated from one

another
o With a little more freedom to customize

the space you are working on

Dedicated Server
o Renting a whole office building is like
having a dedicated server
How do you o A more expensive option but is also the

best for website owners that need
decide? reliability and high performance.
o You control the entire space, you have

more options when it comes to setup,
configurations, and management.
o Plenty of space available but may not be

worth it if you can’t maximize what’s
included

Shared Web Hosting
 A website is hosted on the same server as

many other websites.
 The basic setup that most web hosting

companies provide.
 Cheap and easy to set-up which makes it a

good fit for new sites which don’t expect a lot
of traffic in the short term.
 Best suited for personal websites or for small

and medium-sized businesses.
 Not suitable for large sites with lots of traffic

Shared Web Hosting
Pros Cost-effective, ideal for small-scale

websites
Technical expertise is not required

Pre-configured server options
No need to take care of maintenance and
server administration
Cons Minimal access to server configuration
Increased traffic on other websites can

affect your website’s speed

Cloud Hosting
 Operates across many interconnected

web servers that supply an affordable,
scalable and reliable web infrastructure.
 Cloud hosting plans typically offer

unmetered, reliable bandwidth and an
infinite amount of disk space for unlimited
domains making it popular for large
businesses.
 It’s costly, but also good for resource-

intensive applications or sites with large
assets such as hi-res images or videos

Cloud Hosting
Pros Reduced likelihood of downtime and

hardware failure
Uses load balancing to handle high traffic
and prevent DDoS attacks
Scalability – your website is not limited to
the resources of a single server
Cons Root access is not always provided
It is more expensive than VPS and shared

hosting

Virtual Private Server Hosting
 Also known as virtual dedicated server (VDS)
 Considered to be middle ground between

shared hosting and getting a dedicated
machine.
 The main difference between shared hosting

and VPS is that clients have full access to
configure the VPS which is much closer to
dedicated style hosting.
 Often used by smaller websites and

organizations that want the flexibility of having
a dedicated server, without the high costs
implied.

Virtual Private Server Hosting
Pros Dedicated server space
Increased traffic on other websites has no

impact on your site’s performance
Root access to the server
High customizability
Cons Users need technical expertise to manage

it
Even though it’s relatively affordable, some

users may have to hire a developer to
manage the virtual server, increasing the
overall costs

Dedicated Hosting
 Sometimes referred to as managed

hosting or a dedicated server, provides
entire servers to rent.
 Comparatively expensive when placed

side-by-side with shared hosting plans;
 For this reason, it's only really used

when a website has a lot of traffic or
when more server control is needed.

Dedicated Hosting
 There is more to dedicated hosting than

providing a single website with entire
server equipment housed in a data
center. It allows greater self-service
server administration facilities.
 More flexible arrangement because it

allows total control over the server, its
software and security systems.
 Need to have the technical expertise on-

hand to manage the platform yourself.

Dedicated Hosting
Pros Complete control over the server’s

configuration
High reliability
Root access to the server
Cons High cost, more oriented towards large

businesses
Technical and server management

knowledge is required

Reseller Hosting
 The account owner can use their allotted

resources such as hard drive space and
bandwidth to host websites on behalf of
third parties. In this instance, the original
hosting account owner is the ‘reseller.’
 Reseller hosting is useful when the

amount of space purchased isn’t required,
and some of the allocated resources can
be shared with someone else.

Reseller Hosting
 Hosting providers offer specific reseller

hosting plans to accommodate
entrepreneurs interested in this practice.
 Buying a reseller hosting plan is also

helpful for anyone with multiple domains.
 You may design your own hosting

packages for your websites or clients and
then provide the resources allocated to
the reseller hosting account.

Wordpress Hosting
Pros
Low cost and beginner-friendly
 CMS web hosting service provides a
Optimized performance for WordPress sites
WordPress-optimized server environment to
help your site load faster and minimize Customer support team trained in WordPress
potential issues. issues
Pre-installed WordPress plugins and themes
 Some WordPress hosting plans come with
features such as pre-installed themes,
plugins for core functions like caching and Cons Not an ideal type of web hosting for non-
WordPress websites
security, and other tools.

Reliability / Uptime
 Consider the web host’s uptime history,

read reviews and their guarantees
before committing.
Picking a  A site that is hard to reach or frequently

down loses visitors, customers, and can
hit revenue hard.
Web Host  An uptime guarantee and fair terms of
service reflect the commitment of
hosting companies to keep their
systems up and running.
Slow access is also very frustrating for

both site owners and visitors

Bandwidth / Traffic
Picking a
 Make sure to read and understand any
limitations placed on the bandwidth you
use and select an appropriate plan.
Web Host
 If your site is going to use video, audio,
or other elements that need a higher
level of bandwidth, you have to get a
plan that matches your needs.

PHP, .htaccess, SSH, MySQL, FTP etc
Picking a  These are the more advanced features

that you may need, so better make sure
Web Host you can install or use them without

having to get the web host’s approval.
 Otherwise, implementing advanced
features may be delayed or not
applicable at all.

Control Panel
 The control panel (cPanel) allows you to

manage different aspects of your
websites hosting account yourself.
Picking a Otherwise, you would need tech support
to make changes.
Web Host  Some webhosts provide only basic

management tools and may charge an
additional fee for cPanel access.
 Best to go with web hosts that provide

an easily manageable user interface for
users of all skill levels to work with.

Email
 You may want to have your own

company email addresses with your
website, check that your web host will
let you and if it has a cost to it.
Picking a Cost
Web Host  Check the payment terms and

options.
 Just as with domain registration, it’s
also important to check the price for
renewals.
 It’s normal to offer low signup prices
but charge much higher amounts on
renewals. Unless you are okay with
changing hosts every few years,
renewal costs are unavoidable.

Technical Support
 Round-the-clock customer or technical

support comes in handy if your website
Picking a encounters unexpected lags, crashes, or

even security breaches.
Web Host  Check the types of support available, if it

is by email, chat, or phone call.
 Read reviews from real customer
experiences so you know what to
expect.
 For non-urgent concerns, check if there
is a knowledgebase, manual, articles, or
a simple FAQ.

In summary
1. Price of sign-up and renewal

Picking a 2. Technical needs
Web Host
3. Management settings and ease of
use
4. Support services
5. Customization
6. Ease of setup
7. Cancellation policy

Hosting Summary

• https://domains.google/
References
• https://www.internetx.com/

CCS 2700
Web Management
and Deployment

Calculating Your Bandwidth Requirements
Topic

Website
• Typical websites are made of text, images, videos, other types of

content and lines and lines of code.
• These are considered the website’s data, and whenever a visitor

goes to the site, that data is sent to their computer or mobile
device.

What is bandwidth?
• Bandwidth represents the maximum capacity of data that can

be transferred over a network in one second. The smallest unit
of measure is in bits per second.
• Bandwidth describes the amount of traffic between a website

and users across the Internet.

Bandwidth vs Connection Speed
• Internet speed and bandwidth are related but are different

measurements of connection quality.
• Speed refers to the maximum rate you can transmit data,

typically measured as megabits per second (Mbps).
• Bandwidth refers to the maximum amount of data your

connection can handle at any moment, also measured as
Mbps (and increasingly Gbps, for gigabyte connections).

Data Transfer
• It is the amount of data to be transferred in a given time, usually

measured in months.
• Although used interchangeably with bandwidth, these two

concepts are not the same.

Bandwidth vs. Data Transfer
• Bandwidth determines the maximum potential amount of

data you can transfer per unit of time between your website
and users.
• Data transfer refers to the actual total amount of data you

transfer during a period, usually a month.
• Units of measurement are kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB),

gigabytes (GB), and for large applications, terabytes (TB).

• Example, a website’s homepage has a size
of 2 megabytes (MB).
How Much • If 10 people access it, the site will need 20

Hosting MB bandwidth to send it to them.
Bandwidth Do
• Without enough bandwidth, the
You Need for homepage can’t be sent to users and they
Your Website? can’t access the website to view its
contents.
• No visitors, no traffic.

• Hosting providers usually offer “unlimited
bandwidth” for a flat rate that simplifies
the search and purchase for a hosting
solution.
Unlimited
• This is because typical users may not really
Bandwidth? understand how bandwidth and data
transfers are calculated and how they
work.

• Most companies simply fall into a “normal
range” of bandwidth use allowing
providers to cater to most of their clients’
needs.
Unlimited
Bandwidth? • “Unlimited” has an invisible ceiling, and
determining actual bandwidth
requirements will allow for better decision-
making in choosing hosting providers.

Calculating Bandwidth Requirements
1. Know or estimate the average page size on your website in kilobytes (KB)
2. Multiply that average page size (in KB) by the monthly average of visitors.
3. Multiply the result by the number of pageviews per visitor.
Note: Bandwidth and data transfer pricing may

differ significantly, making it even more important
that you know just how much you need so you
don’t spend unnecessarily.

Example: Pingdom load test for FB.com

Example: Pingdom load test for YouTube.com

Redundancy – allowing for more bandwidth to

prepare for unexpected traffic spikes.

Bandwidth = Ave. Page Views * Ave.
Page Size * Ave. Daily Visitors * Days
in a month (30) * Redundant Factor
Calculating • Ave. Page Size –average size of all

Bandwidth pages in the site
Requirements • Ave. Page Views –average

number of pages viewed per
Without User visitor
Downloads • Ave. Daily Visitors –total number

of monthly visitors / 30
• Redundant Factor –range from 1.3
to 1.8

Bandwidth = [(Ave. Page Views * Ave.
Page Size * Ave. Daily Visitors) +
(Ave. Download per day * Ave. File
Calculating Size)] * Days in a month (30) *
Bandwidth Redundant Factor
Requirements • Ave. Download Per Day – average

With User number of downloaded files per
day
Downloads • Ave. File Size – average size of
downloadable files

Where Do You • Google Analytics, Wordpress
dashboard, hosting analytics tools,
Get These for site visitors and pageviews
Numbers?
• Pingdom, for web page sizes

Benefits of Large Bandwidth
 The website can have more media content (pictures, audio, videos,
animations) and with better resolutions or quality
 Less risk of crashing
 Would be able to accommodate more users
 There’s room for growth of new pages or content

Importance of Bandwidth
Summary
Calculate the Bandwidth

• https://www.website.com/
• Previous course materials by Sir
References Rommel Jun Payba

CCS 2700
Web Management
and Deployment

Cpanel
Topic

Definition
cPanel is a Linux-based hosting management control panel.

 used to manage your website and server’s backend working system.
 provides graphical user interface for most of the tasks we perform on the website’s
server, for example,
 uploading files,
 creating emails
 setting cron jobs
 handling databases, etc.

History of cPanel
cPanel is currently developed by cPanel, L.L.C., a privately owned corporation
headquartered in Houston, Texas, United States.
Originally designed in 1996 as the control panel for Speed Hosting, a now-
defunct web hosting company.
John Nick Koston starts cPanel in his Wilmington, Delaware home.
cPanel 3 was released in 1999: main additions over cPanel 2 were an automatic
upgrade and the Web Host Manager (WHM).
The interface was also improved by Carlos Rego of WizardsHosting made and it
became the default theme of cPanel.

• cPanel commonly offer as part of web
hosting.
• cPanel is feature rich, easy to use, and well

How tested. It’s also convenient, because it lets
you manage all your web hosting in one
Hosting place.
Works • When you log into your cPanel control

panel, you can view metrics such as storage
space usage, and access different sections
such as file modules, domains, security, and
more. In short, cPanel gives you easy control
over all aspects of your site.

How Cpanel Works
https://dnx.solutions/

cPanel Users
Server Administrator
 root user of a cPanel Linux Server and has all the permission
over the server.
 Server Admin can create, modify or delete any account from

the cPanel Server. The Server Admin has access to cPanel
WHM (Web Host Manger), which can be understood as the
backend of cPanel.
WHM (WebHost Manager) is an administrative control tool that allows the user
to manage the back-end of multiple cPanel accounts. WHM allows you to
manage individual accounts as well as set server-side limits.

cPanel Users
Reseller Accounts
 This user is created by the server administrator and server
administrator can choose which type of permissions should be
given to reseller accounts.
 A Reseller account can further create user accounts and has

access to all those accounts, which they have created.
 One reseller account does not have access to the user

accounts that were created by another reseller accounts.
 They also have access to WHM with limited permissions.

cPanel Users
User Account
 normal user accounts, each user who subscribes for a web
hosting from a company, is given this type of account.
 They do not have access to Web Host Manager.
 User account can host single or multiple websites according to

their plans they have purchased from web hosting provider.

• It is very easy to host a website using
cPanel.
• It is multiannual and available in

Advantages many languages.
of cPanel • It is responsive and adapts to any

screen size, it can be used efficiently
in mobile and Tablet too.
• cPanel has in–built File Manager,

which helps in managing your files
without the hassles of an FTP.

• cPanel has integrated webmail
software, which helps in sending
and receiving emails through online
webmail client.
Advantages • You can easily create a backup of
of cPanel
your website in a few steps. This will
help you to restore your backup, if
your website encounters any error.
• You can easily manage your website

databases, as cPanel has integrated
phpMyAdmin, which helps to
directly manage databases.

• cPanel is a commercial software
and you need to pay to get this.
• cPanel is meant for small and

medium websites only. Creating a
large website using cPanel is not
recommended.
Disadvantages
of cPanel • Security vulnerability.
• Risk of data loss or

corruption. There are times when
the cPanel system accidentally
overwrites server settings and
removes all data during major
updates. This happens due to a
crashed or failed hard drive

Manage domain names
Setup email accounts and addresses
Install applications like WordPress or other
What Can
add-ons
Create backups of websites

You Do in Upload files to the server
cPanel? Check bandwidth and other stats
Manage security settings
Manage databases
Set up various optimizations

How to Choose Cpanel Hosting

Cpanel Summary

References
• https://cpanel.net/
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/

CCS 2700
Web Management
and Deployment

Cpanel
Topic

How to access cPanel?
 Credentials usually provided by hosting provider

 Via hosting account

 Login in directly
yourdomain.com/cpanel
domain.hosting.com/cpanel

Changing How Your cPanel Looks like

Preferences Section

Preferences Section
• Password & Security Account - Use the Password & Security

interface to change your cPanel account’s password, and to
manage your External Authentication accounts.
• Change Language -Use the Change Language interface to select

the language in which the cPanel interface displays.
• Change Style – Use the Change Style interface to select the style
in which the cPanel interface displays.

Preferences Section
• Contact Information – Use the Contact Information interface to

set your contact information and configure your notification
preferences.
• User Manager - Use the User Manager interface to add,

manage, and delete your subaccounts. This interface allows you
to link service accounts to subaccounts, and to manage each
subaccount’s access to email, FTP, and Web Disk.

File Section

Files Section
File Manager -Managing the files of your account.

Disk Usage - Information about the disk space usage
of your account.
Backup - Tool to assist you with the backups for your
account.
Images - Few tools for converting images from within
your cPanel.

Files Section
• FTP accounts - The FTP accounts management page.

• Backup Wizard - A wizard which will allow you to generate
quick and easy backups for your entire account.
• Directory Privacy - Previously known as Password Protect a
directory.
• FTP Connections - Here you can manage the FTP connections
for your account. Often when your FTP client shows an error
that you have too many connections to the server, you will find
this feature useful as you will be able to terminate the needless
not used connections and resolve that issue.

Databases Section

Databases Section
• phpMyAdmin - The famous database management tool which will allow you
to do basically anything with the databases of your account.
• MySQL Databases - Here you will be able to fully manage the databases of
your account. Keep in mind that here you will be unable to access the rows
and tables of your databases.
• MySQL Database Wizard - Probably the most used tool when creating
databases. It allows you to easily create a database, assign a user to operate
with the same and then grant permissions to that use. All packaged in a
perfectly intuitive wizard.
• Remote MySQL - This feature is used to allow IP address to connect to the
databases of your account. By default they limit the incoming connections to
the database only for the servers

Domains Section

Domains Section
• Addon Domains - Used for managing the addon domains for

your account.
• Subdomains - Used for managing the subdomains of your
account.
• Aliases - Used for managing the parked domains of your account.
• Redirects - If need a redirection then it is the place to manage all
of the redirects for your account.
• Simple Zone Editor - Here you will be able to edit the simple DNS
records for your account.
• Advanced Zone Editor - The tool will provide you with extended
DNS zone editing functionality so you can add whatever DNS
record you need.

Restore Manager Section

• Restore Files - No matter if you would like to restore a single

file or a single folder with files here is the place you will be
able to do so.
• Restore Databases - Here you will be able to restore every

database you have created.
• Restore Cron Jobs - This feature will allow you to restore the
cron jobs for your account.

• Restore Mail - Just in case you lost some emails or email

accounts were deleted, you will be able to restore everything
related to your mail service on this tool.
• Restore Mail Forwarders - Restores lost mail forwarders.
• Restore DNS Zone - Restores the DNS zones associated with
your account.
• Restore Domain aliases - Restores the parked domain
configurations.
• Backup Exclude - Here you can specify if you would like some
files or folders excluded from the backup generation.

Email Section

Email Section
Accounts - Using this feature you will be able to fully manage the
email accounts associated with any of the domains you have
configured in your cPanel.
Forwarders - Here you will be able to configure email forwarders
used for forwarding emails from one address associated with your
account to another.
MX Entry - The place where you can modify the MX records.
Default Address - The feature is provided for you to define an
email account which will be used to fetch all emails sent to non-
existing email accounts associated with your domains.

Email Section
• Autoresponders - You can configure an autoresponder so you
can sent automatic replies to certain emails.
• Track Delivery -Here you can monitor the delivery of your email.
• Global Email Filters -This feature is used to manage the email

filters for your primary cPanel email account.
• Email Filters - Using this feature you can create filters for each of
your email accounts individually.
• Authentication - With this feature you can easily configure DKIM

and SPF records.
Metrics Section

Metrics Section
• Visitors - The access log of your account, presented in a clear and user
friendly table view.
• Errors - The error log of your account, presenting the latest 300 lines of
content related to the errors generated by any of the websites on your
account.
• Bandwidth - Detailed information about the bandwidth generated by your
account.
• Raw Access - The RAW access log for your account.
• Awstats - Detailed presentation of the access rate on your account - users,
robots, accessed pages and many, many more.
• CPU and Concurrent Connection Usage - The features provides additional
information on the resources consumed by your account (all the services
available for the same - FTP, Main, http).

Security Section

Security Section
• SSH Access - Here you will be able to generate an access key for your
account with this you can be able to access the same over ssh with a key.
• IP Blocker - Using this feature you will be able to block any malicious IP
addresses from accessing your website. Usually as such you can consider
any bots that are authenticating with questionable user agent.
• SSL/TLS - Here you can Install and manage the SSL certificates for your
domains.
• Hotlink Protection - Often used when someone is pulling large quantity of

images from your website, this feature will allow you to deny such requests.
• ModSecurity - Also known as our Web Application Firewall (WAF). This

feature will allow you to turn On/Off the WAF for any of your website

Software Section

Software Section
• PHP - Simple informative page for the most important php configuration
options.
• PHP PEAR Packages - Feature which will allow you to install and maintain the
PHP PEAR packages for your entire account.
• PERL Modules - Feature which will allow you to fully manage the PERL
Modules available for your entire account.
• Optimize Website - The Optimize website feature is used to enable/disable

and configure the Compression of your website. The compression is quite a
useful feature as it increases the performance of your website.
• Select PHP Version - With this feature you will be able to set the php version
for your account.

Advanced Section

Advanced Section
• Cron Jobs - Here you can schedule certain command to be

executed on the server from within the environment for your
user. Often used for php scripts for performing different
activities automatically.
• Indexes - Whenever you would like to display a directory listing

for concrete directory on your account, you can head to this
feature and configure the actual listing by first selecting the
directory.
• Error Pages - Here you can configure the code for the error
pages of your website.

Advanced Section
• Apache Handlers -With this feature you will be able to configure

different Apache Handlers for handling certain file formats using
php for example.
• MIME Types - This feature will provide you with information

about the system predefined MIME types as well as the option to
add a MIME Type on your own.

Add new domains
Manage existing domains
Set up subdomains
Managing
Domain
Name

Adding a New Domain Name
Click on Addon domains

Multiple domain names
and websites can be
hosted from the same
control panel

Adding a New Domain Name
• New Domain Name – the new domain you’ve registered
• Subdomain – filled automatically as soon as the new domain

name is entered. Used for internal routing by cPanel.
• Document Root – location of files on the server. Filled

automatically.

Modifying Addon Domain

Managing SubDomains
Each time a new domain is added to your cPanel account, a corresponding

subdomain is created.
Example:
cPanel account: admin
host: yourhost.com
primary server domain: admin.yourhost.com
new domain: addnew.com
subdomain created: addnew.admin.yourhost.com
The subdomain often holds a duplicate of the website under addnew.com.

Same website in two addresses: addnew.com & addnew.admin.yourhost.com

Managing SubDomains
Solution: redirect the new subdomain to the standard domain
Users going to addnew.admin.yourhost.com will be redirected

to addnew.com

Managing SubDomains-Redirections

Managing SubDomains-Custom
Expand your website through Subdomains

Example:
main site: mainsite.com
subdomain: blog.mainsite.com

Managing SubDomains-Custom
Subdomain – the name of the subdomain you want to create
Domain –parent domain of the new subdomain (if you have

more than one domain in your account)
Document Root - The directory/folder on the server where the

new subdomain’s files will be kept. It’s a good practice to
write the full subdomain.
Example: blog.mainsite.com

File Manager
 Use the File Manager interface to manage your
files. This feature allows you to upload, create,
remove, and edit files without the need for FTP
or other third-party applications.
Managing FTP
Files The best and most reliable way to upload files is
to use FTP. To upload files with FTP, you will need
to following:
 Your FTP username
 Your FTP password
 The FTP hostname
 An FTP client

Using File Manager

Using File Manager
 File Manager allows users to manage files directly from within the cPanel
interface
 This is where you take any action on all the files on your server, caution (and
backups) is always advised when making changes
 Interface is much like Windows’ File Explorer – on the left is the root folder
and its subfolders, in the middle of the screen is the contents of the
currently selected folder

Using File Manager

Using FTP Account
 Creating new FTP accounts is

good practice when working
with multiple
projects/websites on the same
hosting setup
 One account per project is a

good starting point as it
restricts user access to only
the folders they need to
access and not the whole
server

Using FTP Account
• Login – the username of the new account
• Domain – the domain name where the new account will be assigned to.
Choose from the drop-down.
• Directory – this defines the account’s highest level of directory access. If

blank, user will have root directory access. Make sure to input the directory
related to the user’s project.
• Quota – maximum space the user can use

Using FTP Account

Cpanel Summary

Email
Next
Backup Meeting
Database

References • https://www.tutorialspoint.com/
• https://www.fastcomet.com/t

CCS 2700
Web Management
and Deployment

Topic Email
Backup
Database

 Create and manage email accounts of your domain
 Configure your mail client
 Change your passwords
Setting Up  Access your webmail directly.
an Email
Account

Setting Up an Email Account
• Email – the address you want to use
• Domain – select the correct domain to

use with the account
• Password – create a secure password
• Mailbox Quota – disk space for an

account’s email

Manage Email Account
 can change your passwords,

 change quota amount or
 delete the email account.

Change Passwords
To change your email accounts password, click Change Password link corresponding to your
email address

Change Quota
To change your email quota, click on link Change Quota corresponding to your email address
that you want to manage.
Enter limited quota in Megabytes or select unlimited option. Press Change Quota Button so
save the changes.

Configure Mail Client
To send and receive emails with your domain from any desktop or mobile email client, e.g.
Windows Live Mail, Outlook or iOS of iPhone etc.
To download Auto Configuration Scripts or See the manual settings, click on Configure
Mail Client link corresponding to your email account.

Configure Mail Client
POP3 downloads emails from a

server to a single computer,
making those emails only
accessible on that specific
computer.
IMAP stores emails on a server

and then syncs them across
multiple devices.
IMAP is more advanced than

POP3 and allows you to access
your email from anywhere, and
on any device.
Delete an Email Account
To delete an email account, just click on Delete link corresponding to your email account.

Accessing WebMail
 From Access Webmail in the CPanel

 Yourdomain.com/webmail

Email Forwarders
 Click the Forwarders

 Choose the Domain
• Address to Forward –enter just the user part of the

email address that you want to forward.
• Domain –the domain part of the email address that

you want to forward.
• Destination – to effectively redirect your email to an

existing other address, select “Forward to Email
Address”. In the field below, enter the full email
address where you want to redirect the messages
Default Address
 Catch any incoming email that is sent to an invalid email address under your domain
name
 In practice, you can use non-existent email address but still get replies sent to you

Default Address
 Enter an existing email address in the Forward to field

Setup SPAM Filters
 Settings depend on the hosting provider

 Filters are often on by default and cannot be disabled

There are two types of Backup in your cPanel Backups.
Full Backup
Full Backup creates a zipped copy of your entire website and cPanel
account.
• all the files you own, or you have access to.
• all the databases, email accounts, email lists, subdomain, etc.
Partial Backups
Partial backup is created and can be downloaded instantly. Through
Partial Backup, you can download your Home Directory, Databases,
Backup
Email Forwarders and Email Filters separately. You can restore the
downloaded backups any time by uploading them to cPanel using
the same interface.

Backup

Backup Wizards

Backup Wizards
 Download your backup once it is completed

 Most modern websites need a database to handle
data.
 The database keeps the content, pages, posts, and
other user data
 Necessary if you want to run a CMS such as
WordPress or Drupal
Databases

Creating Database
 Set a name for your database
 Create a user that will be used to

access the database

Creating Database
 Add privileges to your

database user.
 Database user privileges sets

the database actions that
can be performed by this
specific user.
 If you are about to setup and

configure an application, it is
recommended to apply All
Privileges to make sure that
your script will work properly.

Managing Database
 Under Databases, click on “MySQL Databases”

Managing Database
 Via the Add new User section you can create a new MySQL user to which can later add
privileges to a specific database or a group of databases.

Managing Database
 To add a user to a specific database or change an existing user password you may
scroll to the bottom of the page and use the Add User to Database tool or the Current
Users section to edit your existing users.

Email Summary
Backup
Database

Version Control Next Topic
GIT
GITHUB

References • https://www.tutorialspoint.com/
• https://www.fastcomet.com/t

CCS 2700
Web Management
and Deployment

Topic Version Control
GIT
GITHUB

DEFINITION
• A version control system (VCS) tracks changes to a file or set of files over
time. The most common type is a centralized VCS, which uses a server to
store all the versions of a file. Developers can check out a file from the server,
make changes, and check the file back in. The server then stores the new
version of the file.
• Version control, also known as source control, is the practice of tracking

and managing changes to software code. Version control systems are
software tools that help software teams manage changes to source code
over time. As development environments have accelerated, version control
systems help software teams work faster and smarter.

DEFINITION
• Version control software keeps track of every modification to the code in a
special kind of database. If a mistake is made, developers can turn back the
clock and compare earlier versions of the code to help fix the mistake while
minimizing disruption to all team members.
“Version control enables teams to collaborate and streamline development

to resolve conflicts and create a centralized location for code.”

• Enhances the project development speed by providing
efficient collaboration,
• Leverages the productivity, expedites product delivery, and
skills of the employees through better communication and
assistance,
• Reduce possibilities of errors and conflicts meanwhile
project development through traceability to every small
change,
• Employees or contributors of the project can contribute
from anywhere irrespective of the different geographical
BENEFITS locations through this VCS,
• For each different contributor to the project, a different
working copy is maintained and not merged to the main
file unless the working copy is validated. The most popular
example is Git, Helix core, Microsoft TFS,
• Helps in recovery in case of any disaster or contingent
situation,
• Informs us about Who, What, When, Why changes have
been made.

Quality
• Teams can review, comment, and improve each
other’s code and assets.
Acceleration
• Branch code, make changes, and merge commits
BENEFITS faster.
Visibility
• Understand and spark team collaboration to foster
greater release build and release patterns. Better
visibility improves everything from project
management to code quality.

TYPE OF VCS
Local Version Control Systems
The simplest forms and has a database that

kept all the changes to files under revision
control.
RCS is one of the most common VCS tools. It

keeps patch sets (differences between files)
in a special format on disk.
By adding up all the patches it can then re-

create what any file looked like at any point
in time.

TYPE OF VCS
Local Version Control Systems
The Revision Control System (RCS) manages multiple revisions of files.
RCS automates the storing, retrieval, logging, identification, and merging of revisions.
RCS is useful for text that is revised frequently, including source code, programs,
documentation, graphics, papers, and form letters.
RCS works by keeping patch sets (that is, the differences between files) in a special format on
disk; it can then re-create what any file looked like at any point in time by adding up all the
patches.

TYPE OF VCS
Centralized
A centralized version control

system (CVCS) is a type of VCS where all
users are working with the same central
repository.
This central repository can be located on a

server or on a developer's local machine.
Centralized version control systems are
typically used in software development
projects where a team of developers needs
to share code and track changes.

TYPE OF VCS
Centralized
Centralized version control systems

contain just one repository globally and
every user need to commit for reflecting
one’s changes in the repository. It is
possible for others to see your changes by
updating.
Two things are required to make your

changes visible to others which are:
1. You commit
2. They update

TYPE OF VCS
Distributed
A distributed version control system (DVCS)

allows users to access a repository from
multiple locations.
DVCSs are often used by developers who

need to work on projects from multiple
computers or who need to collaborate with
other developers remotely.
Centralized
The most popular distributed version control

systems are Git, and Mercurial.

TYPE OF VCS
Distributed
Distributed version control systems

contain multiple repositories. Each user
has their own repository and working
copy.
To make your changes visible to others,

4 things are required:
1. You commit
2. You push
3. They pull
4. They update

TYPE OF VCS
Lock-based
A lock-based version control system uses file locking to manage concurrent

access to files and resources. File locking prevents two or more users from
making conflicting changes to the same file or resource.
Optimistic version control system
In an optimistic version control system, every user has their own private
workspace. When they want to share their changes with the rest of the team,
they submit a request to the server. The server then looks at all the changes
and determines which ones can be safely merged together.

GIT WORKFLOW
DEVELOPMENT
WORKFLOW

GIT
WORKFLOW

GIT
WORKFLOW

The basic Git workflow goes something like
this:
1. You modify files in your working tree.
2. You selectively stage just those changes

you want to be part of your next commit,
GIT which adds only those changes to the
WORKFLOW staging area.
3. You do a commit, which takes the files as

they are in the staging area and stores
that snapshot permanently to your Git
directory.

GIT AND GITHUB
• Git is an open-source distributed system that is used for software projects of any
size, making it a popular option for startups, enterprise, and everything in
between. Git is the most popular option and has become synonymous with
"source code management."
• Git is not the same thing as GitHub.
• Git is the version-control system, a program that helps developers keep track of
programs and files and the changes made to them over time.
• On the other hand, GitHub, and other similar services such as GitLab and
BitBucket, are websites that host a Git server program to hold code.

• It is the most widely used modern version
control system in the world, a de facto
industry standard
• It is an open-source project (Developed in

2005 by Linus Torvalds)
WHY GIT? • It is a Distributed Version Control System
• Designed for performance, security, and

flexibility

• Developers can work together from
anywhere in the world.
• Developers can see the full history of the

WHY GIT? project.
• Developers can revert to earlier versions of

a project.

• Manage projects with Repositories
• Clone a project to work on a local copy
• Control and track changes

with Staging and Committing
WHAT DOES • Branch and Merge to allow for work on

GIT DO? different parts and versions of a project
• Pull the latest version of the project to a

local copy
• Push local updates to the main project

• Initialize Git on a folder, making it a Repository
• Git now creates a hidden folder to keep track of

changes in that folder
• When a file is changed, added or deleted, it is

considered modified
• You select the modified files you want to Stage

WORKING • The Staged files are Committed, which prompts Git to
WITH GIT? store a permanent snapshot of the files
• Git allows you to see the full history of every commit.
• You can revert back to any previous commit.
• Git does not store a separate copy of every file in every

commit, but keeps track of changes made in each
commit!
• Initialize Git on a folder, making it a Repository
• Git now creates a hidden folder to keep track of

changes in that folder
• When a file is changed, added or deleted, it is

considered modified
• You select the modified files you want to Stage

WORKING • The Staged files are Committed, which prompts Git to
WITH GIT? store a permanent snapshot of the files
• Git allows you to see the full history of every commit.
• You can revert back to any previous commit.
• Git does not store a separate copy of every file in every

commit, but keeps track of changes made in each
commit!
SETUP GITHUB
https://github.com/signup

CREATE NEW REPOSITORY GITHUB
A repository is a place or
object where something is
stored. In other words, a
container.
In this case, we are creating a

Git repository to store code.
1. To create a new
repository, select New
Repository from the + sign
dropdown menu.
2. Enter a name
3. Click Create Repository

CREATE NEW
REPOSITORY

REPOSITORY

REPOSITORY
git remote add origin https://github.com/w3schools-test/hello-world.git

git remote add origin URL specifies that you are adding a remote repository, with the specified URL, as
an origin to your local Git repo.
git push --set-upstream origin master

push our master branch to the origin url
git commit -a -m "Updated index.html. Resized image”

git status
to check the status of local repository
git push origin
push our changes to your remote origin
git branch
to confirm which branches where you are working at the moment
git branch –a
use the -a option to see all local and remote branches
git checkout new_branch
to checkout the new_branch from the github repository
git pull
pull from our GitHub repository
GITHUB FLOW
The GitHub flow works like this:
1. Create a new Branch

2. Make changes and add Commits
3. Open a Pull Request
4. Review
5. Deploy
6. Merge

Version Control Summary
GIT
GITHUB

• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ver
sion-control-systems/
References • https://git-scm.com/
• https://about.gitlab.com/

CCS 2700
Web Management
and Deployment

Topic Content Management System

DEFINITION
• A content management system (CMS) is a software application that handles the
basic infrastructure of creating websites. With a CMS, users can focus on the front-
end areas of website building, such as customizing the website design and
managing content. -hostinger.com
• A content management system (CMS) helps companies manage digital content.

Whole teams can use these systems to create, edit, organize, and publish content. It
acts as a single place to store content and provides automated processes for
collaborative digital content management and creation using built-in (or
designed) workflows. –oracle.com

DEFINITION
• A CMS helps create and manage websites and website content using minimal
technical overhead, so you can make better content instead of acting as a project or
traffic manager. By providing an easy and cost-effective solution for content
management, a CMS allows companies to manage and distribute their content
without investing in a full-time content development team.-oracle.com
• Content Management System (CMS) enables users to build, organize, deliver, and
modify content. It includes blog posts, eBooks, press releases, guides, and so on for
websites, mobile applications, portals, and other online solutions to help
organizations control content and assets effectively.-netsolutions.com

DEFINITION

HOW DOES CMS WORKS?
A CMS provides a
graphical user
interface with
tools to create, edit
and publish web
content without
the need to write
code from scratch.

COMPONENTS OF CMS
A CMS has two components: a content management application (CMA) and a

content delivery application (CDA).
• The CMA is a graphical user interface that enables users to design, create,
modify and remove content from a website without HTML knowledge.
• The CDA component provides the back-end services that support

management and delivery of the content once a user creates it in the CMA.

CMS vs ECM vs WCM
• The CMS is the precursor to the ECM system. A CMS is a place to create, manage
and store digital content, and works best with structured content -- such as
documents and database records.
• An enterprise content management system manages both structured and

unstructured content. It includes software, strategies and security to effectively
manage content.
• A web content management system is similar to an ECM system, but the

differentiating factor is the WCMS is for web content -- such as product pages
on e-commerce websites. It contains a publishing tool and facilitates
collaborative authoring.

ECM vs WCM

History of CMS
1990 - 1996: The Static Age (Web 1.0)

The period was characterized by Flat HTML text files. 1996 saw the first introduction of the
Internet Explorer browser, which was the first to support CSS.
1997 - 1999: The Dynamic HTML Revolution

Dynamic HTML using Asynchronous JavaScript and XML, commonly called Ajax, was a
revolutionary breakthrough. Many enterprise CMS platforms began to appear around this
time including Interwoven (1995), Documentum (1996), FatWire (1996), FutureTense (1996),
Inso (1996), and EPiServer (1997).
2000s The Era of the Monolithic CMS (Web 2.0)

The CMS of the early to mid-2000s started to cater to enterprise and business needs in a
larger and more professional manner. Simultaneously, the period saw the advent of open-
source CMS platforms like Drupal, WordPress, and Joomla. Most of these contained both
the back-end and front-end technology of a website and could handle text, images, and
other files to store, display, and download.

History of CMS
2007- 2010 Going Mobile with Web 3.0

In 2010 smart tablets came on the scene. REST APIs and the JSON data-format were vital
to delivering content to mobile devices. This megatrend of delivering content to mobile
devices ushered in the mobile web era. This era became known as Web 3.0, to identify
the shift from computers and laptops to mobile content delivery. By the beginning of
2014, mobile internet use exceeded desktop use in the U.S.
The mid-2010s The Digital Experience Platform

A Digital Experience Platform (DXP) is a software platform that enables you to build and
deliver integrated, optimized user experiences across all digital channels, all audiences
(though with the customer at the center), and all stages of the user/customer lifecycle.

CMS vs DXP

CMS Architecture
Three main architectural approaches were developed.
1. Monolithic (Coupled) CMS

A coupled CMS is often referred to as a traditional CMS. It offers a fully accessible back
end that connects to and modifies a website’s database and publishes content to a
styled front end.
Monolithic CMS components:

• A database for storing content
• An admin panel for content management
• A representation layer with a website as the main front-end element as a general rule of
thumb

CMS Architecture
1. Monolithic (Coupled) CMS

CMS Architecture
2. Headless (API-first) CMS
A headless CMS has only a back-end system that accesses a database and stores content
with a custom-built, front-end web application. It offers greater flexibility than a decoupled
CMS, but it also requires considerably more work than any other option. A headless CMS
also usually requires a developer to design, create, and connect a front-end application.
A headless CMS is a good solution for organizations that need complete control and
flexibility over how their content is accessed. It provides content storage and
organizational capabilities while allowing for a custom application on the front end—
whether a website, a mobile app, or some other front end.

CMS Architecture
2. Headless (API-first) CMS
Headless CMS components:

• A database for storing content
• An admin panel for content management
• An API for communicating with content consumers (websites, apps, etc.)
• The ability to customize integrations with third-party modules

CMS Architecture
3. Decoupled (Hybrid) CMS.

In a decoupled CMS, the presentation part of the website is “decoupled” from the back
end. The delivery system sits between the presentation of the website and
accesses the back end through an application programming interface (API).
Decoupled systems have all the functionality of headless CMS but provide the
representation layer the ability to support websites or templates out-of-the-box.

TYPE OF CMS
There are three broad types of CMS software: open source, proprietary and Software-as-a-
Service CMS, including cloud-based solutions.
1. Open-source CMS
You can download open-source CMS software at no initial cost. There are no license or
upgrade fees, or contracts.
2. Proprietary CMS
Proprietary or commercial CMS software is built and managed by a single company
3. Software as a Service (SaaS) CMS

SaaS CMS solutions commonly include web content management software, web hosting,
and technical support with a single supplier. These are virtual solutions hosted in the cloud
and based on a subscription model, usually on a per-user or per-site basis.

CMS
Vendor CMS
Architecture
Adobe Adobe Experience Manager Traditional CMS
Sitecore Experience Manager Traditional CMS
WP Engine WP Engine Traditional CMS

Acquia Drupal Cloud Traditional CMS
TOP CMS Kentico

Magnolia
Kentico Kontent
Magnolia
Headless CMS
Traditional CMS
Bloomreach Bloomreach Experience Manager Traditional CMS
(brXM)
SDL SDL Tridion Sites Traditional CMS
Episerver Episerver Content Cloud Traditional CMS
Oracle Oracle Content and Experience Headless CMS

Cloud

• Intuitive indexing, search and retrieval. These
features index all data for easy access through search
functions and enable users to search by attributes
such as publication dates, keywords or author.
CORE • Format management. This helps turn scanned

paper documents and legacy electronic documents
FUNCTIONS into HTML or PDF documents.
OF CMS • Revision features. These features enable content to

be updated and edited after initial publication.
Revision control also tracks any changes individuals
make to files.
• Publishing. This functionality enables individuals to
use a template or a set of templates that an
organization approves -- as well as wizards and other
tools -- for content creation and modification.

ADVANTAGES OF CMS
• Quick Development
CMS is a fastest tool to develop a web application including mobile friendliness.
Using CMS, we can improve the speed of developing the websites.
• Less Backend Coding

Content Management System provides a several plugins for developing the web
applications. So that user has no need to do code at all.
• Provide built-in Page Builder

A main goal of using CMS is time saving. CMS provide built-in visual page
creator to create, manage or modify the content of the site. User has no need to
manage site content with in-line editing or also can create reusable dynamic
blocks and the ability to save the block-section and page layout as template to
reuse in multiple sites.

ADVANTAGES OF CMS
• Easy for non-technical Person

Anyone can use Content Management System for the basic functions like
writing and publishing content and adding media.
• Security
CMS have best security features to secure the website’s content and database
from hackers. Author of the site can control the access to this site using
permission base system.
• SEO Friendly
CMS websites are SEO friendly because the implementation of SEO techniques
is much simpler than HTML. There are some plugins available that directly
support SEO on the website.
• Improve Customer Services
CMS provide better customer services such as contact forms and live chat for
any urgent enquiries and clear the issues regarding websites.

DISADVANTAGES OF CMS
• Dependance on plugins and widgets

Users must be dependent on plugins and widgets for most of their functionalities.
• Hidden cost of plugins and widgets

Many plugins and widgets are expensive and can cost hundreds of dollars
• Site load speed

Page speed of a web page designed using a CMS is considerably slow compared to
many other custom development options.
• Maintenance
CMS systems need to be maintained on a regular basis. Some of the sites we have
built like Allegheny County Controller needs to be maintained on a weekly basis
because of traffic and the site being a high-profile target.

DISADVANTAGES OF CMS
• Not highly scalable

Most systems can sustain a limited number of users, once content and traffic
increases you will need to customize the CMS system or switch to something
more robust.
• Limitation in functional requirements

If you have a larger project that has multiple processes, workflows, and
stakeholders a CMS system will fail to keep up with your functional requirements.
• Back end functionalities are limited

Since back end functionalities are not available one cannot expose API endpoints.
Because of which the data and the platform cannot be used in mobile
applications.

USE CASE vs CMS
FEATURES

• Quick and easy page management – Any approved user
can quickly and easily publish webpages without
complicated software or programming.
• Consistent brand and navigation – Design templates

provide a consistent brand image and standard
navigation across all websites.
BENEFITS OF • Workflow management – An integrated workflow

USING CMS process fore reviewing and approving content.
• Flexibility for developers – Because the CMS enables

non-technical users to easily publish content, this frees up
technical developers to focus on functionality and
enhanced features.
• Design is separate from content – You can manipulate

content without fear of accidentally changing the design.

• Database-driven – You only need to change data once for it
to be updated throughout your site.
• Shared resources – Website managers have access to

shared resources, such as modules, images, audio and video
files, etc.
• Approval systems – You can give different levels of access to

BENEFITS OF different users, and the CMS has mechanisms to ensure
USING CMS content is approved before going live.
• Mobile ready – The CMS automatically scales your site to fit

tablets, mobile devices and smaller browser windows.
• Archive capabilities –You can track who has made changes

to your page and archive previous versions of your page.

• Remote access – You can access and update your site from
anywhere with an Internet connection.
• Security – Security is automatic.

BENEFITS OF • Search engine-friendly – The CMS helps to optimize your
USING CMS website so that search engine users can easily find your
information.
• Updates— The CMS allows alerts to be set to notify the editor

when content needs to be reviewed, updated or removed.

FACTORS IN CHOOSING CMS
1. ease of use
2. level of technical knowledge needed to use the CMS effectively
3. type of platform (e.g. open source, proprietary or cloud)
4. core or 'out of the box' features and capabilities
5. customization (i.e. ease of adding new features and functionality)
6. third-party integration (e.g. with CRM or e-commerce platform)
7. scalability
8. responsiveness
9. ease of deployment
10. design flexibility
11. security
12. level of support (communities, forums, user support, maintenance etc)

CMS PLATFORMS
WORDPRESS.ORG
• Often the #1 choice for

best CMS platform.
• The world’s most popular
CMS software,
powers around 43% of all
websites on the internet.
• Free, open-source CMS
originally designed for
blogging
• Not to be confused with
WordPress.com
• Self-hosted

CMS PLATFORMS
WORDPRESS.ORG
PROS CONS
• Offers flexibility, extensibility, and
freedom to build any type of website
• Users are required to purchase the
• Does not require coding knowledge
domain and set up hosting
or technical skills
independently
• Lots of themes and plugins available
• Well-designed for SEO, with SEO
• No dedicated support team
plugins to do more
• Large, supportive community
• The number of themes and plugins
• Allows downloading of all content in
may seem overwhelming at first
XML format, making it easy to move
to a different system

CMS PLATFORMS
JOOMLA
• Free, open-source platform with

many different templates and
extensions, much like WordPress
• More suited for developers and

experienced website creators, not
such a good choice for beginners,
unlike WordPress.

CMS PLATFORMS
JOOMLA
PROS CONS
• Plenty of options and flexibility. A

• Can be quite complex, even for
good choice for building a custom-
experienced users
made or complicated solution
• Not as many extensions or themes as
• More options for developers
WordPress
• Large community support
• Compatibility issues may arise
• Can run e-Commerce stores as there
between extensions and modules
are extensions available

CMS PLATFORMS
DRUPAL
• Drupal is another open source

CMS platform. It’s the CMS
behind some major websites,
including The Economist’s site
and a number of university’s
sites.
• Good option for developers or
those that can hire a developer
• Well-suited for a highly-
customized site that needs to
handle a lot of data

CMS PLATFORMS
DRUPAL
PROS CONS
• Easy to add content, flexible custom • Not beginner-friendly.

content types with plenty of options • Can be tricky trying to figure out how
• With lots of different modules to change the site’s appearance or
available to extend the website add extras
• With good community support • Most websites built on Drupal have a
• Easy user management with built-in heavily customized theme created by
system for creating and managing developers, and they can be quite
roles and permissions expensive

CMS PLATFORMS
WooCommerce
• WooCommerce is the most

popular eCommerce platform
in the world. It’s really flexible
and it’s easy to manage.
• WooCommerce isn’t
technically a CMS platform
itself. Instead, it runs as a
plugin on WordPress, so you’ll
need to have WordPress on
your site in order to install
WooCommerce

CMS PLATFORMS
WooCommerce
PROS CONS
• Available free, but needs hosting and
• Lots of options can be overwhelming
domain name
for beginners
• Plenty of themes available
• Can work with any WordPress theme
• Lots of extensions that can help add
but it is recommended to work with
extra functionality
themes specifically made for
• Has inventory management
WooCommerce
• Comes with PayPal and Stripe
• WooCommerce plugin is free, but
payments while other payment
other plugins and extensions for the
gateways can be added through
online store are not.
extensions and addons

CMS PLATFORMS
WIX
• A popular CMS platform, but with

some limitations
• Beginner-friendly with a free plan

CMS PLATFORMS
WIX
PROS CONS
• Can’t change templates
• No e-Commerce unless you get a
• Drag and drop interface paid plan. Payment gateways are
• You can select any part of the page limited to Paypal or Authorize.net
and start editing • You cannot easily download your
• Plenty of pre-made templates that data or export it
are fully mobile-responsive • Blog posts can be downloaded but
• Apps from the WixApp Market work not the images
like plugins that extend site features • Pages will need to be manually
copied and pasted to move
• The free plan will have a Wix-branded
domain name and ads on your site

CMS PLATFORMS
BIGCOMMERCE
• Fully hosted e-Commerce

platform
• An all-in-one platform that’s easy
to get started with for beginners
• Can host your website as well as
provide the CMS
• Security and backups are part of
the package

CMS PLATFORMS
BIGCOMMERCE
PROS CONS
• Not as much control over the store

• Trial plan provided
compared with WooCommerce
• Free sub-domain name available
• Once you reach a certain point per
• Multiple payment gateways
year, you get moved to a higher-level
• Available technical support and
pricing plan. This may prove difficult
community support
for stores with lots of expenses.
• Can be used with WordPress
• Monthly or annual subscription.

CMS PLATFORMS
SHOPIFY
• All-in-one hosted CMS platform

• Package includes hosting,
software installation, and
management like updates and
backups
• Has a drag and drop interface
• Supports in-store sales, good for
business with both online and
physical store

CMS PLATFORMS
SHOPIFY
PROS CONS
• Can accept card payments. Also

includes PayPal by default
• Plenty of themes and extensions
• Can be very costly, especially with
available, with third-party Shopify
third-party apps
apps available for purchase
• No forced upgrade of payment plans
• Limited functionality available
like BigCommerce
• Has 24/7 tech support,
documentation, and forums

OTHER CMS PLATFORMS
1. WordPress.com
 Commercial, hosted version of WordPress
 All-in-one CMS platform
 You can use your own domain or have a free sub-domain under it
2. Magento
 Powerful open-source e-Commerce platform from Adobe
 There’s a free version you can download and install, Magento Open Source
 Paid version comes with full support, including hosting
3. Blogger
 Has been around for a long time, since 1999
 ✖Specifically built for blogging
 ✖Free service provided by Google but will be a sub-domain under Blogspot

Content Management System Summary

• https://blog.griddynamics.com/cms-
research/
• https://www.oracle.com/ph/content-
management/what-is-cms/#types
• https://www.netsolutions.com/insights/con
References tent-management-system/#types-of-
content-management-systems
• https://rentechdigital.com/blog/b/advanta
ges-and-disadvantages-of-cms
• https://cms-drupal7.ku.edu/
• https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/

CCS 2700
Web Management
and Deployment

Topic WordPress Development

DEFINITION
WordPress is an open-source Content Management System (CMS), which

allows the users to build dynamic websites and blog. WordPress is the most
popular blogging system on the web and allows updating, customizing, and
managing the website from its back-end CMS and components. -
tutorialspoint.com

DEFINITION
WordPress emerge on May 27, 2003 and the founders are Matt Mullenweg
and Mike Little.
WordPress can be referred to as an online, open-source site-building tool
based on PHP and MySQL programming languages.
Today, WordPress is powering over 800 million websites. Research carried out
in 2023 shows that this content management system is used by more than
30% of the 10 million best-ranking sites. -hostinger.com

WordPress Dashboard
Once the installation is complete, the first thing you would want to do is log in to
the WordPress administrator dashboard.
The easiest way to log in to WordPress is by adding wp-admin at the end of your
website’s address like this:
http://www.yourdomain.com/wp-admin
This URL will direct you to the login screen where you will be asked to enter the
administrator’s username and password.

WordPress Dashboard
The dashboard is the first screen you land on right after you log into your
WordPress site. It is the main screen of the admin area of your website.
It is a collection of gadgets that provide information and provide an overview of

what's happening with your blog.
Another way to access the WP Admin dashboard:

1. Log into WordPress.com.
2. Scroll lower on the page and look for the Quick links section on the right.
3. Click on WP Admin Dashboard.

WordPress
Dashboard

WordPress Left Navigation Menu
1. Dashboard. The Dashboard is basically the control center for your WordPress
site. You can manage every part of your WordPress site from here. Next to
that, you’ll find an overview of updates for your WordPress core, as well as for
themes and plugins.
2. Posts. This is where you can create a new Blog post. Next to that, you can
manage your Categories and Post Tags.
3. Media. All your images, documents or media ﬁles are stored here. You can
browse through your Media library, add new media as well as edit and
update the ﬁles.
4. Pages. All the pages of your website such as the homepage and about us
can be found here. Go to this section if you want to create a new page or
make changes to existing ones.

5. Comments. You’ll manage your blog comments in this section. You can
approve, delete, modify or reply to comments that come into your blog.
6. Appearance. Settings in the appearance area directly affect how your site
looks and navigates. You can change or customize your website themes, add
background images and edit/control your website navigation menu here.
5. Plugins. Plugins are like “apps” for your WordPress site. They are pieces of
software that add or extend the functionality of your site. Go to this section to
manage your installed plugins, or to browse the WordPress plugin directory
and install new ones.

8. Users. This section contains a list of all the users who have a login on your
website. WordPress has various permission levels for the corresponding
user’s role. Depending on the role you’re assigned, you may see different
items in your WordPress navigation menu.
9. Tools. This section can be referred to as the “utilities” area of WordPress. It

allows you to import and export various data such as posts, pages, form
responses, or your personal data. You can also check your site health status or
access your plugins/themes file editor here.
10. Settings. This section contains the “global settings” for your site. There are
loads and loads of options and settings for you to explore. You can edit things
such as your site title, URL structure and other important settings..

WordPress Users
Five default user roles in WordPress:

1. Administrator -most powerful user role. Users with the administrator role
can add new posts, edit posts by any users, and delete those posts.
2. Editor -have full control on the content sections your website.
3. Author-can write, edit, and publish their own posts. They can also delete
their own posts, even if they are already published
4. Contributor -can add new posts and edit their own posts, but they
cannot publish any posts.
5. Subscriber-can login to your WordPress site, update their user profiles,

and change their passwords. They can’t write posts, view comments, or
do anything else inside your WordPress admin area.
WordPress
Dashboard

WordPress Posts and Pages
Posts are used to create blog content, articles, and other content listed on your
blog page. They’re shown in reverse chronological order, so that the newest
content is shown at the top of the list.
Pages are static “one-off” type content like your about page, privacy policy,
contact page, and more. While the WordPress database stores the published
date of the page, pages are timeless entities.

WordPress Posts vs Pages
1. Static vs Dynamic Content – By definition, pages are static one-off publications

while posts are chronologically listed entries.
2. Publication Date – The publication date is of utmost importance for WordPress

posts and they are organized by it. But publication time does not matter for
pages and is irrelevant to how pages are organized on the site.
3. Site Navigation vs News Feeds – WordPress pages are usually included in the
site menu while posts are streamed on the blog page and in an RSS feed.
4. Taxonomy – Only posts have categories and tags, pages don’t.
5. Hierarchy – Only pages have a hierarchy – one page could be “a parent” to

another, which shows up in the page URL (https://example.com/parent-
page/child-page)
WordPress
Posts and
Pages

WordPress Posts

WordPress Pages

WordPress Tags
• Tag is a small information attached to the main content or post for the
purpose of identification.
• Tags provide a useful way to group related posts together and to quickly
tell readers what a post is about. Tags also make it easier for people to find
your content..
• Tags are similar to categories, but they are generally used to describe your
post in more detail. The use of tags is completely optional.
• You can assign multiple tags to each post or page.
• Some themes allow adding tags to Pages. However, in most cases tags
can only be used on Posts.
WordPress Tags
Name: The text of your tag.

Description: Describes what the tag is for. This may
be displayed in certain themes; for example, as a
tooltip shown when you hover over the tag.

WordPress Categories
• Categories provide a helpful way to group related blog posts together. You might
want to create categories for different topics you cover in your blog.
• For example, if you have articles that cover a specific genre of music, you might
want to keep those grouped together in a category.
• Category is used to indicate sections of your site and group related posts. It sorts
the group content into different sections. It is a very convenient way to organize
the posts.

WordPress Categories

Categorize your Posts
1. In your dashboard, click on Posts.

2. Click on the post you want to assign to a
category.
3. Under Post Settings on the right, expand
the Category option.
4. Click the checkbox next to the category
you want the post to be assigned to
5. Click Update or Publish to apply the
changes to that post.

WordPress Comments
• Comments allow visitors to add feedback and reply to your posts and pages.
If you enable comments on your site, a comment form will appear at the
bottom for people to respond to your written comments.
• Comments can be enable or disable
• You can allow only registered users to comment, or you can allow anyone to
comment. You can choose whether the name and email fields are required if
anyone can comment.
These options are available on the Settings → Discussion screen:

 Comment author must fill out name and e-mail
 Users must be registered and logged in to comment

WordPress Comments

WordPress Themes
• The Appearance Themes Screen allows you to manage your Themes. That
means you can install, preview, delete Themes, activate, and update Themes.
• A WordPress Theme is a collection of files that work together to produce a

graphical interface with an underlying unifying design for a weblog. These
files are called template files.
• A Theme modifies the way the site is displayed, without modifying the
underlying software. Themes may include customized template files, image
files (*.jpg, *.gif), style sheets (*.css), custom Pages, as well as any necessary
code files (*.php).

WordPress Themes

WordPress Plugins
• Plugins are tools that add extra features to WordPress. With an eligible plan,
you can add virtually any feature and functionality to your website.
• The primary purpose of WordPress plugins is to expand WordPress

functionality. Just by installing and activating a plugin you can add new
features to WordPress site without any coding.
• There are thousands of free and paid plugins built for different purposes – from
social media sharing to security.
• Free and freemium plugins are available on WordPress.
• Just like themes, these can be installed by using the inbuilt WordPress installer.

WordPress Plugins

Elementor Plugin
Elementor is the ultimate, easiest, all-in-one

solution for anyone who wants to quickly
design websites without the hassle of editing
any codes.
It is the most popular page builder for

WordPress, because it comes with an easy-
to-use ‘drag and drop’ feature.
All you have to do is click on

any ‘element’ you like and drag it to any part
of your page to create your design.

How to use Elementor
Step 1: Install & Activate Elementor For WordPress

Step 2: Create A New Page With Elementor

Step 3: Build Your Page With Elementor Editor

How to use Plugins
WordPress plugins enhance your website’s functionality. Simply put, they are pieces of
software that can make changes to your site, such as by improving safety or adding new
features.
1. Security plugins. These can protect your website against spam comments, malware,
and hackers. They may also back up your files, so you can restore them if your site gets
taken down.
2. Search Engine Optimization (SEO) plugins. These can increase your site’s visibility in
Search Engine Results Pages (SERPs) and attract more traffic.
3. Performance optimization plugins. These can speed up your WordPress website and
improve the User Experience (UX)

How to use choose Plugins
Here are seven suggestions based on wordpress.com to make the selection

process easier.
1. Make a List of Your Needs

2. Read Plugin Reviews
3. Look for Frequent Updates and Compatibility
4. Read the Changelogs
5. Check Out the Plugin Support Forums
6. Read Round-Up Blog Posts and Recommendations
7. Run Performance Tests Before and After Installing a Plugin

WordPress Development Summary

• https://www.bluehost.com/
• https://devrix.com/
References • https://www.wpbeginner.com/
• https://wpdeveloper.com/how-to-use-
elementor-guide/
• https://wordpress.com/

CCS 2700
Web Management
and Deployment

Topic Cloud Platforms

DEFINITION
A Cloud platform hosts the server hardware and operating system in a web-
based datacenter. The platform enables the coexistence of hardware and
software, and it offers remote connectivity to compute services at scale. -
simplilearn
A cloud platform refers to the operating system and hardware of a server in

an Internet-based data center. It allows software and hardware products to
co-exist remotely and at scale. -cloudbolt

DEFINITION
Cloud computing is the act of running workloads within clouds—which are IT
environments that abstract, pool, and share scalable resources across a
network. -redhat
Cloud computing is a term used to describe the delivery of on-demand

computing resources—hardware, storage, databases, networking, and
software—to businesses and individuals via a network (usually the internet).
Cloud computing enables organizations to access and store information
without managing their own physical devices or IT infrastructure. -googlecloud

Types of Cloud Platform: Public clouds
• Public Cloud: Public cloud platforms are third-party providers that deliver
computing resources over the Internet.
• A public cloud is a pool of virtual resources—developed from hardware owned

and managed by a third-party company—that is automatically provisioned
and allocated among multiple clients through a self-service interface. It’s a
straightforward way to scale out workloads that experience unexpected
demand fluctuations.
• Examples include Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform, Alibaba, Microsoft
Azure, and IBM Bluemix.

Types of Cloud Platform: Public clouds
What makes a cloud public?
1. Resource allocation: Tenants outside the provider’s firewall share cloud

services and virtual resources that come from the provider’s set of
infrastructure, platforms, and software.
2. Use agreements: Resources are distributed on an as-needed basis, but pay-
as-you-go models aren’t necessary components. Some customers—like the
handful of research institutions using the Massachusetts Open Cloud—use
public clouds at no cost.
3. Management: At a minimum, the provider maintains the hardware
underneath the cloud, supports the network, and manages the virtualization
software.

Types of Cloud Platform: Private clouds
• Private Cloud: A private cloud platform is exclusive to a single organization.

It’s usually in an on-site data center or hosted by a third-party service provider.
On-premises
 Deploying resources on-premises, using virtualization and resource
management tools, is sometimes called “private cloud”.
• A private cloud uses virtualization technology to combine resources sourced

from physical hardware into shared pools.

Why use private clouds?

• Private clouds are the ideal solution for IT leaders who want to make
enterprise resources available on-demand, but can’t (or don’t want to) move
to the public cloud. This can be due to security policies, budgets,
compliance requirements, or regulations, like those that define
the healthcare and financial service industries.
• Companies in these industries use encryption protocols and firewalls to

secure their IT systems, but private clouds add an extra level of security—
compared to public clouds—because access is limited.

Private clouds provide additional benefits, such as:
• Increased infrastructural capacity to handle large compute and storage

demands
• On-demand services using self-service user interfaces and policy-based

management
• Efficient resource allocation based on user needs
• Increased visibility into resources across the infrastructure

Types of Cloud Platform: Hybrid clouds
• Hybrid Cloud: This is a combination of public and private cloud platforms.

Data and applications move seamlessly between the two. This gives the
organization greater flexibility and helps optimize infrastructure, security, and
compliance.
Those environments may include:

• At least 1 private cloud and at least 1 public cloud
• 2 or more private clouds
• 2 or more public clouds
• One bare-metal (physical hardware) or virtual environment connected to
at least 1 cloud

Types of Cloud Platform: Hybrid clouds
• A hybrid cloud strategy promotes workload portability–which means that

applications work consistently across different environments, allowing for a
single computing platform to span across and communicate with multiple
clouds.
• A hybrid deployment is a way to connect infrastructure and applications

between cloud-based resources and existing resources that are not located in
the cloud.

Types of Cloud Platform: Multicloud clouds
• Multicloud is a cloud approach made up of more than 1 cloud service, from

more than 1 cloud vendor—public or private.
• Multi-Cloud refers to the distributed, heterogeneous world of applications

and users across public clouds, data centers and edge.
• In this model, organizations utilize a combination of on-premises, private

cloud, public cloud, and edge to build, operate, access, and secure their
applications consistently across clouds.

Types of Cloud Platform
• Multicloud refers to the presence of more than 1 cloud deployment of the

same type (public or private), sourced from different vendors. Hybrid cloud
refers to the presence of multiple deployment types (public or private) with
some form of integration or orchestration between them.
• A multi-cloud can also be a hybrid cloud, and a hybrid cloud can also be a
multi-cloud, but these terms represent two distinct concepts.
• "Hybrid cloud" describes the mixing of two or more distinct types of

infrastructure: it combines a private cloud, an on-premise data center, or both
with at least one public cloud. Multi-cloud refers to several different public
clouds being deployed, and it doesn't necessarily include a private cloud,
although it can.

Cloud Service
• Cloud services are infrastructure, platforms, or software that are hosted by

third-party providers and made available to users through the internet.
• Each facilitates the flow of user data from front-end clients through the
internet, to the cloud service provider’s systems, and back—but vary by
what’s provided.
• Cloud-as-Service providers also offer security and storage as services,

eliminating the need for organizations to maintain a security operations
center or worry about exceeding the capacity of their storage devices.
• Many organizations have turned to CaaS to both offload IT maintenance

and management chores to a cloud provider and to migrate from a capital
expense to operational expense model with predictable monthly fees for
various IT services provided by cloud vendors
Cloud Service
Organizations adopt Cloud-as-a-Service to:
• Standardize and automate service delivery

• Reduce infrastructure, real estate, and energy costs
• Accelerate time to value for new projects
• Modernize applications to achieve better mobility for users
• Instantly scale to meet changing business demands
• Improve overall IT security
• Increase utilization of existing IT infrastructure
• Improve staff productivity

Cloud Service: Importance
Why is Cloud as a Service important?
• Reduced Expenditures.
• Modernization.
• Mobility.
• On-Demand Scalability.
• High Availability and Disaster recovery.

Cloud Service: Benefits
• Self-service on-demand.
• Resilience.
• Competitive Advantage.
• Time to Value.
• Multi-tenancy support.
• Enhanced Security.
• Mobility.
• Scalability.
• Predictability.
• API Access.

Cloud Service: Challenges
• Data security.
• Persistence.
• Performance Impacts.
• Outages.
• Control.

Cloud Service: Challenges
• Data security.
• Persistence.
• Performance Impacts.
• Outages.
• Control.

The three main types of cloud service models
include:
• infrastructure as a service (IaaS): on-demand

access to compute, storage, networking, and
virtualization
• platform as a service (PaaS): hardware and

Types of software resources needed for cloud application
development
Cloud Service
• software as a service (SaaS): full-application stack
as a cloud service, including the maintenance and
management from underlying infrastructure to
application software

• Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), also known as
cloud infrastructure services, is a form of cloud
computing in which IT infrastructure is provided to
end users through the internet.
• IaaS is commonly associated with serverless

computing.
Infrastructure
-as-a-service • IaaS (infrastructure as a service) is a cloud service
model that offers on-demand infrastructure
(IaaS) resources, such as compute, storage, networking,
and virtualization, to businesses and individuals via
the cloud.
• IaaS is attractive because acquiring computing

resources to run applications or store data the
traditional way requires time and cap

• It’s economical
• It’s efficient
Benefits of • It boosts productivity

IaaS • It’s reliable
• It’s scalable
• It drives faster time to market

• Cost savings
• Increased efficiency
• More innovation
Advantages
of IaaS • Reliability
• High scalability
• Lower latency

• Unexpected Costs: Monthly fees can add up, or peak
usage may be more than expected
• Process Changes: IaaS may require changes to
processes and workflows
• Runaway Inventory: Instances may be deployed, but
not taken down
• Security Risks: While IaaS providers secure the
infrastructure, businesses are responsible for anything
Challenges of they host
IaaS • Lack of Support: Live help is sometimes hard to come
by
• Complex Integration: Challenges with interaction
with existing systems
• Security Risks: New vulnerabilities may emerge
around the loss of direct control
• Limited Customization: Public cloud users may have
limited control and ability to customize

• Vendor Lock-In: Moving from one IaaS provider to
another can be challenging
• Broadband Dependency: Only as good as the reliability
of the internet connection
• Providers Not Created Equally: Vendor vetting and
selection can be challenging
• Managing Availability: Even the largest service
providers experience downtime
Challenges of • Confusing SLAs: Service level agreements (SLAs) can be
difficult to understand
IaaS • Regulatory Uncertainty: Evolving federal and state laws
can impact some industries’ use of IaaS, especially
across country borders
• Vendor Consolidation: Providers may be acquired or go
out of business
• Third-Party Expertise: Lack of mature service providers,
guidance or ecosystem support

• Platform as a Service, also known as PaaS, is a type
of cloud computing service model that offers a
flexible, scalable cloud platform to develop, deploy,
run, and manage apps.
• PaaS provides everything developers need for

application development without the headaches
of updating the operating system and
Platform as a development tools or maintaining hardware
Service (PaaS) • Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a complete cloud

environment that includes everything developers
need to build, run, and manage applications—
from servers and operating systems to all the
networking, storage, middleware, tools, and more.

PaaS solutions are specific to application and
software development and typically include:
• Cloud infrastructure: Data centers, storage,

network equipment, and servers
• Middleware software: Operating systems,

Platform as a frameworks, development kits (SDK), libraries, and
Service (PaaS) more
• User interface: A graphical user interface (GUI), a

command line interface (CLI), an API interface, and
in some cases, all three

• Faster time to market
• Low maintenance
• Cost-effective pricing
Benefits of
PaaS • Easy scalability
• Flexible access
• Shared security

• Vendor Dependency: Very dependent upon the
vendor’s capabilities
• Risk of Lock-In: Customers may get locked into a

language, interface or program they no longer
need
Challenges of • Compatibility: Difficulties may arise if PaaS is used
PaaS in conjunction with existing development
platforms
• Security Risks: While PaaS providers secure the

infrastructure and platform, businesses are
responsible for security of the applications they
build

Software-as-a-service (SaaS) is a form of cloud
computing that delivers a cloud application—and all
its underlying IT infrastructure and platforms—to end
users through an internet browser.
Ideal solution for large enterprises, small businesses

or individuals that:
• Do not want the responsibility of buying or
Software-as- maintaining infrastructure, platforms, and on-
a-service premises software.
(SaaS) • Prefers simpler cost management through
operational expenses (OPEX), rather than
capital expense investments (CAPEX).
• Have challenges that require minimal

customization to solve.
• Favor software subscription models.

• Software as a Service provides you with a
completed product that is run and managed by
the service provider.
• In most cases, people referring to Software as a

Service are referring to end-user applications.
• With a SaaS offering you do not have to think

Software-as- about how the service is maintained or how the
a-service underlying infrastructure is managed; you only
need to think about how you will use that
(SaaS) particular piece of software.
• A common example of a SaaS application is web-

based email where you can send and receive
email without having to manage feature additions
to the email product or maintaining the servers
and operating systems that the email program is
running on.

1. Low Set Up and Infrastructure costs:
pay for what you need
2. Scalability:
can adapt your requirements to the number of people
who need to use the system, the volume of data and
the functionality required as your business grows.
3. Accessible from Anywhere:
Benefits of Just connect to the internet
SaaS 4. Automatic, frequent updates:

Providers offer timely improvements thanks to their
scale and because they receive feedback about what
their customers need.
5. Security at the highest level required by any

customer:
Because of the shared nature of the service, all users
benefit from the security level set up for those with the
highest need.
SaaS Advantages
• Accessibility: Ability to run via an internet browser

24/7 from any device
• Operational Management: No installation,
equipment updates or traditional licensing
management
• Cost Effective: No upfront hardware costs and
flexible payment methods such as pay-as-you-go
models
• Scalability: Easily scale a solution to accommodate
Advantages changing needs
• Data Storage: Data is routinely saved in the cloud
• Analytics: Access to data reporting and intelligence
tools
• Increase Security: SaaS providers invest heavily in
security technology and expertise

• Loss of Control: The vendor manages everything,
making you dependent upon the vendor’s
capabilities
• Limited Customization: Most SaaS applications

offer little in the way of customization from the
Challenges of vendor
SaaS
• Slower Speed: SaaS solutions can have more
latency than client/server apps
• Security Risks: While the SaaS provider secures

the application itself, strict measures should be
taken with sensitive data

• IaaS: The service provider gives you on-demand access to
infrastructure services, including compute, storage,
networking, and virtualization. You manage everything
else—the virtual machines, operating systems, middleware,
apps, and your data—but there is no need to maintain or
update your own data center infrastructure.
• PaaS: The service provider delivers and manages all the

hardware and software resources needed for application
development. You write the code and manage all the apps
IAAS vs PAAS and data, but you do not have to manage or maintain the
vs SAAS software development platform. PaaS manages more
resources higher up the “stack” to further reduce the
operational burden on developers and IT operations teams.
• SaaS: The service provider delivers and manages the

entire application stack—from the hardware
infrastructure all the way to the application itself—through
the internet. All updates, bug fixes, and other general
maintenance to all components are handled by the
provider. All you have to do is connect to the app.
IaaS Paas SaaS
It provides a virtual It provides virtual It provides web

data center to store platforms and tools to software and apps to
information and create create, test, and deploy complete business
platforms for app apps. tasks.
development, testing,
and deployment.
IAAS vs PAAS It provides access to

resources such as
It provides runtime
environments and
It provides software as
a service to the end-
vs SAAS virtual machines,
virtual storage, etc.
deployment tools for
applications.
users.
It is used by network It is used by It is used by end users.

architects. developers.
IaaS provides only PaaS provides SaaS provides
Infrastructure. Infrastructure+ Infrastructure+
Platform. Platform +Software.

IAAS vs PAAS
vs SAAS

Common
Examples

Cloud Platforms Summary
Cloud Services

• https://www.redhat.com/
• https://www.vmware.com/
References • https://cloud.google.com/
• https://aws.amazon.com/
• https://www.comptia.org/
• https://www.salesforce.com/

CCS 2700
Web Management
and Deployment

Topic Jenkins

Continuous Integration
• Continuous integration is a DevOps software development practice where

developers regularly merge their code changes into a central repository,
after which automated builds and tests are run.
• Continuous integration most often refers to the build or integration stage of

the software release process and entails both an automation component
(e.g. a CI or build service) and a cultural component (e.g. learning to
integrate frequently).
• The key goals of continuous integration are to find and address bugs
quicker, improve software quality, and reduce the time it takes to validate
and release new software updates.
• College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

Continuous Integration
• Continuous integration (CI) is the practice of automating the integration of

code changes from multiple contributors into a single software project.
• It’s a primary DevOps best practice, allowing developers to frequently

merge code changes into a central repository where builds and tests then
run.
• Automated tools are used to assert the new code’s correctness before
integration.

Jenkins
• Kohsuke Kawaguchi created Jenkins in 2004. The suite’s sole objective is

continuous integration. Jenkins is the most popular solution for continuous
delivery across the globe.
• Written in Java, Jenkins allows continuous development, testing, and

deployment of newly created codes.
• The community originally wrote Jenkins as a build and release tool. It is a

server-based application and requires a web server like Apache Tomcat.
Jenkins allows users to build and test projects continuously, making it easier
for developers to integrate changes to the project, and for users to obtain a
fresh build.

Jenkins Continuous Integration
Actual involvement of Jenkins in

the development process is as
follows:
• Developers begin committing

code to the repository, which
Jenkins checks regularly
• If there is a change in the code,
Jenkins compiles the code
• If there is a failed build, the
developer gets notified
• If the build is successful, the
code is deployed to production

Jenkins
Interface

Features of Jenkins
Jenkins has some features that really sell it as a CI/CD tool.
These are some of them:
• Plugins
• Easy to set up
• Supports most environments
• Open-source
• Easy distribution

Why use Jenkins?

Why use Continuous Integration with
Jenkins?
Before Jenkins After Jenkins

The code is built and test as soon as Developer
Once all Developers had completed their commits code. Jenkin will build and test code
assigned coding tasks, they used to commit many times during the day
their code all at same time. Later, Build is
tested and deployed. If the build is successful, then Jenkins will
deploy the source into the test server and
Code commit built, and test cycle was very notifies the deployment team.
infrequent, and a single build was done after
many days. If the build fails, then Jenkins will notify the
errors to the developer team.
Since the code was built all at once, some
The code is built immediately after any of the
developers would need to wait until other
Developer commits.
developers finish coding to check their build

Why use Continuous Integration with
Jenkins?
Before Jenkins After Jenkins

Since the code is built after each commit of a
It is not an easy task to isolate, detect, and fix
single developer, it’s easy to detect whose
errors for multiple commits.
code caused the built to fail
Code build and test process are entirely
Automated build and test process saving
manual, so there are a lot of chances for
timing and reducing defects.
failure.
The code is deployed once all the errors are The code is deployed after every successful
fixed and tested. build and test.
The development cycle is fast. New features
Development Cycle is slow are more readily available to users. Increases
profits.

• User-friendly and easy to install.
• Platform-independent.
• Easy configuration.
Advantages
of using • Rich plugin ecosystem.
Jenkins • Free.
• Incredible support
• Automated integration.
• Easily detectable errors.

• Difficult management. It runs on a server and requires
skills as a server administrator to monitor all associated
activities.
• In some aspects, it lacks user-friendliness when
Disadvantages
compared to current UI trends.
of using
Jenkins • The process to install and configure Jenkins is pretty
tedious.
• The continuous integration pipeline breaks whenever
changes occur in the settings. The integration halts and
needs developer interference.

Jenkins
Pipeline

Jenkins Architecture

Jenkins Summary

• https://hackr.io/blog/what-is-jenkins
• https://www.guru99.com/jenkin-
References continuous-integration.html
• https://www.edureka.co/
• Jenkins.io

CS2700 Web Management and Deployment
WordPress
WordPress is an open-source Content Management System (CMS), which

allows the users to build dynamic websites and blog. WordPress is the most
popular blogging system on the web and allows updating, customizing, and
managing the website from its back-end CMS and components.
-tutorialspoint.com
WordPress first saw the light of day on May 27, 2003. The founders are Matt
Mullenweg and Mike Little. WordPress can be referred to as an online, open-
source site-building tool based on PHP and MySQL programming languages.
In more advanced terms it is called a content management system
(CMS). When WordPress was first launched it had several users but over time
grew into the biggest and most popular CMS in the world. Today, WordPress
is powering over 800 million websites. Research carried out in 2023 shows
that this content management system is used by more than 30% of the 10
million best-ranking sites. -hostinger.com
WordPress.com and WordPress.org

If you are not interested in having your own hosting or managing a web
server, then WordPress.com may be the way to go.
CS2700 Web Management and Deployment Prepared By: Den Calantoc

Installing WordPress on your hosting Site
1. Access Hosting Site control panel.

2. Locate Auto Installer or Softaculous Apps Installer and open it.
3. Select WordPress.
4. Choose Quick Install and fill in website details:

Site Name – The title of your WordPress website.

Administrator Email – Enter your email address.
Administrator Username – Your WordPress admin username. You will use
it to access WordPress admin area.
Administrator Password – Your WordPress admin password. You will use
it to access WordPress admin area.
Application version – The WordPress version you want to install. It is
recommended to use the latest one.
5. Theme – Choose Theme for your web site
6. By default don’t update any details on Advance Options Tab.
7. Press Install button.
8. After Installation is completed you can access your WordPress site by
your specified url. Ex: http://djreboles.x10.mx/wp/
9. Provide your WordPress URL.

CCS 2700 Web Management and Deployment

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CCS 2700

Denver Jhon Calantoc, MIT

Advantages and Benefits

College of Computer Studies |

Agile development methodology

Agile is a term used to describe software

Teams use the agile development

College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

• Deployment tools streamline the process of distributing software and updates,

College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

When selecting a deployment tool, consider the following:

1. Complexity of your deployment landscape

College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

 A version control system is

College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

 Working in branches allows working

Deployment  If, for example, a bug needs to be

 Changes in separate branches will

College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

 While it is possible to work directly

College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

 When the testers have made sure

 This step is to ensure nothing gets

College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

 When the testers have made sure

 This step is to ensure nothing gets

College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

 As mentioned earlier, have a

 This is also to help ensure that

College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

 While any developer should have

 The bigger the team, the more

College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

 And they will. No matter how

Best Practices  Stay calm and assess the situation to

 Have a plan ready before working on

College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

This varies from project to project but

 When do you have someone ready

This brings us back to our planning

College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

You can make changes in any order you

No connectivity issues to worry about

After proper testing, changes can be applied

College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

By creating all the content in a different

College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

Deployment Best Practices

College of Computer Studies |

College of Computer Studies |

College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

Denver Jhon Calantoc, MIT

College of Computer Studies |

Deployment in software and web development means to push changes or updates

College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

A new release could include more functionality, optimization to reduce bugs, or

College of Computer Studies | Central Philippine University

• According to the ISO/IEC 20000 standard definition, a