A SEARCA Professorial Chair Lecture

June 27, 2011, 9:00-12:00 AM

AMTEC Conference Room
CEAT, UPLB

Delfin C. Suministrado
Agricultural Machinery Division
Institute of Agricultural Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Wind is airflow consisting of many
gases in the atmosphere.
It is a form of solar energy. It is
caused by the uneven heating of
the atmosphere by the sun.
Wind power makes up about
10% to 20% of the sun's total
energy.
Wind power is
a clean and
natural
energy source,
and does not
pollute the
environment.
 Every 1.5MW wind
turbine installed is
able to reduce an
average of 3,000 tons
of carbon dioxide
(equivalent to
planting 1.5 square
mile of trees),
15 tons of sulfur
dioxide and 9 tons of
Jose de Ramos

nitrogen dioxide.
Northwind Bangui Bay Project
earned carbon credits from
the project — and will sell
$1.5 million worth over 10
years to the World Bank as
part of the Kyoto protocol to
reduce greenhouse gases.
OTHER ADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER:

1. The wind is free.

2. Wind turbines take up only a small

plot of land.

3. Many people find wind

farms an interesting feature
of the landscape.
OTHER ADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER:

4. Remote areas that are not connected to

the grid can use wind turbines to produce
their own electricity.

5. Wind turbines are available in a range of

sizes.
DISADVANTAGES/
CHALLENGES:

1. The strength of the

wind is not constant
and it varies from zero
to storm force.

This means that wind

turbines do not produce
the same amount of
electricity all the time.

There will be times when

they produce no
electricity at all.
DISADVANTAGES:

2. Many people feel that the countryside

should be left untouched, without these
large structures being built. The landscape
should left in its natural form.
DISADVANTAGES:

3. Wind turbines are noisy. Each

one can generate the same level
of noise as a car travelling at 70
mph.
DISADVANTAGES:

4. When wind turbines are being manufactured

some pollution is produced. Therefore wind
power does produce some pollution.
Classification of wind rotors:

1) Horizontal axis type

windmills:

a) Single bladed

b) Double bladed
Classification of wind rotors:

1) Horizontal axis type

windmills:

c) Multi-bladed

Keylord Onal
Albin Geronimo
Classification of wind rotors:

1) Horizontal axis type windmills are further

classified as:

d) Bicycle multi bladed type

e )Sail type
2) Vertical axis type windmills:

a) Savonius type machines b) Darrieus type machines

Vertical
axis
Vertical
axis
Measure of success in extracting
power from the wind.

Power extracted
CP =
Power from wind
 Velocity of blade tip
λ=
Wind velocity
 Savonius

American
multiblade
Maximum power output from
an idealized wind turbine

Betz coeffecient
= 0.593
= (16/27)
Maximum power output from
an idealized wind turbine

Sabinin’s limit = 0.686

Singh, et al. = 0.89
Torque developed by turbine

Power Coefficient
CQ =
Tip speed ratio
Measure of thrust force on the
rotor (applied to tower)

Thrust force
CQ =
Dynamic force
Torque developed by turbine

Power Coefficient
CT =
Tip speed ratio
 Philippines

Archer and Jacobson

(2001)
“… relative lack of economically useful wind patterns in much of
the world. Asia is the worst-positioned.

"The majority of this area is not suitable for wind power

generation. Over the entire territories of India, Malaysia,
Indonesia, and
Philippines, for
example, not a
single station was
in class 3 or higher!"

Philippines

Philippines
PAGASA, BED, USAID (1986)
PAGASA, BED, USAID (1986)
US DOE thru NREL
in partnership with USAID
(2000)
Apparent wind energy development
potential, Luzon (NPC)
• Sampaloc, Rizal
• Caliraya, Laguna
• Sual, Pangasinan
• Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija
• Puncan-Digdig, Nueva Ecija
• Carranglan, Nueva Ecija
US DOE thru NREL
in partnership with
USAID, (2000)
(1) the Batanes and Babuyan islands north of Luzon;

(2) the northwest tip of Luzon (Ilocos Norte) ;

(3) the higher interior terrain of Luzon, Mindoro, Samar, Leyte,

Panay, Negros, Cebu, Palawan, eastern Mindanao, and adjacent
islands;

(4) well-exposed east-facing coastal locations from northern

Luzon southward to Samar;

(5) the wind corridors between Luzon and Mindoro (including

Lubang Island); and,

(6) between Mindoro and Panay (including the Semirara Islands

and extending to the Cuyo Islands).

US DOE thru NREL in partnership with

USAID (2000)
US DOE thru NREL in
partnership with USAID
(2000)
 Savonius

American
multiblade
Wind electric energy systems are classified into the following
categories of utilization:

1) Wind electric energy systems connected to grid without need for

energy storage facility.

2) Stand alone (isolated) wind electric energy system with need for
energy storage facility.

3) Wind mechanical energy system, without need for energy storage.

4) Wind electric hybrid or wind electric, solar electric, battery hybrid.

1000 B.C. - 1300 A.D.
 La Mancha, Spain
ca. 1700 AD

http://www.drjeffcornwall.com/2011/04/don-quixote-
syndrome.html
American midwest,
1800
Water pumping
Ohio, 1888
Electricity generation

low-speed
high-solidity
 1.25 MW
Smith-Putnam

Vermont,1941

Cost of construction = $190/kW

Value of output = $125/kW

Denmark,
Electricity generation

1950-1960

French, German
and UK post-war
programs
The California wind boom,
1970s-1980s

The first wind farm

New Hampshire, 1980

The Danish machines

 1982
1982 1987

1982
1979
1975
The superior Danish machines
Centrally directed wind turbine
development projects in US and Europe…

…eminent aerospace engineering

companies.

In Denmark: …development by enthusiasts

of small-grid connected wind turbines.

… agricultural machinery manufacturers

with the tradition of engineering robust
and reliable machines.
 Cretan windmill  Multi-bladed
Crete, Greece
Cretan windmill (sail type)

Positive characteristics:

1. It has the ability to form airfoil profile once in motion.

2. It has self-starting capabilities, and high torque is
produced at low rotor speeds.
3. It produces useful power even at low rotor speeds.
4. It has self-regulating capabilities.
5. It is simple in design, can be manufactured at low cost
and can be constructed by semi-skilled labor from a
variety of indigenous materials.
Cretan windmill
The American multi-bladed
wind rotor

…developed in the mid-19th

century, US for pumping water.

…helped settle the American

west.

…high torque, low speed.

Albin Geronimo
 Savonius

American
multiblade
The propeller wind turbines
(electricity generation)

…blade cross-sections are

optimized for maximum Cp at
chosen rated speed.

…blades rotate by aerodynamic

lift.

…low torque, high speed.

Jose de Ramos
 Vertical
axis

Darrieus wind rotor

Darrieus wind rotor

…invented in the United States

by G. J. M. Darrieus in 1931.

…does not need to be turned

into the wind.

…not self-starting.
 Vertical
axis

Savonius wind rotor

Savonius wind rotor

…invented in Finland by
S. J. M. Savonius in 1922.

…high-torque.

…inexpensive to build.

…low power coefficient.

…heavy relative to
produced power.
Vertical
axis

Jose de Ramos
Vertical
axis
Vertical
axis
 The 1kW Windspire will
produce approximately
1900 kilowatt hours per
year in 12 mile per hour
average winds.

 …includes an internal
wireless modem that can
continuously transmit
power production
information directly to
computer so one can
check power production
at any time.
 CEAT, UPLB activities

1. Khan, M. H. 1978. Model and

Prototype Performance Characteristics of
Savonius Rotor Windmill

2. Chowdhury, Md. H. 1987.

Determination of Optimum Design Criteria
of a Cretan Windrotor

3. Khemmarath, S. 1995. Modelling of

Semi-cylindrical Bladed, Vertical Axis
Windrotor for Predicting its Energy Output
 CEAT, UPLB activities

4. AMDP windpump (Balbino Geronimo)

AMDP Savonius (Jose de Ramos)

Albin Geronimo
 CEAT, UPLB activities

5. a. AE 168 class (Roseanne C. Amongo)

 CEAT, UPLB activities

5. a. AE 168 class (Roseanne C. Amongo)

 CEAT, UPLB activities

5. b. AE 266 class (DCSuministrado

 CEAT, UPLB activities

6. Onal, Mark Keylord, 2011

 CEAT, UPLB activities

6. Onal, Mark Keylord, 2011

http://microsites.segfl.org.uk/library/1207747733/horizontala
xis_turbine.pdf
http://www.sinovel.com/en/aboutwindenergy.aspx
http://www.technologystudent.com/energy1/wind2.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Windmill.jpg
http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/winds/global_winds.html
http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Bangui_Windmills
http://www.telosnet.com/wind/early.html