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Concrete Buildings Scheme Design Manual
Concrete Buildings Scheme Design Manual
Concrete Buildings Scheme Design Manual
AECOM2015
On
03/07/2019
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Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
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Concrete Buildings Scheme Design Manual (Eurocode 2 edition)
Corrections due to Amendment 1 of the UK National Annex
The following are the technical updates applicable to the Nov 2009 revision of Concrete Buildings Scheme
Design Manual.
Location Original Amendment
Page 46, 3. As,prov/As,req’d ≤ 1.5 (UK National Annex)
section
3.6
\\tccdata\tcc\users\obrooker\Small tasks\Changes due to Amd 1 of UK NA\CBSDM corrections due to Amd 1 of UK NA.doc Revision 1/5 March 2010
Page 1 of 1
All advice or information from The Concrete Centre is intended for those who will evaluate the significance and limitations of its
contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including that for negligence) for any loss resulting from such
advise or information is accepted by The Concrete Centre or their subcontractors, suppliers or advisors.
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Since its publication in 2006, the Concrete building scheme design manual has proved a popular
publication and this update is intended to assist the transition to Eurocode 2 for the design of
concrete structures by showing how to carry out initial design to the Code. As before it will greatly
assist candidates for the Institution of Structural Engineers chartered membership examination
by drawing together in one place useful information including design aids that are specifically
prepared for Eurocodes.
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
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Andrew Minson was the originator of the concept for this book, but the final format and content
have evolved over time with input gratefully received by the author, Owen Brooker, from a
number of people. The book contains some new material but many of the ideas and much of the
data have been developed from many sources over several years. It is not possible to credit every
source; indeed many are unknown, but wherever possible, references have been made to relevant
documents.
Particular thanks are due to Jenny Burridge and Bob Wilson who have spent considerable time
reviewing and commenting on drafts and providing useful guidance on what the examiners are
expecting. Thanks are also due John Brazier, Andrew Cotter, Bryan Magee and Matt Obst, who
have commented or made useful contributions in more specialised areas.
Gillian Bond, Issy Harvey, Sally Huish and Michael Burbridge Ltd have also made essential
contributions to the production of this handbook.
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the significance and limitations of its contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including
that for negligence) for any loss resulting from such advice or information is accepted by MPA –The Concrete Centre or its
subcontractors, suppliers or advisors. Readers should note that MPA –The Concrete Centre publications are subject to revision
from time to time and should therefore ensure that they are in possession of the latest version.
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1
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Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
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3
Long-span roof
Upstand
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
beam
Column
Transfer beam
Shear Column
wall GL GL
Raft
Slender
columns
Retaining
wall
c) Reservoir
Tie/strut
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beam Wall reaction
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concrete column Brickwork wall
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1.5B
Load on rock
Load
Stress =
Area
a) Vertical loads
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Tension
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
Wind
n
tio
ac
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displaced
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W1
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resistance
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Movement
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building independently. Relative shear
displacement at movement joint.
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Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
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8
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600
500
400
Depth in mm
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
300
200
100
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Span in m
a) Imposed load Qk = 2.5 kN/m 2
600
500
400
Depth in mm
300
200
100
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Span in m
b) Imposed load Qk = 5.0 kN/m2
600
500
400
Depth in mm
300
200
100
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Span in m
c) Imposed load Qk = 7.5 kN/m2
Key
Troughed slab Flat slab One-way slab
P/T flat slab Hybrid hollowcore and topping
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Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
Fbg
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Solid flat slab (Continuity improves economy) - *) 0 *, ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ H H H H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Solid flat slab with drops - *+ 0 *- ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓✓ H ✓ ✓ ✓ H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Solid flat slab with column heads (Forming column head - *) 0 *, ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ H ✓ H H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
disrupts cycle times and interferes with holes adjacent to
columns)
Waffle slab 2 *+ 2 *- H H ✓✓ ✓ H ✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Biaxial voided slab (Can be used with in-situ or with - *- 0 */ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ H H H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓
precast soffit slab, which would act as permanent
formwork)
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Solid one-way slab with beams - *+ / *- ✓ H H H H ✓✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Solid slab with band beams 0 *+ 0 *, ✓✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Ribbed slab with beams 0 ** 1 *+ H H ✓ ✓ H ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Ribbed slab with integral band beams / ** 1 *+ H ✓ ✓✓ ✓ H ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Tunnel form (One-way slab on walls) a - *) ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Composite lattice girder soffit slab b - 1 ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ H H ✓✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✓
Precast hollowcore slab - *- ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ H H ✓✓ ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ H ✓✓ H H ✓✓
Composite precast slab - *. ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ H H ✓✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓✓ H ✓✓ ✓ H ✓
Precast double ‘T’ units / *2 ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ H H H ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ H H ✓✓
Precast crosswall and solid prestressed slab - 0'. ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ ∏
Mph&pZrleZ[l
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Two-way waffle slab with beams 2 *- ✗ ✗ H H H H H ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Waffle slab with integral beams / ** ✗ ✗ H H ✓✓ ✓ H ✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
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in-situ infill and topping
Precast columns and edge beams with in-situ floor - *) / *+ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ H ✓✓ H ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ H ✓
slab
Precast columns and floor units with in-situ beams b - *- ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ H ✓✓ ✓ ✓ ✓✓
In-situ columns and beams with precast floor units b - *- ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ H H ✓ ✓ ✓✓
In-situ columns and floor topping with precast - 0'. ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ H H ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ H H ✓ ✓ ✓
beams and floor units
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10
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Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
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Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
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+'0'* Safety
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17
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+'0'+ Economy
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[nbe]bg`\hlm[^mp^^gZlm^^eZg]\hg\k^m^_kZf^][nbe]bg`'MablaZl[^^g\hgËkf^][rk^\^gm
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[nbe]bg`\hlm%fbgbfblbg`ma^Ìhhkmab\dg^ll\hne]lZo^ho^k*h_ma^mhmZe[nbe]bg`\hlm'
■ Partitions¾l^Zebg`Zg]Ëk^lmhiibg`ZmiZkmbmbhga^Z]lbllbfie^lmpbmaÌZmlh_Ëml'
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nimh-h_ma^_kZf^\hlm%Zg]Zlb`gbË\Zgmk^]n\mbhgbgma^ikh`kZff^e^g`ma'
■ Airtightness¾:iikho^]=h\nf^gmET*0Vk^jnbk^lik^&\hfie^mbhgik^llnk^m^lmbg`'?Zbebg`
ma^l^m^lmlf^Zglng]^kmZdbg`ma^mbf^&\hglnfbg`ikh\^llh_bgli^\mbg`chbgmlZg]
bgm^k_Z\^lZg]ma^gk^l^Zebg`ma^fpa^k^g^\^llZkr'<hg\k^m^^]`^]^mZbelZk^h_m^glbfie^k
mhl^ZeZg]ma^k^_hk^aZo^e^llkbldh__Zbenk^'
■ Services¾ma^lh_Ëmh_Z\hg\k^m^ÌZmleZ[ikhob]^lZshg^_hkl^kob\^l]blmkb[nmbhg_k^^h_
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ma^kbldh_^kkhkl'L^kob\^lbglmZeeZmbhgbllbfie^lm[^ehpZÌZmlh_ËmZg]mabli^kfbml
fZqbfnfh__&lbm^_Z[kb\Zmbhgh_l^kob\^l'Ma^l^Z]oZgmZ`^lZk^k^Ì^\m^]bgehp^k\hlml_hk
l^kob\^l[^g^ZmaZÌZmlh_Ëm'
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ieZgmabk^%eZ[hnkZg]fZm^kbZe\hlml'?hkbglmZg\^ZÌZmleZ[blh_m^g\ahl^gbgeh\Zmbhglpa^k^
fZm^kbZe\hlmlZk^ehpbgk^eZmbhgmheZ[hnk\hlml'Mablk^]n\^lma^eZ[hnkk^jnbk^]Zmma^^qi^gl^
h_Z]]bmbhgZefZm^kbZel'
18
=^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl
+'0', Buildability
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kZma^kmaZg[^bg`bgÌn^g\^][rma^fZm^kbZe\ahl^g'Ma^[nbe]Z[bebmrh_Z\hg\k^m^_kZf^fZr
[^bfikho^][rma^_heehpbg`3
■ Using flat soffits¾lbfiebË^lma^_hkfphkd%_Zel^phkd%l^mmbg`hnmZg]l^kob\^lZg]\^bebg`
bglmZeeZmbhg'
■ Repetition of design elements¾_Z\bebmZm^lma^k^&nl^h__hkfphkd%^gZ[e^lkhnmbg^lmh
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
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ÌZmlh_ËmfZd^lbm^Zlb^kmhbglmZeel^kob\^l'
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[^_hk^ËgZeËqbg`'
■ Rationalisation of reinforcement¾li^^]l\hglmkn\mbhg%_Z\bebmZm^lik^_Z[kb\Zmbhg%k^]n\^l
]^mZbebg`mbf^'
■ =^lb`g^e^f^gmllhma^r\Zg[^precast hk prefabricated'
■ Using in-situ concrete¾Z\\hffh]Zm^leZm^]^lb`g\aZg`^l%ikhob]^lkh[nlmg^ll_hk
ik^\Zlmlrlm^fl%Zg]blZiikhikbZm^_hk_hng]Zmbhgl'
+'0'- Robustness
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IZkmb\neZkZmm^gmbhglahne][^`bo^gmhmkZgl_^klmkn\mnk^l%pa^k^\^kmZbg^e^f^gmlfZr[^\hf^
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+'0'. Durability
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Z]ob\^_hkoZkbhnl^gobkhgf^gml!l^^L^\mbhg,',_hkfhk^bg_hkfZmbhg"'
19
+'0'0 Speed of construction
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ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^_kZf^\Zg[^^k^\m^]jnb\der';nbe]bg`T*2VfZ`Zsbg^k^`neZkerni]Zm^lbg_hkfZmbhg
hge^Z]&bgmbf^l'
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
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+'0'1 Aesthetics
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lbmn\hg\k^m^'<hg\k^m^ikhob]^lma^hiihkmngbmrmh\k^Zm^ngnlnZelaZi^lZmZlfZee\hlmik^fbnf'
Mabl\Zg[^iZkmb\neZker[^g^Ë\bZeb_\bk\neZk\henfglZk^k^jnbk^]_hkZ^lma^mb\k^Zlhglhkpa^k^
\henfglg^^]mh[^\hgmZbg^]bgpZeel%^'`'_hkZiZkmf^gml'<hg\k^m^\ZgZelh[^nl^]_hk\nko^]
[^Zfl%ngnlnZeieZglaZi^lZg]la^eelmkn\mnk^l'Ma^eZrhnmh_ma^o^kmb\Zelmkn\mnk^\Zg[^ZkkZg`^]
mhlnbmma^nl^h_ma^[nbe]bg`kZma^kmaZgaZobg`mhkb`b]er_heehpZlmkn\mnkZe`kb]'
+'0'2 Acoustics
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_Z\^ h_ ma^ \hg\k^m^' ?hk mabl k^Zlhg \hg\k^m^ Ìhhkl Zg] pZeel Zk^ h_m^g nl^] bg k^lb]^gmbZe
Z\\hffh]Zmbhg%bg\en]bg`ÌZml%ahm^elZg]lmn]^gmk^lb]^g\^l%mhik^o^gmma^iZllZ`^h_lhng]
[^mp^^gngbml'
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ma^ghbl^i^g^mkZmbg`ma^aZ[bmZ[e^Zk^Zl'
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gh^qmkZ\hlmZlma^r]hghmk^jnbk^Z]]bmbhgZelmb__^gbg`'?hkfhk^lmkbg`^gm\kbm^kbZ%ln\aZl_hk
eZ[hkZmhkb^lhkahlibmZehi^kZmbg`ma^Zmk^l%ma^Z]]bmbhgZe\hlmmhf^^mob[kZmbhg\kbm^kbZbllfZee
\hfiZk^]pbmahma^klmkn\mnkZefZm^kbZel'
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20
=^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl
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\hlm i^gZemb^l h_ ikhob]bg` mabl ^qmkZ fZll Zg] lmb__g^ll' Ma^ Ëg]bg`l Zk^ lnffZkbl^] bg
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aZo^ mh [^ bg\k^Zl^] mh \hgmkhe ob[kZmbhg bg Z ahlibmZe' EZ[hkZmhkb^l Zk^ ebd^er mh aZo^ fhk^
lmkbg`^gm\kbm^kbZ'
MZ[e^+'1
Bg]b\Zmbhgh_mrib\Zelmkn\mnkZe]^imalmh\hgmkheob[kZmbhgT+)V
<hg\k^m^ Lm^^e
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
=^lb`glhenmbhglmaZmZeehpma^lh_Ëmmh[^^qihl^]bgZgZ^lma^mb\Zeerie^Zlbg`pZrZg]ikhob]^
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+'0'*+ Sustainability
LnlmZbgZ[bebmrblghmcnlmZ[hnmk^]n\bg`^gobkhgf^gmZebfiZ\m4bmblËg]bg`Z[ZeZg\^[^mp^^g
lh\bZe%^\hghfb\Zg]^gobkhgf^gmZe\hlmlZg][^g^Ëml%[hmaghpZg]bgma^ehg`m^kf'
:\hkk^\mer]^mZbe^]Zg]\hglmkn\m^]\hg\k^m^_kZf^][nbe]bg`pbeeeZlmZme^Zlm*))r^Zkl%Zg]
lahne] eZlm \hglb]^kZ[er ehg`^k' Ahp^o^k% ma^ lmkn\mnkZe _kZf^ pbee aZo^ mh ikhob]^ Z Ì^qb[e^
eZrhnm_hkma^[nbe]bg`b_bmblmh[^inmmhZoZkb^mrh_nl^lho^kbmleb_^mbf^':lfZeebg\k^Zl^bg
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m^kflbgma^_nmnk^'Pbmabmlk^eZmbo^erab`al^e_&p^b`am%Z\hg\k^m^_kZf^\Zg^Zlber[^Z]Zim^]
mhhma^knl^lmaZmfZrk^jnbk^Za^Zob^kbfihl^]ehZ]'Ahe^l\Zg[^\nmmakhn`aleZ[lZg]pZeel
k^eZmbo^erlbfier%Zg]ma^k^Zk^f^mah]lmhlmk^g`ma^gma^_kZf^b_k^jnbk^]'
Pbmak^`Zk]mhma^^f[h]b^]\Zk[hg]bhqb]^\hgm^gm!b'^'ma^\Zk[hg]bhqb]^ikh]n\^]bgma^
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\Zk[hg]bhqb]^ikh]n\^]bga^Zmbg`Zg]eb`ambg`ma^[nbe]bg`]nkbg`bmleb_^mbf^'Ma^ehg`^kma^
[nbe]bg`eZlmlma^e^lllb`gbË\Zgmma^^f[h]b^]\Zk[hg]bhqb]^[^\hf^l'
21
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
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22
=^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl
Ma^ ^g^k`r nl^] bg a^Zmbg` Zg] \hhebg` ma^ [nbe]bg` \Zg [^ ln[lmZgmbZeer k^]n\^] [r nlbg`
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aZo^Z\hglb]^kZ[e^bfiZ\mhgma^^g^k`rk^jnbk^f^gmlh_d^^ibg`ma^ahnl^ZmZ\hf_hkmZ[e^
m^fi^kZmnk^e^o^e!l^^?b`nk^+'0"'
140
CO2 in use
120
100
80
60
40
Embodied CO2
20
0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
Year
Key
Heavy (cavity walls, precast concrete floors, dense block partitions)
Medium-heavy (cavity walls, precast concrete floors, block partitions)
Medium (cavity walls, timber floors, lightweight partitions)
Light (timber frame & floors, lightweight partitions)
Note
This graph assumes solar shading used and air-conditioning will be installed in homes when
temperatures become uncomfortable, but will be used with natural ventilation whenever possible.
?b`nk^+'0
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Ma^\^f^gmbgmabl\hg\k^m^pbeeZelhaZo^[^^gikh]n\^]_khfeh\Zeerlhnk\^]fZm^kbZel'Ik^\Zlm
\hg\k^m^pbeeg^\^llZkbermkZo^e`k^Zm^k]blmZg\^Zg]ma^Zo^kZ`^]blmZg\^blcnlmho^k*))fbe^l'
Fn\ah_ma^\hg\k^m^lniieb^]bgma^NDpbee\hglblmh_^bma^k`khng]`kZgneZm^][eZlm_nkgZ\^
leZ`hkÌrZlaZlZk^ieZ\^f^gm_hk<>FB!IhkmeZg]<^f^gm"'Ma^l^Zk^[r&ikh]n\ml_khfhma^k
bg]nlmkb^l Zg] aZo^ ma^ [^g^Ëm h_ k^]n\bg` ma^ ^f[h]b^] <H+ h_ ma^ \hg\k^m^ Zg] nlnZeer
bfikhobg`ma^]nkZ[bebmr'Ma^jnZgmbmb^lh_ma^l^ikh]n\ml\Zg[^bg\k^Zl^]makhn`ama^\hg\k^m^
li^\bË\Zmbhg%Zemahn`ama^lb]^^__^\mblmaZmma^\nkbg`mbf^lfZr[^bg\k^Zl^]'
Bg k^bg_hk\^f^gm ikh]n\mbhg% *)) h_ ND&ikh]n\^] k^bg_hk\^f^gm _hk \hg\k^m^ bl ikh]n\^]
_khfNDl\kZilm^^e4mablZ\\hngml_hkmph&mabk]lh_Zeema^k^bg_hk\^f^gmnl^]bgma^ND'
:mma^^g]h_Z[nbe]bg`Ãleb_^Zeema^fZm^kbZelnl^]bgZ\hg\k^m^_kZf^\Zg[^k^\r\e^]'
Ma^ln[c^\mh_lnlmZbgZ[bebmrblZ\hfie^qhg^Zg]ma^]^[Zm^bl]^o^ehibg`ho^kmbf^'Ma^eZm^lm
bg_hkfZmbhgZg]]ZmZ\Zg[^_hng]obZMa^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^p^[lbm^'
?hkZmrib\Zebgm^kgZek^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^bgma^ND%+.ffpb]^fho^f^gmchbgmleh\Zm^]
Zm.)f\^gmk^lpbeeghkfZeer[^Z]^jnZm^mh]^Zepbmama^^__^\mlh_lakbgdZ`^Zg]m^fi^kZmnk^
oZkbZmbhgl'Ahp^o^k%ma^^__^\mlh_ihlm&m^glbhgbg`Zg](hkma^^qihlnk^h_ma^mhi]^\dh_Z\Zk
iZkd\Zglb`gbË\Zgmerbg\k^Zl^fho^f^gmlZg]_hkma^l^lmkn\mnk^lma^fho^f^gmchbgmliZ\bg`
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
lahne][^k^]n\^]hkma^lmkn\mnk^]^lb`g^]mhZ\\hffh]Zm^ma^fho^f^gml'MZ[e^+'2`bo^lZg
bg]b\Zmbhgh_ma^mri^h_fho^f^gmmaZm\hne][^^qi^\m^]Zg]Fho^f^gm%k^lmkZbgmZg]\kZ\dbg`bg
\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lT++V`bo^lfhk^]^mZbe^]`nb]Zg\^hg]^lb`gbg`_hkfho^f^gm'
MZ[e^+'2
Bg]b\Zmbo^lmkZbglZg]fho^f^gml_hkmrib\Ze]^lb`glbmnZmbhgl
Ma^k^lmkZbgmbfihl^]hgma^leZ[pbee]^i^g]hgma^eZrhnmh_ma^lmZ[bebmrpZeel!l^^?b`nk^+'1"'
Fho^f^gmchbgmlfZrZelh[^k^jnbk^]Zm\aZg`^lbglaZi^h_ma^[nbe]bg`bgieZghk^e^oZmbhg'
K^f^f[^k maZm b_ Z fho^f^gm chbgm bl bgmkh]n\^] bm lahne] [^ ieZ\^] lh maZm bm bl o^kmb\Ze
makhn`ahnmma^a^b`amh_ma^lmkn\mnk^Zg]^Z\aiZkmh_ma^[nbe]bg`lahne][^lmZ[e^'
Fho^f^gml]n^mh]b__^k^gmbZel^mme^f^gmZk^h_m^gfhk^\kbmb\ZemaZgho^kZeel^mme^f^gm'Pa^k^
[nbe]bg`lZk^_hng]^]hgoZkrbg``khng]\hg]bmbhglma^^__^\mh_l^mme^f^gmlahne][^\hglb]^k^]
Zg]fho^f^gmchbgmlikhob]^]pa^k^g^\^llZkr'
Ma^ ^__^\m h_ \k^^i \Zg [^ bfihkmZgm bg ma^ ]^lb`g h_ ihlm&m^glbhg^] lmkn\mnk^l Zg] bg mZee
lmkn\mnk^lpa^k^ma^lahkm^gbg`h_\hg\k^m^\henfgllahne][^\hglb]^k^]bgma^]^lb`gh_ma^
\eZ]]bg`lrlm^f'
24
=^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
?b`nk^+'1
Mrib\ZeÌhhkeZrhnml
=bZ`kZf3<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mrM^\agb\ZeK^ihkm-, +,
T V
MZ[e^+'*)Z
;nedehZ]l_hklhbel
25
MZ[e^+'*)[
;nedehZ]l_hkfZm^kbZel
FZm^kbZe ;ned]^glbmr FZm^kbZe ;ned]^glbmr
!dG(f," !dG(f,"
:enfbgbnf +0'+ @eZll +.'/
:liaZem ++'. @he] *2-')
;eh\dl¾Z^kZm^]\hg\k^m^!fbg" .') @kZgbm^ +0',
;eh\dl¾Z^kZm^]\hg\k^m^!fZq" 2') AZk]\hk^ *2')
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
MZ[e^+'*)\
Mrib\Zel^e_&p^b`amlh_\hg\k^m^Ìhhkl
FZm^kbZe :k^ZehZ] FZm^kbZe :k^ZehZ]
!dG(f+" !dG(f+"
Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^lheb]ngbml!*))ff" +'-) Kb[[^]leZ[!,+.ff" -'-)
Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^aheehp\hk^ngbml!*.)ff" +'-) Kb[[^]leZ[!,.)ff" -'0)
Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^aheehp\hk^ngbml!+))ff" +'10 Kb[[^]leZ[!-))ff" .'))
Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^aheehp\hk^ngbml!+.)ff" ,'// Kb[[^]leZ[!-.)ff" .',)
Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^aheehp\hk^ngbml!,))ff" -')0 Kb[[^]leZ[!.))ff" .'0)
Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^aheehp\hk^ngbml!,.)ff" -'-. PZ_Ì^leZ[¾lmZg]Zk]fhne]l!,+.ff" /'))
Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^aheehp\hk^ngbml!-))ff" -'1- PZ_Ì^leZ[¾lmZg]Zk]fhne]l!,.)ff" /'-)
Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^aheehp\hk^ngbml!-.)ff" .'.) PZ_Ì^leZ[¾lmZg]Zk]fhne]l!-+.ff" 0',)
Kb[[^]leZ[!+.)ff" -')) PZ_Ì^leZ[¾lmZg]Zk]fhne]l!-.)ff" 0'0)
Kb[[^]leZ[!+0.ff" -'+) PZ_Ì^leZ[¾lmZg]Zk]fhne]l!.+.ff" 1'/)
Kb[[^]leZ[!,))ff" -',)
26
=^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl
MZ[e^+'*)]
:k^ZehZ]lZg]ehZ]lh_la^^mfZm^kbZel
FZm^kbZe :k^ZehZ] FZm^kbZe :k^ZehZ]
!dG(f+" !dG(f+"
:enfbgbnf!\hkkn`Zm^]" )')- IeZlm^kldbf\hZm )').
:liaZem!+)ff" )'-/ IeZlm^k[hZk]!2'.ff" )')0
<Zki^m )'), IeZlm^k[hZk]!*+'.ff" )')2
<Zki^mZg]ng]^keZr )'). IeZlm^k[hZk]!*.ff" )'**
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
MZ[e^+'*)^ MZ[e^+'*)_
Khh_ehZ]l :k^ZehZ]lh_iZkmbmbhgl
FZm^kbZe :k^ZehZ] IZkmbmbhglZlZk^ZehZ]l :k^ZehZ]
!dG(f+" !dG(f+"
;Zmm^gl_hkleZmbg`Zg]mbebg` )'), Eb`amp^b`am *'))
F^mZekhh_\eZ]]bg` )')0 A^Zorp^b`am ,'))
MaZm\a!,))ff" )'-.
Mbe^l¾\eZrkhh_!fZq" )'/0
Mbe^l¾\eZrkhh_!fbg" )'-,
Mbe^l¾gZmnkZeleZm^!mab\d" )'/.
Mbe^l¾gZmnkZeleZm^!mabg" )',.
Mbe^l¾bgm^keh\dbg`\hg\k^m^ )'..
Mbe^l¾ieZbg\hg\k^m^ )'0.
Sbg\khhËg`!)'1ff" )')/
27
MZ[e^+'**
Mrib\ZeZk^ZehZ]l_hk\eZ]]bg`Zg]pZeel!dG(f+"
<ZobmrpZee Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^\eZ]]bg`
*)+'.ff[kb\dphkd
*)+'.ff[kb\dphkd +'-)
+'-) ?Z\bg` *'))
.)ffbglneZmbhg
.)ffbglneZmbhg )')+
)')+ Ik^\ZlmiZg^e!*))ff" +'.)
*))ff[eh\dphkd
*))ff[eh\dphkd *'-)
*'-) BglneZmbhg )').
IeZlm^k
IeZlm^k )'+*
)'+* =krebgbg`hglmn] )'*.
Total 4.0 Total 3.6
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
Eb`amp^b`am\eZ]]bg` ;kb\dphkd
BglneZm^]iZg^e
BglneZm^]iZg^e )'+)
)'+) *)+'.ff[kb\dphkd +'-)
Inkebgl
Inkebgl )').
)'). IeZlm^kq+ )'-+
=krebgbg`hglmn]
=krebgbg`hglmn] )'*.
)'*. Total 2.8
Total
Total 0.4
0.4 ;eh\dphkd¾]^gl^
<nkmZbgpZeebg` *))ff]^gl^[eh\dphkd +'))
:eehp
:eehp *'))
*')) IeZlm^kq+ )'-+
BglneZmbg`\hg\k^m^_hkfphkd
BglneZmbg`\hg\k^m^_hkfphkd Total 2.4
K^g]^k
K^g]^k )'/)
)'/) ;eh\dphkd¾eb`amp^b`am
BglneZmbg`_hkfphkd
BglneZmbg`_hkfphkd )'*)
)'*) *))ffeb`amp^b`am[eh\dphkd *'-)
FZll\hg\k^m^!+))ff"
<hg\k^m^!+))ff" -'1)
-'1) IeZlm^kq+ )'-+
IeZlm^k
IeZlm^k )'+*
)'+* Total 1.8
MhmZe
MhmZe .'0
.'0 ;eh\dphkd¾Z^kZm^]
Mbf[^k\eZ]]bg` *))ffZ^kZm^][eh\dphkd )'.)
;hZk]bg`!+.ff"
;hZk]bg`!+.ff" )'+)
)'+) IeZlm^kq+ )'-+
;Zmm^gl
;Zmm^gl )').
)'). Total 0.9
Ier!*+'.ff"
Ier!*+'.ff" )')1
)')1 =krebgbg`
Lmn]l!*.)q.)ff"
Lmn]l!*.)q.)ff" )'+,
)'+, F^mZelmn]l )').
BglneZmbhg
BglneZmbhg )').
)'). IeZlm^k[hZk]Zg]ldbfq+ )'-)
Ier!*+'.ff"
Ier!*+'.ff" )')1
)')1 Total 0.5
=krebgbg`hglmn] )'*.
=krebgbg`hglmn] )'*. Mbf[^klmn]pZee
Total 0.8
Total 2.40 Mbf[^klmn]l )'*)
IeZlm^k[hZk]Zg]ldbfq+ )'-)
Total 0.5
MZ[e^+'*+
Mrib\ZeZk^ZehZ]l!dG(f+"
H_Ë\^Ìhhk
Bg&lbmnÌZmleZ[mab\dg^ll!ff" ¾ ++. +.) +0. ,)) ,+.
<Zki^m )'), )'), )'), )'), )'), )'),
KZbl^]Ìhhk )',) )',) )',) )',) )',) )',)
L^e_&p^b`amh_leZ[ ¾ .'/, /'+. /'11 0'. 1'*,
Lnli^g]^]\^bebg` )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*.
L^kob\^l )',) )',) )',) )',) )',) )',)
MhmZe )'1 /'- 0') 0'0 1', 1'2
H_Ë\^\hk^Zk^Z
Bg&lbmnÌZmleZ[mab\dg^ll!ff" ¾ ++. +.) +0. ,)) ,+.
Mbe^l[^]]bg`!Zeehp" *')) *')) *')) *')) *')) *'))
L\k^^] +'+) +'+) +'+) +'+) +'+) +'+)
L^e_&p^b`amh_leZ[ ¾ .'/, /'+. /'11 0'. 1'*,
Lnli^g]^]\^bebg` )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*.
L^kob\^l )',) )',) )',) )',) )',) )',)
MhmZe ,'0 2', 2'2 *)'. **'+ **'1
28
=^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl
MZ[e^+'*+\hgmbgn^]'''
K^lb]^gmbZeÌhhk
Bg&lbmnÌZmleZ[mab\dg^ll!ff" ¾ +)) ++. +.) +0.
<Zki^m )'). )'). )'). )'). )').
?ehZmbg`Ìhhk )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*.
L^e_&p^b`amh_leZ[ ¾ .')) .'/, /'+. /'11
Lnli^g]^]\^bebg` )'+) )'+) )'+) )'+) )'+)
L^kob\^l )'*) )'*) )'*) )'*) )'*)
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
L\ahheÌhhk
Bg&lbmnÌZmleZ[mab\dg^ll!ff" ¾ ++. +.) +0. ,))
<Zki^m(Ìhhkbg` )'). )'). )'). )'). )').
L^e_&p^b`amh_leZ[ ¾ .'/, /'+. /'1 0'.
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L^kob\^l )'+) )'+) )'+) )'+) )'+)
MhmZe )'- /') /'/ 0'+ 0'2
AhlibmZeÌhhk
Bg&lbmnÌZmleZ[mab\dg^ll!ff" ¾ ++. +.) +0. ,))
?ehhkbg` )'). )'). )'). )'). )').
L^e_&p^b`amh_leZ[ ¾ .'/, /'+. /'11 0'.)
L\k^^] +'+) +'+) +'+) +'+) +'+)
Lnli^g]^]\^bebg` )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*.
L^kob\^l![nm\Zg[^`k^Zm^k" )'.) )'.) )'.) )'.) )'.)
MhmZe +'2 1'. 2'+ 2'1 *)'-
?eZmkhh_(^qm^kgZem^kkZ\^
Bg&lbmnÌZmleZ[mab\dg^ll!ff" ¾ ++. +.) +0. ,)) ,+.
IZobg`hk`kZo^e!Zeehp" +'+) +'+) +'+) +'+) +'+) +'+)
PZm^kikhhËg` )'.) )'.) )'.) )'.) )'.) )'.)
BglneZmbhg )'*) )'*) )'*) )'*) )'*) )'*)
L^e_&p^b`amh_leZ[ ¾ .'/, /'+. /'11 0'. 1'*,
Lnli^g]^]\^bebg` )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*.
L^kob\^l )',) )',) )',) )',) )',) )',)
MhmZe ,', 1', 2'. *)'* *)'1 **'-
Mbf[^kibm\a^]khh_
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Mbe^l!kZg`^3)'.mh)'0.dG(f+" )'0. )'0. )'0. )'0.
;Zmm^gl )'). )'). )'). )').
?^em )'). )'). )'). )').
KZ_m^kl )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*.
BglneZmbhg )'). )'). )'). )').
IeZlm^k[hZk]Zg]ldbf )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*.
L^kob\^l )'*) )'*) )'*) )'*)
<^bebg`chblml )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*.
MhmZeehZ]hgieZg *'/ *'0 *'1 *'2
F^mZe]^\dbg`khh_
BglneZm^]iZg^e )'+)
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Lm^^ephkd )',)
L^kob\^l )'*)
MhmZe )'0
29
+'2 Typical spatial requirements
+'2'* Car parks
Ma^lmZg]Zk]\hgË`nkZmbhg_hk\ZkiZkdlbllahpgbg?b`nk^+'2'B]^Zeerma^Â[bgpb]maÃb'^'ma^
e^g`mah_mph\ZkiZkdliZ\^lZg]ma^Zble^lahne][^Z\e^ZkliZgh_*.'/f'MablblZghg^khnl
k^jnbk^f^gmZg]lhma^\henfgl\Zg[^ieZ\^][^mp^^gliZ\^lZllahpgbg?b`nk^+'2'Ma^lbs^l
h_ma^iZkdbg`liZ\^lZk^lahpgbgMZ[e^+'*,'
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
A: 0.46 m minimum
recommended minimum
0.8 m to 1.0 m
preferred range
3 bins
Acceptable
support positions
?b`nk^+'2
Mrib\Ze\ZkiZkdeZrhnm
=bZ`kZf3BLmkn\m> +-
T V
MZ[e^+'*,
<ZkiZkdliZ\^k^jnbk^f^gml
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Fbq^]nl^ -'1 +'- Fbq^]h\\niZg\r
LahkmlmZr -'1 +'. 5+ahnkl
Ehg`lmZr -'1 +', Hg^fho^f^gmi^k]Zr
=blZ[e^]nl^k -'1 ,'/ ¾
IZk^gm(\abe] -'1 ,'+ ¾
+'2'+ Services
Mrib\ZeZkkZg`^f^gml_hkbgm^`kZmbhgh_lmkn\mnk^Zg]l^kob\^lZk^`bo^gbg?b`nk^+'*)'
<Zg]b]Zm^lZk^^qi^\m^]mhlahplhf^\Ze\neZmbhglbgL^\mbhg*Zh_ma^^qZfbgZmbhg%^li^\bZeer
_hk bm^fl ln\a Zl mkZgl_^k [^Zfl Zg] _hng]Zmbhgl' Bg]^^] \Zg]b]Zm^l pbee aZo^ mh ]h lhf^
\Ze\neZmbhgZmmabllmZ`^mhZohb]nlbg`bgZiikhikbZm^lbs^l'
30
=^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl
Structural
zone A
C B
Services E
D
zone
F
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
Floor to
ceiling
height G
FFL
Raised
H
floor
a) Flat soffit
A
B
500 C E
400 D
FFL
b) Downstand beams
Key
A Structural zone
B 50 mm deflection and tolerance
C Approx. 500 mm HVAC duct or terminal device
D 50 mm support and tolerance
E 5 150 mm sprinkler zone (if required)
F 150 mm lighting and ceiling zone
G Floor to ceiling height
H Raised floor
?b`nk^+'*)
Mrib\Zel^kob\^shg^l
31
+'*)'* Beams
Ma^liZg&mh&]^imakZmbhlbgMZ[e^+'*-\Zg[^nl^]'
MZ[e^+'*-
LiZg&mh&]^imakZmbhl_hk[^Zfl
<hg]bmbhg LiZg&mh&]^imakZmbh
Simply supported *.
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
End-bay *0
Cantilever /
Ma^a^Z]khhfng]^kma^[^Zflahne][^\a^\d^]Zg]\hglb]^kZmbhg`bo^gmhma^\hgg^\mbhg
bgmhma^\henfg'=^Ì^\mbhgZg]Ì^qnkZelmk^g`malahne]Zelh[^\hglb]^k^][^\Znl^ma^rfZr
`ho^kgma^]^lb`g'
MZ[e^+'*.
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oK]%fZq!FIZ" ,'/1 -'.) -'20 .'+1 .'.1 /')+ /'0+ 0',1 1'))
MZ[e^+'*/
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Bfihl^]ehZ]%Jd Lbg`e^liZg Fnembie^liZg <Zgmbe^o^k
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+'. +0 ,+ *)
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MZ[e^+'*0
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32
=^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl
MZ[e^+'*1
LiZg&mh&]^imakZmbhl_hkÌZmleZ[l
Bfihl^]ehZ]%Jd!dG(f+" Fnembie^liZg
+'. +1
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
.') +/
0'. +.
*)') +,
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MablmZ[e^Zllnf^lZ,q,[ZreZrhnm'Pa^k^ma^k^Zk^hger+[Zrlbghg^]bk^\mbhgma^kZmbhpbeeg^^]mh
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lmZ`^lh_]^lb`g'MZ[e^+'*2hgiZ`^,-`bo^lma^fZqbfnfÌhhkZk^Z_hkZl^e^\mbhgh_bfihl^]
ehZ]lZg]\henfglbs^l'BmZllnf^lZlni^kbfihl^]]^Z]ehZ]h_*'.dG(f+%bgm^kgZe\hg]bmbhgl%
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MZ[e^+'+)
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Bfihl^]ehZ]% Lniihkm^][r[^ZflZ Kb[lbgm^`kZe
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37
Engineering Consultants
99 High Street
Newtown
NW9 9AA
Your ref:
Our ref: 1099/OB/1.01/21-11-06 21 November 2006
FAO Mr J Client
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
Dear Mr Client
Call Centre – Implications of Recent Minor Seismic Activity
As we are sure you are aware there has recently been a minor earthquake in the region of the recently completed Call Centre.
We would like to address the concerns you may have regarding the strength of your building if faced with a similar event.
Initially we would like to confirm that the structure has been designed to the latest Building Regulations and Codes of
Practice. There is no requirement to explicitly consider the effects of seismic activity because historically the most significant
horizontal forces on structures in this region are wind forces, rather than forces arising from seismic activity.
We would suggest that, before making any decisions about strengthening the structure, we wait for a consensus amongst the
experts as to whether this type of event is likely to occur more frequently in the area and what they recommend as the design
requirements. We would expect that, if changes are necessary, the Building Regulations will be revised and that clear guidance
will emerge on whether existing buildings should be strengthened. The Call Centre is just one of many buildings that could be
affected by a similar earthquake in this region.
In the meantime, we would like to reassure you that the building as it stands will have reasonable strength to resist to a
minor seismic event. It has been designed with ties to ensure that ‘progressive collapse’ does not occur and these will act to
strengthen the building in the event of an earthquake. There are, however, a number of specific areas where localised damage
could occur as a result of a small earthquake; these are detailed below.
s !N EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT BUILDING SHOULD BE ABLE TO CARRY THE LATERAL LOADS IMPOSED TO A STABILITY CORE )N THIS CASE THE
precast units and topping screed are designed to act as a stiff diaphragm. However, depending on the intensity of the
earthquake, this system may have insufficient strength to carry the forces. A design check can be carried out when
there is agreement on the design forces that should be used for an earthquake in this region.
s 4HE CURRENT BUILDING IS DIVIDED INTO TWO DISCRETE STRUCTURES WITH A SMALL MOVEMENT JOINT BETWEEN THEM $URING AN
earthquake the structures will move laterally and the width of the joint is unlikely to be sufficient to prevent the two
structures from making contact. We think there are two options for overcoming this; either the joint could be made
wider by making alterations to the existing structure, or the lateral stiffness of the building could be increased by
incorporating more stability walls. The latter would reduce the sideways sway during a seismic event. It may also be
the preferred solution if the floor diaphragm requires strengthening. We will need to have a discussion so we can find an
acceptable solution that provides minimal disruption to your business and the minimum effect on the architecture.
s 4HE BUILDING IS FOUNDED ON WEATHERED ROCK WHICH SHOULD BE SUFlCIENTLY ROBUST IN THE EVENT OF AN EARTHQUAKE (OWEVER
we will need to review the strength of the foundations to resist lateral forces, for which they were not designed. The
building has a suspended ground floor, which means that there are beams tying the foundations together. This is
beneficial in the event of an earthquake, because it prevents the foundations moving apart possibly causing major
damage to the frame.
s 4HE BEAM
TO
COLUMN CONNECTIONS ARE A CAUSE FOR CONCERN 4HERE ARE MANY WAYS TO FORM A CONNECTION AND THIS IS
generally left to the precast manufacturer to design. This is usually beneficial because he can carry out the work more
efficiently and to suit his working methods. On this project the manufacturer has used a ‘billet’ type connection, which
is perfectly adequate for the job it was designed to do. However, it offers less spare capacity to resist the forces from
an earthquake and strengthening may be required.
s 4HE TWO
STOREY GLAZED ENTRANCE AREA WILL REQUIRE SOME STRENGTHENING MEASURES 4HE LATERAL MOVEMENT THAT WILL OCCUR
during an earthquake is almost certain to damage the glazing. The current glazing is laminated glass, which means
that it will not break into small pieces. However, there is a risk that whole panes will come away from their fixings with
the potential to cause loss of life. To overcome this, strengthening of the column–to-roof beam connections will be
necessary to reduce lateral sway.
We cannot be certain about how design guidance will change as a result of the earthquake, but the above comments should
give you an appreciation of the preventive measures that are likely to be necessary. If you would like to discuss the situation
further then please contact us.
Yours sincerely
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44
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START
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
Is No Is No
vEd < vRd,max cot y = 2.5? vEd < vRd,max cot y = 1.0? Redesign
(see Table 3.7) section
Determine y from:
vEd
y = 0.5 sin-1
0.20 fck (1 – fck/250)
Asw vEd bw
Calculate area of shear reinforcement: =
s fywd cot y
?b`nk^,'*
Procedure for determining vertical shear reinforcement
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45
,'/ Deflection
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36
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
34
fck = 50
32
fck = 45
30 fck = 40
fck = 35
28 fck = 32
Span to depth ratio (l/d)
fck = 30
26 fck = 28
fck = 25
24
fck = 20
22
20
18
16
14
12
0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60% 1.30% 2.00%
Percentage of tension reinforcement (As,req /bd)
Notes
1 For two-way spanning slabs, the check 4 Curves based on the following expressions:
should be carried out on the basis of the 1.5
1.5 fck r 0 r0
shorter span.
2 This graph assumes simply supported span
l
d [
= K 11 +
r
+ 3.2 fck
( )]
r
–1
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Basic span-to-effective-depth ratios
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46
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320
Approximate steel stress at SLS for As,req, ssu
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Ratio Gk/Qk
c2 = 0.2, gG = 1.35
To determine stress in the provided reinforcement (ss ), calculate the ratio Gk/Qk,
read up the graph to the appropriate curve and read across to determine ssu.
As,req 1
ss can be calculated from the expression: ss = ssu f pf p
As,prov d
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Determination of steel stress
47
,'0 Estimating reinforcement quantities
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49
,'2'+ Analysis
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50
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1.5 m 9.0 m
Shear vEd = 3525 x 103/(0.9 x 600 x 1550) = 4.21 MPa Figure 3.1
≥ 5.81 mm
Figure 3.1
Say 4 H12 links @ 75 mm ctrs
4 H12 links
@ 75 ctrs
600
51
,'*) One-way spanning slabs
,'*)'* Governing criteria
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,'*)'+ Analysis
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,'**'+ Analysis
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9000
Imposed load = 5 kN/m2
cnom = 25 mm
Concrete class C28/35
l y = 9000
Initial sizing From Economic concrete frame elements: 213 mm Section 2.10
or 9000/36 = 250 mm say 250 mm
Loads n = 1.35 (1.5 + 6.25) + 1.5 x 5 = 18.0 kN/m2 (ULS)
Check short span d = 250 − 25 − 8 = 217 mm
ly 9.0
= = 1.3
lx 7.2
bsx = – 0.069 and bsx = 0.051 Table 3.17
Support moment msx = bsx n lx = – 0.069 x 18.0 x
2 7.22
= – 64.4 kNm/m
critical in bending For msx = 64.4, b = 1000, d = 217, fck = 28
Then As = 718 mm2/m (K = 0.049 & z = 206 mm)
Use H12s @ 150 ctrs (As,prov = 754 mm2/m)
Shear bvx = 0.50 Table 3.18
Vsx = bvx n lx
= 0.5 x 18.0 x 7.2
= 64.8 kN/m width
V 3
vEd = Ed = 64.8 x 10 = 0.30 N/mm2
bd 1000 x 217
100 As = 100 x 754 = 0.35
bd 1000 x 217
= vRd.c = 0.57 N/mm2 > 0.30 = no shear links required Table 3.6
Deflection Maximum sagging moment = 0.051 x 18.0 x 7.22 = 47.6 kN/m
For b = 1000, d = 217, fck = 28
Then K = 0.036, As req = 531 mm2 (z = 206 mm)
r = As,req/bd = 531 x 100/(1000 x 217) = 0.24%
Basic l/d = 35.2 x 1.3 = 45.8 (K = 1.3 for end span condition) Figure 3.2
actual l/d = 7200/217 = 33.2 =OK
=Use H12 @ 200 ctrs As,prov = 566 mm2
57
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Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
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TCC Aug 09
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
cnom = 30 mm
Supported by 350 mm
9000 9000 9000 9000
square columns
62
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Increase area of steel to reduce steel stress, assume H20 @ 225 ctrs (1400 mm2)
Approximate steel stress at SLS = 236 MPa Figure 3.3
Therefore approximate steel stress, ss, when As,prov = 1400 mm2
ss = 236 x 1243/1400 = 210 MPa
Increased basic l/d = 24.4 x 310/210 = 36 > 34.6 =OK
,'*,', Analysis
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MS PT1
Post-tensioned slab
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Aug 09
7000
Initial sizing 9000/36 = 250 mm thick (Economic concrete frame elements: 249 mm) Table 2.22
Geometry Area of concrete, Ac = 7000 x 250 = 1750 x 103 mm2
Second moment of area, Ic = 7000 x 2503/12 = 9.11 x 109 mm4
Distance to extreme fibres from neutral axis, yb = yt = 125 mm
Section modulus, Zb = Zt = 9.11 x 109/125 = 72.9 x 106
Strand diameter = 12.9 mm 60
125
Minimum cover = 20 mm
a
Distance to centre of strand = 60 mm 125
Tendon profile for end span (most critical):
60
Idealised tendon
shape for initial a = 250 – 60– 60 – 65 = 98
2
design only
Number of Characteristic value of maximum force, 186 kN Table 3.29
strands required Initial prestress = 0.8 x 186 = 149 kN (allow for 80% of characteristic force)
Prestress in service condition = 0.7 x 149 = 104 kN (allow for 10% loss
at transfer and 20% loss at service, check in detailed design)
Balance dead loads with prestressing
P = ws2/(8a) = 7 x 6 x 92/(8 x 0.098) = 4339 kN Section 3.16.2
=No. of tendons required = 4339/104 = 41.7, try 9 x 5 strands per duct
Total force = 4680 kN
Moments (SLS) Applied loads wa = 7 x (6.25 + 1.25 + 5) = 87.5 kN/m
Balancing load wb = 8aP/s2 = 8 x 0.098 x 4160 / 92 = 40.2 kN/m
Balanced moment M ≈ (wa – wb) l2/10 = (87.5 – 40.2) x 92/10 = 383.1 kNm
Mid-span stresses P + M = 4680 x 103 + 383.1 x 106 = 2.7 + 5.3 = 8.0 N/mm2
st = Section 3.16.3
Act Zt 1750 x 103 72.9 x 106
For class C32/40 allowable compressive stress is 12.8 N/mm2 = OK Table 3.30
P – M = 4680 x 103 – 383.1 x 106 = 2.7 – 5.3 = – 2.6 N/mm2
sb = Section 3.16.3
Act Zb 1750 x 103 72.9 x 106
For class C32/40 allowable tensile stress is 2.7 N/mm2 = OK Table 3.30
Comments Stresses at the support and punching shear should also be checked
at this stage for a flat slab (see 3.12.3)
It is assumed that deflection, the ULS requirements and transfer
requirements can be met with passive reinforcement in detailed design,
as is usually the case.
72
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74
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Column
9000 9000
H8 links
@ 300 ctrs
450
H25
450
75
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centre
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Worked example 9 <a^\d^][r La^^mgh'
MS SW1
Shear walls
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Aug 09
wind load.
40 kN gk = 35 kN/m
Assuming the floor load is 4000 kN supported on
3.0 m 8 columns, the horizontal action due to imperfections
= 0.25% x 4000 = 10 kN
75 kN gk = 35 kN/m
ft =N − M
Lt (tL2/6)
3.0 m
N = 1.0 x 35 x 4 x 2.5 + 0.200 x 12 x 2.5 x 25 = 500 kN
75 kN gk = 35 kN/m MEd = 1.5((40 + 10) x 12 + (75 + 10)(9 + 6 + 3)) = 3195 kNm
500 x 103 − 3195 x 106
3.0 m ft =
2500 x 200 (200 x 25002/6) ?b`nk^,'**
gk = 35 kN/m La^Zk\^gmk^_hk
75 kN = 1.0 − 15.3 lmZ[bebmrpZeel
= − 14.3 N/mm2
3.0 m 200 mm
thick wall Assume that the tension is resisted by 1 m at the end of the wall.
0.5 ft Lt t
As =
2.5 m fyd
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78
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60.0
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
W4 8.0
Shear W2
centre
25.0
W1
10.0
W3
5.0 e
The relative stiffness of the walls can be calculated as follows (note as the
walls are rectangular and the same thickness we can use the depth only)
W1 = 103 = 1000 m3
W2 = 83 = 512 m3
Total = 1512 m3
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Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
700
600
Allowable bearing pressure (kN/m2)
Very dense
to limit settlement to 25 mm
500
Dense
N = 50
400
N = 40
300
N = 30
Medium dense
200
N = 20
100
Loose N = 10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Foundation width (m)
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TCC Dec 06
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
2
Find safe working load of a 450 mm diameter bored pile in clay
0m c u = 70 kN/m
Qf = ac As + cu Nc Ab
gs gb
Qf = 0.45 (70 + 170)/2 p x 0.45 x 10 + 170 x 9 x p x 0.2252
3.0 2.5
= 254 + 97.3
2
= 351 kN
10 m c u = 170 kN/m
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90
-Plans, sections, elevations and critical
details (section 2d)
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600 dp x 300
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
1
250
500
150
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400 dp x 300
600 dp x 300
150
7000
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SFL = 112.150
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1100
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X X
2
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500 x 300
600 dp x 300
3000
150
150
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3
150
FLOOR LAYOUT
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SECTION X - X
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B L
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Internal wall
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Screed
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FFL course Insulation
In-situ RC
slab Damp-proof
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Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
Façade Facade
In-situ screed
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Damp-proof Reinforcement
course TOC
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c) Typical perimeter pile cap and ground bearing d) Strip foundation supporting pre-cast unit
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A A
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b) Isolation joint at steel stanchion: plan e) New structure allowed to load existing building
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c) Section A A f) New structure isolated from existing building
foundations
?b`nk^-'.
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:]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGÃMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'
95
-'+'+ Retaining walls
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
300 mm wide
granular backfill
Water-bar
Weep hole
Drainage pipe
y x
Precast concrete
Mass concrete
In-situ concrete
base d
?b`nk^-'/
K^mZbgbg`lmkn\mnk^l
:]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGÃMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'
96
IeZgl%l^\mbhgl%^e^oZmbhglZg]\kbmb\Ze]^mZbel
Reinforced
concrete King post
ground beam Ground floor slab
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
Reinforced concrete
column
X X
Pile
a) Secant pile wall used as part of permanent structure c) Temporary king post wall
In-situ concrete
Superstructure Secant pile
wall
Reinforced
concrete Ground floor slab
capping beam
Section X X
Reinforced concrete
column
Z Z
Reinforced Waterproofing to internal
concrete or external surface of
basement wall basement wall as
required
Contiguous Section Y Y
pile wall
Basement slab
In-situ
concrete
infill
Pile
?b`nk^-'0
;Zl^f^gmpZeel :]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGÃMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'
97
-'+'- Waterproofing
External In-situ
concrete concrete Bitumen sheeting
wall wall
Masonry wall or protective Fillet
board
DPM applied to inner
Structural wall
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
300 mm
zone of
selected 150 min sealed
backfill overlap
Horizontal DPM protected
with 50 screed Concrete
base
Graded
drainage 225 min Sub-base
Fillet material
Drainage pipe
Drainage
pipe
c) Externally applied bitumen sheet tanking
Blinding
DPM concrete
Sub-base
Graded drainage
material
Blinding concrete
Graded
drainage
material
Fillet
Sub-base
?b`nk^-'1
MZgd^]pZm^kikhhËg`himbhgl
!Mri^:" :]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGÃMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'
98
IeZgl%l^\mbhgl%^e^oZmbhglZg]\kbmb\Ze]^mZbel
Protection
Tanking
Fillet
Fillet
150
Stabilising beam
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
Pile cap
Isolated pile groups
?b`nk^-'2
MZgd^]\hg\k^m^[Zl^f^gm\Zkkb^]hgibe^l
Slab reinforcement
Column Cavity drain former
50 Blockwork wall
Cavity former cut Screed Cavity drainage former
around columns
TOC Screed
SSL
Reinforced 100 mm min.
Laid to falls concrete wall
Foundation
Pile
Drainage gulley
a)Cavity system at column position b)Junction of floor and wall cavitiy systems
?b`nk^-'*)
Mrib\Ze\Zobmr]kZbgZ`^!Mri^<"
Drainage channel
Floor finishes
Reinforced in-situ
concrete
Blinding
Waterproof
render Chamfer at internal
and external corners
Selected backfill
Tanked waterproofing
system
?b`nk^-'**
Lpbffbg`ihhepZm^kikhhËg`
:]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGÃMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'
99
-'+'. Cladding
Horizontal restraint
brackets
Cladding
panel
Shims
RC frame
Fixing between bracket
and RC frame
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
Precast
concrete
panel
Shims for vertical
tolerance
Horizontal restraint
bracket
Steel angle supporting cladding
panel fixed to RC frame
a) Cladding panel fixed to reinforced concrete upstand b) Precast concrete cladding supported by concrete beam
Precast concrete
cladding panels
RC concrete
Cast-in socket
with cross pin Expansion anchor or cast-in
(or vertical cast-in channel) Soft joint channel and serrated cleat,
and plate washer for lateral
adjustment
c) Horizontal fixing for precast concrete cladding d) Load bearing and horizontal restraint fixing
panel for precast cladding panels
Adjustment
Cladding
Cladding bracket panel
Range of
Precast concrete movement
cladding panel
e) Cladding bracket with three degrees of adjustment f) Fixing detail to allow movement
Note: any steel connected to external elements should be galvanised or, more durably, stainless steel.
?b`nk^-'*+
Mrib\ZeËqbg`]^mZbel_hk
ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^iZg^el :]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGÃMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'
100
IeZgl%l^\mbhgl%^e^oZmbhglZg]\kbmb\Ze]^mZbel
In-situ concrete
Insulation Insulation
In-situ concrete
Tie
Retained
façade
Fixing to
RC frame
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
Cavity tray
Lateral Soft joint
restraint Lateral
fixing Continuous formed
angle brickwork restraint fixing
Soft joint support system
(stainless steel) Fixing to frame allows
vertical movement
Tie into
brickwork
?b`nk^-'*,
?bqbg`h_fZlhgkr_Z
Z]^l
-'+'/ Waterstops
Outside Inside
Blinding
Recess cast in
concrete
Hydrophilic
strip
?b`nk^-'*-
Mrib\ZeZiieb\Zmbhglh_pZm^klmhil
:]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGÃMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'
101
-'+'0 Movement joints
Non-absorbent
Sealing compound joint filter
No steel
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
continuity
Shear connector
Expansion type Initial gap for
waterstop expansion
No steel
continuity
Soft joint
Waterstop
Sealant
Steel
continuity Sealant
50% Soft joint
Waterstop
Waterstop
?b`nk^-'*.
Fho^f^gmchbgml
:]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGÃMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'
102
IeZgl%l^\mbhgl%^e^oZmbhglZg]\kbmb\Ze]^mZbel
-'+'1 Superstructure
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
Screed
New RC slab
X X
Existing column
15 mm soft joint
New reinforced
10 mm steel plate concrete slab
Plan Section X X
Structural topping
Reinforcement projecting from
Hollowcore unit in-situ beam bent down into
structural topping
In-situ beam
?b`nk^-'*/
Lni^klmkn\mnk^]^mZbel
:]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGÃMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'
103
. Method statement and programme
(section 2e)
.'* Method statement
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
Ma^ f^mah] lmZm^f^gm lahne] [^ pkbmm^g _hk ma^ iZkmb\neZk \bk\nflmZg\^l h_ ma^ ikhc^\m4
ma^ ^qZfbg^kl Zk^ ehhdbg` _hk f^mah] lmZm^f^gml maZm ]^fhglmkZm^ Zg ng]^klmZg]bg` h_
ma^\hglmkn\mbhgikh\^llZg]ahpmh[nbe]lZ_^er'Ma^f^mah]lmZm^f^gmZg]ikh`kZff^
mh`^ma^k Zk^ phkma cnlm *) h_ ma^ fZkdl% lh ma^k^ bl `^g^kZeer ghm fn\a mbf^ ZoZbeZ[e^
mh\hfie^m^mabliZkmh_ma^jn^lmbhg'<Zg]b]Zm^lm^g]mhknglahkmh_mbf^Zmma^^g]h_
ma^^qZfbgZmbhgZg]lhmabliZkmblnlnZeerghmp^ee^q^\nm^]'G^o^kma^e^llma^k^Zk^fZkdl
ZoZbeZ[e^Zg]^o^kr^__hkmlahne][^fZ]^mhikhob]^Z\e^Zkf^mah]lmZm^f^gm'
Ik^ebfbgZkb^l
Ma^lbm^l^m&nilahne][^hnmebg^]4iZkmb\neZkblln^lmh\hglb]^kZk^3
■ Bgm^k_Z\^lpbmama^in[eb\
■ Bgm^k_Z\^lpbmaZ]cZ\^gmikhi^kmb^l
■ Lbm^eh`blmb\l
■ AZg]ebg`h_fZm^kbZel
■ IeZgmZg]^jnbif^gmmh[^ikhob]^]%^'`'\kZg^l
L^jn^g\^h_phkd
■ B]^gmb_rma^l^jn^g\^h_phkdZg]ma^]^i^g]^g\b^l[^mp^^g^Z\aZ\mbobmr
■ ;kb^Ìr]^l\kb[^^Z\aZ\mbobmr
■ Eblmma^Z\mbobmb^lbgZeh`b\Zehk]^k
■ Ab`aeb`amd^rk^lmkZbgmlZg]ahpma^r\Zg[^ho^k\hf^
■ L^\mbhg+'0'*ab`aeb`am^]ahpa^ZemaZg]lZ_^mrkbldllahne][^fbgbfbl^]'F^mah]l_hk
k^]n\bg`Zgrk^fZbgbg`kbldllahne][^bg\en]bg`a^k^
104
F^mah]lmZm^f^gmZg]ikh`kZff^
.'+ Programme
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
:lpbmaf^mah]lmZm^f^gml%ma^\Zg]b]Zm^blnlnZeerng]^kmbf^ik^llnk^ZmmabllmZ`^h_ma^
^qZfbgZmbhg[nm%Z`Zbg%bmblZghiihkmngbmrmh]^fhglmkZm^rhnkdghpe^]`^'Ma^bg_hkfZmbhg
ikhob]^] a^k^ bl k^Zeer bgm^g]^] _hk bgbmbZe ikh`kZffbg` hger% not Zl Z ]^mZbe^] `nb]^ hg
\hglmkn\mbhgi^kbh]l'
Mrib\Ze\hglmkn\mbhgkZm^l\Zg[^h[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^.'*hk?b`nk^.'*'
MZ[e^.'*
Mrib\Ze\hglmkn\mbhgkZm^l
<hglmkn\mbhgmri^ <hglmkn\mbhgkZm^
>lmZ[eblalbm^ +p^^dl
;hk^](<?:ibe^]!/))ff]bZ'q,)f 0i^k]Zr
ehg`"
=kbo^gik^\Zlmibe^l ?khf+))f(]ZraZk]`khng]mh*)))f(]Zrlh_m`khng]
Ghm^
KZm^l`bo^gZk^`^g^kb\Zg]bgm^g]^]hger_hk`nb]Zg\^'
Start
on site
Lead-in time (weeks) Speed on site (weeks/1000 m2/crane)
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
Column/slab construction
Flat slab
Ribbed slab
Waffle slab
Precast crosswall
Tunnel form
?b`nk^.'*
E^Z]&bgmbf^lZg]li^^]h_\hglmkn\mbhg
105
.'+'* Example programmes
?b`nk^l.'+mh.'-lahpma^eZrhnmZg]\hglmkn\mbhgikh`kZff^l_hkma^lmkn\mnkZehimbhgl_hkZ
\hff^k\bZe[nbe]bg`maZmaZo^[^^gmZd^g_khf<hff^k\bZe[nbe]bg`l&\hlmfh]^elmn]rT*,V'
Ma^[nbe]bg`blmak^^lmhk^rlab`aZg]eh\Zm^]hgZ`k^^g&Ë^e]lbm^%bmaZl[^^gZllnf^]maZmhg^
\kZg^aZl[^^gnl^]_hkmabl\hglmkn\mbhg'
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
A B C D
1
7500
2 E F G H I
7500
3
7500
4
7500
5
7500
?b`nk^.'+
IeZgh_,&lmhk^r\hff^k\bZe[nbe]bg`
Activity Duration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Substructure 8 weeks
Superstructure 10 weeks
?b`nk^.',
<hglmkn\mbhgikh`kZff^_hkZÌZmleZ[lhenmbhg
106
F^mah]lmZm^f^gmZg]ikh`kZff^
Activity Duration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Substructure 8 weeks
Superstructure 13 weeks
?b`nk^.'-
<hglmkn\mbhgikh`kZff^_hkZar[kb]\hg\k^m^lhenmbhg
107
:ii^g]bq:3 Robustness requirements
for precast concrete frames
Ma^k^jnbk^f^gml_hkZkh[nlmik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^_kZf^\Zg[^f^m[r]^lb`gbg`_hkma^fbgbfnf
mb^_hk\^l`bo^gbg>nkh\h]^+Zg]ma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q'Ma^_heehpbg`mb^llahne][^ikhob]^]
!l^^Zelh?b`nk^:'*"3
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
■ ?ehhkmb^l¾\hgg^\mbg`Ìhhklho^kZgbgm^kgZelniihkm'
■ I^kbf^m^kÌhhkmb^l¾\hgg^\mbg`ÌhhklmhZi^kbf^m^klniihkm'
■ Bgm^kgZemb^l¾ho^kZgbgm^kf^]bZm^lniihkmi^ki^g]b\neZkmhma^liZgh_ma^Ìhhk'
■ I^kbia^kZemb^l¾Zkhng]ma^i^kbf^m^kh_ma^Ìhhk'
■ O^kmb\Zemb^l¾\hgg^\mbg`o^kmb\ZepZeelhk\henfglmhikhob]^\hgmbgnbmr'
Continuous
peripheral
Internal ties gable tie
Continuity tie
?b`nk^:'*
?ehhkmb^l_hkZik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^_kZf^T,.V
Ma^mb^l\Zg[^^bma^kk^bg_hk\^f^gm!^'`'A*+"hka^eb\Zeik^lmk^llbg`lmkZg]!]^lb`glmk^g`ma
*.1)G(ff+"%pab\ableZb]mZn`am[nmghmik^lmk^ll^]'Ma^[ZklhklmkZg]lahne][^Z]^jnZm^er
eZii^]Zg]^f[^]]^]bgbg&lbmn\hg\k^m^pbmaZfbgbfnf]bf^glbhgh_Zme^Zlmh$+AZ``$*)
ff !b'^' nlnZeer Zm e^Zlm .) ff"' *) ff Z``k^`Zm^ bl h_m^g nl^] mh fbgbfbl^ ma^ lbs^ h_ ma^
\hg\k^m^bgËee'Ma^mb^lfZr[^k^bg_hk\^f^gmZek^Z]rikhob]^]mhl^ko^Zghma^kinkihl^Zg]ma^
]^lb`g_hk\^lZk^bgeb^nh_ma^ghkfZe]^lb`g_hk\^l'
108
:ii^g]bq:3Kh[nlmg^ll
Concrete topping
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
Note
Not suitable for Class 2B and Class 3 buildings in accordance ?b`nk^:'+
with Approved Document A [36] Bgm^kgZeÌhhkmb^lpbmabg
\hg\k^m^mhiibg`
In-situ concrete
?b`nk^:',
Bgm^kgZeÌhhkmb^lpbmabgaheehp\hk^ngbmlT,*V
In-situ
concrete
?b`nk^:'-
I^kbf^m^kÌhhkmb^lpbmabgaheehp\hk^ngbmlT,*V
109
Floor
Gable
beam
slab
Tie bar In-situ
concrete
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
Reinforcement anchored
into precast column
Edge beam
using alternatives shown
in Figure A.9 ?b`nk^:'.
=^mZbebg`Zm\hkg^k\henfglT,*V
?b`nk^:'/
Tie bar diameter
Ihlbmbhgh_Ìhhkmb^pbmabg
ehg`bmn]bgZechbgmlh_
aheehp\hk^ngbml
In-situ
infill
?b`nk^:'0
I^kbf^m^kmb^lpa^k^aheehp\hk^ngbmlliZgiZkZee^emh^]`^[^ZfT,*V
110
:ii^g]bq:3Kh[nlmg^ll
?b`nk^:'1
Bgm^kgZemb^lmZd^gmakhn`aik^\Zlm\henfgT,*V
Anchor plate
Fully anchored
cast-in-socket
Grouted sleeve
?b`nk^:'2
:em^kgZmbo^ZkkZg`^f^gml_hk
bgm^kgZemb^lZmik^\Zlm\henfg
ihlbmbhg
111
:ii^g]bq;3 Design aids
MZ[e^;'*
OZen^l_hkD
k^]blmkb[nmbhg d!k^]blmkb[nmbhgkZmbh" D
) *')) )'+)1Z
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
*) )'2) )'*1+Z
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112
:ii^g]bq;3=^lb`gZb]l
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113
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Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
)'-. )'.- )'.+ )'.* )'.) )'-2 )'-0 )'-/ )'-. )'-- )'-+ )'-*
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*'). )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'// )'/. )'/, )'/* )'.2 )'.1 )'./ )'.-
*'*) )'0+ )'0) )'/2 )'/0 )'// )'/- )'/+ )'/) )'.2 )'.0 )'..
*'*. )'0- )'0* )'0) )'/1 )'/0 )'/. )'/, )'/* )'/) )'.1 )'./
*'+) )'0. )'0+ )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'/. )'/- )'/+ )'/* )'.2 )'.0
*'+. )'0/ )'0, )'0+ )'0) )'/2 )'// )'/. )'/, )'/+ )'/) )'.0
*',) )'00 )'0- )'0, )'0* )'0) )'/0 )'/. )'/- )'/, )'/) )'.1
*',. )'01 )'0. )'0, )'0+ )'0) )'/1 )'// )'/. )'/, )'/* )'.2
*'-) )'02 )'0/ )'0- )'0, )'0* )'/2 )'/0 )'/. )'/- )'/+ )'/)
*'-. )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/1 )'// )'/. )'/, )'/)
*'.) )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0, )'0* )'/2 )'/0 )'// )'/, )'/*
*'.. )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0- )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/+
*'/) )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0. )'0+ )'0) )'/1 )'/0 )'/. )'/+
*'/. )'1, )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'/. )'/,
*'0) )'1- )'1* )'02 )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0* )'0) )'/1 )'// )'/-
*'0. )'1. )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'00 )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/2 )'/0 )'/-
*'1) )'1. )'1, )'1* )'02 )'01 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'0) )'/0 )'/.
*'1. )'1/ )'1- )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/1 )'/.
*'2) )'10 )'1- )'1+ )'1* )'02 )'0/ )'0- )'0+ )'0* )'/2 )'//
*'2. )'11 )'1. )'1, )'1* )'1) )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0+ )'/2 )'//
+')) )'11 )'1/ )'1- )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'0. )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/0
114
:ii^g]bq;3=^lb`gZb]l
MZ[e^;'1
OZen^lh_oK]%\la^Zkk^lblmZg\^h_f^f[^klpbmahnmla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm%FIZ%_hk_\d6,)FIZ
re6 >__^\mbo^]^ima%]!ff"
:l(![]"
+)) ++. +.) +0. ,)) ,.) -)) -.) .)) /)) 0.)
)'+. )'.- )'.+ )'.) )'-1 )'-0 )'-. )'-, )'-* )'-) )',1 )',/
)',) )'.- )'.+ )'.) )'-1 )'-0 )'-. )'-, )'-+ )'-* )',2 )',1
)',. )'.- )'.+ )'.) )'-2 )'-1 )'-/ )'-. )'-- )'-, )'-* )'-)
)'-) )'.. )'., )'.+ )'.* )'.) )'-1 )'-0 )'-/ )'-. )'-, )'-+
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
)'-. )'.0 )'./ )'.- )'., )'.+ )'.) )'-2 )'-1 )'-0 )'-. )'-,
)'.) )'.2 )'.0 )'./ )'.. )'.- )'.+ )'.* )'-2 )'-1 )'-0 )'-.
)'.. )'/* )'.2 )'.1 )'.0 )'.. )'.- )'.+ )'.* )'.) )'-1 )'-/
)'/) )'/, )'/* )'/) )'.1 )'.0 )'.. )'.- )'.+ )'.* )'.) )'-1
)'/. )'/. )'/, )'/* )'/) )'.2 )'.0 )'.. )'.- )'., )'.* )'-2
)'0) )'// )'/- )'/, )'/* )'/) )'.1 )'.0 )'.. )'.- )'.+ )'.)
)'0. )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/, )'/+ )'.2 )'.1 )'./ )'.. )'., )'.*
)'1) )'/2 )'/0 )'// )'/- )'/, )'/* )'.2 )'.1 )'.0 )'.. )'.+
)'1. )'0* )'/2 )'/0 )'/. )'/- )'/+ )'/) )'.2 )'.1 )'./ )'.-
)'2) )'0+ )'0) )'/1 )'/0 )'/. )'/, )'/* )'/) )'.2 )'.0 )'..
)'2. )'0, )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'/0 )'/- )'/, )'/* )'/) )'.1 )'./
*')) )'0. )'0+ )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'/. )'/- )'/+ )'/* )'.2 )'.0
*'). )'0/ )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/2 )'/0 )'/. )'/, )'/+ )'/) )'.0
*'*) )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'0) )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/, )'/* )'.1
*'*. )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0+ )'0* )'/2 )'/0 )'/. )'/- )'/+ )'.2
*'+) )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0+ )'0) )'/1 )'// )'/. )'/+ )'/)
*'+. )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0, )'0* )'/2 )'/0 )'// )'/, )'/*
*',) )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0- )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/+
*',. )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0. )'0+ )'0) )'/2 )'/0 )'/. )'/+
*'-) )'1, )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0/ )'0, )'0* )'0) )'/1 )'// )'/,
*'-. )'1- )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'00 )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/2 )'/0 )'/-
*'.) )'1. )'1, )'1* )'02 )'01 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'0) )'/0 )'/.
*'.. )'1/ )'1- )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/1 )'/.
*'/) )'10 )'1. )'1, )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0- )'0, )'0* )'/2 )'//
*'/. )'11 )'1/ )'1, )'1+ )'1) )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0+ )'/2 )'/0
*'0) )'12 )'1/ )'1- )'1+ )'1* )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0, )'0) )'/0
*'0. )'2) )'10 )'1. )'1, )'1+ )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'/1
*'1) )'2* )'11 )'1/ )'1- )'1+ )'1) )'00 )'0/ )'0- )'0+ )'/2
*'1. )'2+ )'12 )'10 )'1. )'1, )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0. )'0+ )'/2
*'2) )'2+ )'2) )'10 )'1/ )'1- )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0)
*'2. )'2, )'2* )'11 )'1/ )'1. )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0, )'0*
+')) )'2- )'2* )'12 )'10 )'1. )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'00 )'0- )'0*
115
MZ[e^;'2
OZen^lh_oK]%\la^Zkk^lblmZg\^h_f^f[^klpbmahnmla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm%FIZ%_hk_\d6,.FIZ
re6 >__^\mbo^]^ima%]!ff"
:l(![]"
+)) ++. +.) +0. ,)) ,.) -)) -.) .)) /)) 0.)
)'+. )'.2 )'./ )'.- )'.+ )'.* )'-1 )'-/ )'-. )'-, )'-* )',2
)',) )'.2 )'./ )'.- )'.+ )'.* )'-1 )'-/ )'-. )'-, )'-* )'-)
)',. )'.2 )'./ )'.- )'.+ )'.* )'-2 )'-0 )'-/ )'-. )'-- )'-+
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
)'-) )'.2 )'./ )'.. )'.- )'., )'.* )'-2 )'-1 )'-0 )'-/ )'--
)'-. )'/) )'.1 )'.0 )'./ )'.. )'., )'.* )'.) )'-2 )'-0 )'-/
)'.) )'/+ )'/* )'.2 )'.1 )'.0 )'.. )'., )'.+ )'.* )'-2 )'-0
)'.. )'/- )'/+ )'/* )'/) )'.1 )'./ )'.. )'.- )'., )'.* )'-2
)'/) )'// )'/- )'/, )'/* )'/) )'.1 )'.0 )'.. )'.- )'.+ )'.)
)'/. )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/, )'/+ )'/) )'.1 )'.0 )'./ )'.- )'.+
)'0) )'0) )'/1 )'// )'/. )'/, )'/* )'.2 )'.1 )'.0 )'.. )'.,
)'0. )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'// )'/. )'/, )'/* )'.2 )'.1 )'./ )'.-
)'1) )'0, )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/+ )'/* )'.2 )'.0 )'..
)'1. )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/2 )'/1 )'/. )'/, )'/+ )'/* )'.2 )'./
)'2) )'0/ )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/2 )'/0 )'/. )'/, )'/+ )'/) )'.0
)'2. )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'0) )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/, )'/* )'.2
*')) )'02 )'0/ )'0- )'0, )'0* )'/2 )'/0 )'/. )'/- )'/+ )'/)
*'). )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/1 )'// )'/. )'/, )'/)
*'*) )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0- )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/*
*'*. )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0. )'0+ )'0) )'/2 )'/0 )'/. )'/+
*'+) )'1, )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0/ )'0, )'0* )'0) )'/1 )'// )'/,
*'+. )'1. )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'00 )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/2 )'/0 )'/-
*',) )'1/ )'1, )'1* )'02 )'01 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'0) )'/1 )'/.
*',. )'10 )'1- )'1+ )'1) )'02 )'0/ )'0- )'0+ )'0* )'/1 )'//
*'-) )'11 )'1. )'1, )'1* )'1) )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0+ )'/2 )'/0
*'-. )'12 )'1/ )'1- )'1+ )'1* )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0, )'0) )'/0
*'.) )'2) )'10 )'1. )'1, )'1+ )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'/1
*'.. )'2* )'11 )'1/ )'1- )'1, )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0+ )'/2
*'/) )'2+ )'12 )'10 )'1. )'1, )'1* )'01 )'00 )'0. )'0+ )'0)
*'/. )'2, )'2) )'11 )'1/ )'1- )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0/ )'0, )'0)
*'0) )'2- )'2* )'12 )'10 )'1. )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0*
*'0. )'2. )'2+ )'2) )'11 )'1/ )'1, )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0+
*'1) )'2. )'2, )'2) )'11 )'10 )'1- )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'0. )'0+
*'1. )'2/ )'2- )'2* )'12 )'11 )'1. )'1+ )'1) )'02 )'0/ )'0,
*'2) )'20 )'2- )'2+ )'2) )'11 )'1. )'1, )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0-
*'2. )'21 )'2. )'2, )'2* )'12 )'1/ )'1- )'1+ )'1) )'00 )'0-
+')) )'22 )'2/ )'2- )'2+ )'2) )'10 )'1- )'1+ )'1* )'01 )'0.
116
:ii^g]bq;3=^lb`gZb]l
MZ[e^;'*)
=^lb`gfhf^gm_Z\mhkl_hk\hgmbgnhnl[^ZflpbmaZiikhqbfZm^er^jnZeliZgl
0.156 0.156
0.095 0.095 0.129 0.129
0.5l
0.188 0.188
Concentrated at mid span
0.167 0.167
0.111 0.111 0.139 0.139
Ghm^l
*;^g]bg`fhf^gm6!\h^_Ë\b^gm"q!mhmZeehZ]hgliZg"q!liZg"' ,<h^_Ë\b^gmlZiierpa^gZeeliZglZk^^jnZe!oZkbZmbhglbgma^liZg
+;^g]bg`fhf^gm\h^_Ë\b^gm3 e^g`mafnlmghm^q\^^]*.h_ma^ehg`^lm"'
:Z[ho^ebg^Ziiermhg^`Zmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gmZmlniihkml' -EhZ]lhg^Z\aehZ]^]liZgZk^^jnZe'
;[^ehpebg^Ziiermhihlbmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gmbgliZg' .Fhf^gmh_bg^kmbZlZf^makhn`ahnmZeeliZgl'
117
MZ[e^;'**
=^lb`gla^Zk_hk\^_Z\mhkl_hk\hgmbgnhnl[^ZflpbmaZiikhqbfZm^er^jnZeliZgl
EhZ] =^Z]ehZ]!ZeeliZglehZ]^]" Bfihl^]ehZ]!fZqbfnfh_Zem^kgZm^liZglehZ]^]hk
ZeeliZglehZ]^]"
0.395 0.526 0.500 0.474 0.605 0.447 0.598 0.591 0.576 0.620
0.605 0.474 0.500 0.526 0.395 0.620 0.576 0.591 0.598 0.447
0.369 0.532 0.500 0.468 0.631 0.434 0.622 0.614 0.595 0.649
0.631 0.468 0.500 0.532 0.369 0.649 0.595 0.614 0.622 0.434
0.342 0.540 0.500 0.460 0.658 0.421 0.647 0.636 0.615 0.679
0.658 0.460 0.500 0.540 0.342 0.679 0.615 0.636 0.647 0.421
0.360 0.535 0.500 0.465 0.640 0.430 0.631 0.621 0.602 0.659
0.640 0.465 0.500 0.535 0.360 0.659 0.602 0.621 0.631 0.480
Ghm^
La^Zk_hk\^6!\h^_Ë\b^gm"q!mhmZeehZ]hghg^liZg"'
118
:ii^g]bq;3=^lb`gZb]l
MZ[e^;'*+
=^lb`gfhf^gmZg]la^Zk_hk\^_Z\mhkl_hkliZglh_ng^jnZee^g`ma
EhZ] =^Z]ehZ]!ZeeliZglehZ]^]" Bfihl^]ehZ]!fZqbfnfh_Zem^kgZm^liZglehZ]^]hk
ZeeliZglehZ]^]"
Moment
Uniformly distributed
l 2l l l 2l l
Shear
Moment
0.311
Uniformly distributed
2l l 2l 2l l 2l
Shear
0.845 0.500 1.155 0.864 0.500 1.136
1.155 0.500 0.845 1.136 0.500 0.864
Ghm^l
*;^g]bg`fhf^gm6!\h^_Ë\b^gm"q!ehZ]i^kngbme^g`ma"q!e+"'
+La^Zk_hk\^6!\h^_Ë\b^gm"q!ehZ]i^kngbme^g`ma"q!e"'
,;^g]bg`fhf^gm\h^_Ë\b^gm3
:Z[ho^ebg^Ziiermhg^`Zmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gmZmlniihkml'
;[^ehpebg^Ziiermhihlbmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gmbgliZg!g^`Zmbo^oZen^bg]b\Zm^lg^`Zmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gm"'
119
l a w 2 2
RA = V A = (l a )
2l
2
RB = V B 1 + V B2 = w (l + a)
2l
A Loading B C V B1 = w a
V B2 = w (l + a )
2 2
V B2 2l
w 2 2
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
V1 Msag, max = 2 (l + a) (l a)
8l
Shear V B1
2
wa
Mhog, max=
2
wa 2 3 3
Moment
Mhog,max dC = (4a l l3 + 3a3)
24EI
Msag, max
l a 2
wa
RA = VA =
2l
wa
C R B= VA + V B = (2l + a )
A Loading B 2l
V B = wa
VB 2
wa
VA Mmax =
2
Shear 3
wa
dC = (4 l + 3 a)
Mmax 24EI
Moment
l a
P Pa
RA = VA =
l
A C P (l + a)
Loading B RB = VA + V B =
l
VB = P
VB
VA Mmax = Pa
2
Shear
dC = Pa (l + a)
3EI
Mmax
Moment
?b`nk^;'*
;^g]bg`fhf^gml%la^Zk_hk\^lZg]]^Ì^\mbhgl_hk\Zgmbe^o^kl
120
:ii^g]bq;3=^lb`gZb]l
Deflected
h shape
Assumed pin
connection
h
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
b b
F1
F1 F1 F1
F1 4 F1 2 F1 4
4 2 4
F2
F1 + F2 F1 + F2 F1 + F2
F1 + F2 4 F1 + F2 2 F1 + F2 4
4 2 4
F3
F1 + F2 + F3 F1 + F2 + F3 F1 + F2 + F3
/F 4 /F 2 /F 4
4 2 4
/F /F /F
4 2 4
(3F 1 +2 F 2 + F 3 )h 0 (3F 1 + 2 F 2 + F 3 )h
2b 2b
b) Forces
MA MA
MA MB
MA M A = F1 h / 8
MA M B = F1 h /4
MC MD MD M C = ( F1 + F2 ) h /4
2 MC MC M D = (2 F1 + F2) h /8
MA MB MA 2 M E = (F + F + F )h /4
1 2 3
MD M F = (2 F1+ 2 F 2 + F3 )h / 8
MD MF
ME MF
2 ME ME
MC MC MC 2
2 2
MF MF
c) Moments
Note
Columns and beams have equal stiffness
?b`nk^;'+
:iikhqbfZm^fhf^gml_hkZfnemb&lmhk^r_kZf^
121
0.25
0.20
Compression reinforcement often advised (x/d > 0.45)
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
0.15
MEd /bd2fck
Key
–– 25 fck
–– 30 fck
0.10 –– 35 fck
–– 40 fck b
–– 50 fck
x
0.05 d
z < 0.95d
As
0.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
100 As/bd
?b`nk^;',
=^lb`g\aZkm_hklbg`erk^bg_hk\^][^Zf
*',
D k 6)'+ KZmbh] + (a 6)').
*'+
\d
)', a_
*'* ([ a(+
_l r d
: a
*') )'-
*')
)'2 ]+
)'2 )'1 <^gmkhb]h_[Zklbg
)'.
)'0 aZe_l^\mbhg
)'1 )'/
)'. )'/
G>] ([a_\d
)'0 )'-
)', )'0
)'/
)'+
)'. )'*
)'1
)
)'-
)'2
)',
*')
)'+
)'*
)
) )'). )'*) )'*. )'+) )'+. )',) )',. )'-) )'-.
F>]([a+_\d
?b`nk^;'-Z
K^\mZg`neZk\henfgl! _\d©.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"]+(a6)').
122
:ii^g]bq;3=^lb`gZb]l
*',
D k 6)'+
KZmbh] + (a 6)'*)
*'+
\d
)',
a_
d([
a(+
*'*
l _r
a
:
*') )'-
*')
)'2 ]+
)'2 )'1
<^gmkhb]h_[Zklbg
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
)'0 )'.
aZe_l^\mbhg
)'1 )'/
)'. )'/
G>] ([a_\d
)'0 )'-
)', )'0
)'/
)'+
)'. )'*
) )'1
)'-
)'2
)',
D k 6*
)'+
)'*
)
) )'). )'*) )'*. )'+) )'+. )',) )',. )'-) )'-.
F>] ([a+_\d
?b`nk^;'-[
K^\mZg`neZk\henfgl!_\d©.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"]+(a6)'*)
*',
D k 6)'+
KZmbh] + (a 6)'*.
*'+
\d
)',
a_
a(+
([
*'*
rd
a
_
l
:
*') *')
)'- ]+
)'2
)'2 )'1
)'. <^gmkhb]h_[Zklbg
)'0 aZe_l^\mbhg
)'1
)'/
)'/
G>] ([a_\d
)'.
)'0
)'-
)'/ )', )'0
)'+
)'. )'*
) )'1
)'-
)'2
)',
D k 6*
)'+
)'*
)
) )'). )'*) )'*. )'+) )'+. )',) )',. )'-)
F>] ([a+_\d
?b`nk^;'-\
K^\mZg`neZk\henfgl!_\d©.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"]+(a6)'*.
123
*',
D k 6)'+
KZmbh] + (a 6)'+)
*'+
\d
a_
([
)', a(+
d
*'*
_r l
:
a
*') *')
)'- ]+
)'2
)'2 )'1 <^gmkhb]h_[Zklbg
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
)'0
)'-
)'/ )',
)'+ )'0
)'. )'*
) )'1
)'-
)', )'2
)'+
D k 6*
)'*
)
) )'). )'*) )'*. )'+) )'+. )',) )',.
F>] ([a+_\d
?b`nk^;'-]
K^\mZg`neZk\henfgl!_\d©.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"]+(a6)'+)
*',
D k 6)'+ KZmbh] + (a 6)'+.
*'+
)', a(+
\d
*'*
a_
([
a
d
_r
*')
l
:
*') ]+
)'-
)'2 )'2
<^gmkhb]h_[Zklbg
)' 1 aZe_l^\mbhg
)'1 )'0
)'.
)'/
G>] ([a_\d
)'0 )'.
)'- )'/
)'/ )',
)'+
)'. )'* )'0
)
)'-
)'1
)',
)'2
)'+
)'*
D k 6*
)
) )'). )'*) )'*. )'+) )'+. )',)
F>] ([a+_\d
?b`nk^;'-^
K^\mZg`neZk\henfgl!_\d©.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"]+(a6)'+.
124
:ii^g]bq;3=^lb`gZb]l
1.2
0.3 As fyk/h2fck Ratio d/h = 0.5
1.1
0.4 d
1.0 h
1.0 0.9 0.5
0.8 0.6
0.9
0.7 0.7
0.8
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
0.6 0.8
0.5
NEd /h2fck
0.7
0.9
0.4
0.6
0.3 Kr = 1
0.5 0.2
0.1
0.4 0
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
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127
References
* ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾*¾*3=^lb`gh_<hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l¾IZkm
*¾*3@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk[nbe]bg`l';LB%+))/'
+ ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾*¾+3=^lb`gh_<hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l¾IZkm
*¾+3Lmkn\mnkZeËk^]^lb`g';LB%+))/'
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
, ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1**)3Ma^lmkn\mnkZenl^h_\hg\k^m^';LB*220'
- MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`ll\a^f^]^lb`gfZgnZe'<<BI&)*1'M<<%+))/'
. @HH=<ABE=%<A'P>;LM>K%KF>EEBHMM%DL'>\hghfb\\hg\k^m^_kZf^^e^f^gml'
Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))2'
/ BGLMBMNMBHGH?LMKN<MNK:E>G@BG>>KL'P^[iZ`^
ammi3((ppp'blmkn\m^'hk`'nd(^qZfl(bg]^q'Zli
0 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22)>nkh\h]^¾;Zlblh_lmkn\mnkZe]^lb`g'
;LB%+))+'
1 <BKB:'K^ihkm*)+'=^lb`gh_la^ZkpZeelbg[nbe]bg`l'<BKB:%*21-'
2 GA;<LmZg]Zk]l'<aZim^k-'+3;nbe]bg`g^Zkmk^^l'GA;<%+)),!bg\e':ikbe+)).
Zf^g]f^gm"'
*) <A:KE>L%C:'@^hm^\agb\l_hk[nbe]bg`ikh_^llbhgZel';K>%+)).'
** <BKB:'Li^\bZein[eb\Zmbhg*)03K^f^]bZemk^Zmf^gm_hk\hgmZfbgZm^]eZg]'<BKB:%*22.'
*+ ;KBMBLA<>F>GM:LLH<B:MBHG'K^f^]bZmbhgh_[khpgË^e]eZg]';<:%+))-'
*, MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hlmfh]^elmn]r¾<hff^k\bZe[nbe]bg`l%<<BI¾)*)'M<<%+))0'
*- MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hlmfh]^elmn]r¾L\ahhe[nbe]bg`l%<<BI¾)**'M<<%+))1'
*. MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hlmfh]^elmn]r¾AhlibmZe[nbe]bg`l%<<BI¾)*+'M<<%+))1'
*/ MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hlmfh]^elmn]r¾Ab`akbl^k^lb]^gmbZe[nbe]bg`l%<<BI¾)*,'M<<%
bgik^iZkZmbhg'
*0 <HFFNGBMB>L:G=EH<:E@HO>KGF>GM';nbe]bg`k^`neZmbhgl!>g`eZg]Zg]PZe^l"
:iikho^]]h\nf^gmE'<E@%+))/'
*1 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=BGLMBMNMBHG';L1.))%<hg\k^m^¾<hfie^f^gmZkr;kbmblaLmZg]Zk]mh
;L>G+)/¾*';LB%+))/'
*2 <FIBGM>KG:MBHG:EEM=';nbe]bg`fZ`Zsbg^%p^^der'
+) :KNI'AhlibmZeÌhhkob[kZmbhglmn]r'<hfiZkblhgh_ihllb[e^Ìhhklmkn\mnk^lpbmak^li^\mmh
GALob[kZmbhg\kbm^kbZ'K^l^Zk\ak^ihkm%:kni%+))-':oZbeZ[e^_hk]hpgehZ]_khfppp'
\hg\k^m^\^gmk^'\hf
+* A:<D>K%CG%=>L:NEE>L%MI%FBGLHG%:FZg]AHEF>L%FC'>f[h]b^]Zg]hi^kZmbhgZe
\Zk[hg]bhqb]^^fbllbhgl_khfahnlbg`3Z\Zl^lmn]rhgma^^__^\mlh_ma^kfZefZllZg]
\ebfZm^\aZg`^':oZbeZ[e^_hk]hpgehZ]_khfppp'\hg\k^m^\^gmk^'\hf'Ln[fbmm^]mh
>g^k`rZg];nbe]bg`%+))/'
++ <HG<K>M>LH<B>MR'M^\agb\ZeK^ihkm/0'Fho^f^gm%k^lmkZbgmZg]\kZ\dbg`bg\hg\k^m^
lmkn\mnk^l'Ma^<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+))1'
+, <HG<K>M>LH<B>MR'M^\agb\Zek^ihkm-,3Ihlm&m^glbhg^]\hg\k^m^Ìhhkl]^lb`gaZg][hhd
!l^\hg]^]bmbhg"'<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+)).'
+- MA>BGLMBMNMBHGH?LMKN<MNK:E>G@BG>>KL'=^lb`gk^\hff^g]Zmbhg_hkfnemb&lmhk^r
Zg]ng]^k`khng]\ZkiZkdl!,k]^]bmbhg"'BLmkn\m>%+))+'
+. ;NBE=BG@K>L>:K<A>LM:;EBLAF>GM%!;K>"%Li^\bZe]b`^lm*3+)).&<hg\k^m^bg
Z``k^llbo^`khng]!,k]^]bmbhg"';K>%+)).'
+/ BLmkn\m>(B<>'FZgnZe_hkma^]^lb`gh_k^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^l'BLmkn\m>%*21.'
128
K^_^k^g\^l
+0 ;KHHD>K%H^mZe'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+%<<BI&))/'
Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))2'
+1 <HG<K>M>LH<B>MR'M^\agb\ZeK^ihkm,-3<hg\k^m^bg]nlmkbZe`khng]Ìhhkl!,k]^]bmbhg"'
<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+)),'
+2 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1))-3<h]^h_ikZ\mb\^_hk_hng]Zmbhgl';LB%*21/'
,) P:K=%PA%;NKE:G=%C;Zg]@:EEHBL%KP'@^hm^\agb\ZeZll^llf^gmh_Zlbm^Zm
Fng]_hk]%Ghk_hed_hkZeZk`^ikhmhgZ\\^e^kZmhk'@^hm^\agbjn^%*1%ii',22¾-,*%*2/1'
,* <A:G=E>K%KC'Ma^^__^\mh_p^Zma^kbg`hgma^la^Zklmk^g`maikhi^kmb^lh_D^ni^kFZke'
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
@^hm^\agbjn^%+*%ii',+*¾,,-%*2/2'
,+ ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1*)+%Ikhm^\mbhgh_lmkn\mnk^lZ`ZbglmpZm^k_khf
ma^`khng]';LB%*22)'
,, <BKB:'K^ihkm*,23PZm^k&k^lblmbg`[Zl^f^gml'<BKB:%*22.'
,- ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾,3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lIZkm,
Ebjnb]k^mZbgbg`Zg]\hgmZbgf^gmlmkn\mnk^l';LB+))/'
,. >EEBHMM%DL'Fnemb&lmhk^rik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^_kZf^][nbe]bg`l';eZ\dp^eeL\b^g\^%*22/'
,/ <HFFNGBMB>L:G=EH<:E@HO>KGF>GM';nbe]bg`k^`neZmbhgl!>g`eZg]Zg]PZe^l"
:iikho^]]h\nf^gm:'<E@%+))/'
Further reading
■ :EE>G%:A'K^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^]^lb`gmh;L1**)¾lbfier^qieZbg^]'Lihg%*211'
■ :F;KHL>%CZg]O>K@NG%='LbfiebË^][nbe]bg`]^lb`g_hkpbg]Zg]^ZkmajnZd^_hk\^l
!,k]^]bmbhg"'ChagPbe^rZg]Lhgl%*22.'
■ ;:MMR%BZg]P>LM;KHHD%K'Ma^]^lb`gh_pZm^kk^mZbgbg`lmkn\mnk^l'Ehg`fZg%*22*'
■ ?:;>K%CZg]F>:=%?'Hl\Zk?Z[^kÃlk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^'Lihg%*2/0'
■ C>:KR%:'=^lb`g^kÃl`nb]^mhma^]rgZfb\k^lihgl^h_lmkn\mnk^l'Lihg%*220'
■ F:<@BGE>R%MCZg]<AHH%;L'K^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^]^lb`gma^hkrZg]^qZfie^l'Lihg%*22)'
■ HKMHG%:'Ma^pZrp^[nbe]ghp¾_hkf%l\Ze^Zg]m^\agbjn^'Lihg%*22*'
■ I:KD%KZg]I:NE>R%M'K^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'ChagPbe^rZg]Lhgl%*20.'
■ K>RGHE=L%<AZg]LM>>=F:G%C<'K^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^]^lb`g^klfZgnZe'Lihg%*211'
■ MHFEBGLHG%FC'?hng]Zmbhg]^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhg'IbmfZg%*20.'
■ P>LM;KHHD%KZg]P:ED>K%='Lmkn\mnkZe^g`bg^^kbg`]^lb`gbgikZ\mb\^!,k]^]bmbhg"'
Ehg`fZg%*22/'
129
Index
:\hnlmb\l +) ?kZf^ 1%*)1%*+*
:^lma^mb\l +) ?kZfbg`¾_ng\mbhgZe ,¾-
:bkmb`amg^ll *1 @khng][^Zkbg` 1%1)
:gZerlbl .)%.+¾.,%./%/,%// @khng]\hg]bmbhgl -*¾-+
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
130
Bg]^q
La^Zk\^gmk^ 0%0/¾01
La^ZkpZee -%0¾1%,/¾,0%0/¾02
Lbm^¾\hglmkZbgml *2
Lbm^¾lehibg` 0%1%*+
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
Lbsbg` 2%,)¾,/
LeZ[l¾ÌZm *)¾**%,,¾,-%./¾/+
LeZ[l¾hg^&pZr *)¾**%,+%.+¾.,
LeZ[l¾kb[[^] *)¾**%+/%,,%/*¾/.
LeZ[l¾mph&pZr *)¾**%,+%.,¾./
LeZ[l¾pZ_Ì^ *)¾**%+/%,,%//¾/0
Lhbe¾\eZr *+%*-%+.%1)¾1*%1-¾1/
Lhbe¾`kZgneZk +.%1)%1+%1/¾10
Lhbe¾lZg] *+%*-%1*%1-%12
Lhbefbqbg` *.
LhbelmZ[beblZmbhg *.¾*0
LiZg 2¾*)%,)%,+¾,-
LiZg&mh&]^imakZmbh 2%,)%,+¾,-%,/%-/
LmZ[bebmr 0¾1%0/¾00
Lmk^ll .%-.¾-0%/2¾0*%**+¾**,
Ln[&[Zl^ 1)%2-¾2.%21
Lne_Zm^ *.¾*/%-+
Lni^klmkn\mnk^ 20%*),
Lniihkm ,)%,/%,2%-,%.)%.+%0)%0.%
*)1%**0¾*+)
LnlmZbgZ[e^%lnlmZbgZ[bebmr +*%+,
MZgdbg` 11¾2)%21¾22
M^glbhg /%,/¾,0%0*%00%1,
Ma^kfZefZll +*
Mb^ -%/%*)*%*)1¾***
Mk^^l 1%*+¾*,%1)
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PZm^k /¾1%-+%11%2)
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PZm^klmhil *)*¾*)+
P^b`am +.¾+2
Pbg] /¾0%00
131
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
132
L^\mbhgZeZk^Zlh_`khnilh_[Zkl!ff+"
;Zklbs^ Gnf[^kh_[Zkl
!ff"
* + , - . / 0 1 2 *)
8 .)', *)* *.* +)* +.* ,)+ ,.+ -)+ -.+ .),
10 01'. *.0 +,/ ,*- ,2, -0* ..) /+1 0)0 01.
12 **, ++/ ,,2 -.+ ./. /02 02+ 2). *)+) **,)
16 +)* -)+ /), 1)- *)*) *+*) *-*) */*) *1*) +)*)
20 ,*- /+1 2-+ *+/) *.0) *11) ++)) +.*) +1,) ,*-)
25 -2* 21+ *-0) *2/) +-.) +2.) ,--) ,2,) --+) -2*)
Licensed copy from CIS: AECOM2015, AECOM, 03/07/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
32 1)- */*) +-*) ,++) -)+) -1,) ./,) /-,) 0+-) 1)-)
40 *+/) +.*) ,00) .),) /+1) 0.-) 11)) *)*)) **,)) *+/))
L^\mbhgZeZk^Zli^kf^mk^pb]ma_hkoZkbhnlliZ\bg`lh_[Zkl!ff+"
;Zklbs^ LiZ\bg`h_[Zkl!ff " +
!ff"
0. *)) *+. *.) *0. +)) ++. +.) +0. ,))
8 /0) .), -)+ ,,. +10 +.* ++, +)* *1, */1
10 *).) 01. /+1 .+- --2 ,2, ,-2 ,*- +1/ +/+
12 *.*) **,) 2). 0.- /-/ ./. .), -.+ -** ,00
16 +/1) +)*) */*) *,-) **.) *)*) 12- 1)- 0,* /0)
20 -*2) ,*-) +.*) +)2) *1)) *.0) *-)) *+/) **-) *).)
25 /.-) -2*) ,2,) ,+0) +1)) +-.) +*1) *2/) *01) */-)
32 *)0)) 1)-) /-,) .,/) -/)) -)+) ,.0) ,++) +2+) +/1)
40 */1)) *+/)) *)*)) 1,1) 0*1) /+1) ..2) .),) -.0) -*2)
FZllh_`khnilh_[Zkl!d`i^kf^mk^kng"
;Zklbs^ Gnf[^kh_[Zkl
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8 )',2. )'012 *'*1- *'.01 *'20, +',/1 +'0/+ ,'*.0 ,'..* ,'2-/
10 )'/*0 *'+,, *'1.) +'-// ,')1, ,'/22 -',*/ -'2,+ .'.-2 /'*/.
12 )'111 *'00/ +'//, ,'..* -'-,2 .',+0 /'+*. 0'*), 0'22) 1'101
16 *'.01 ,'*.0 -'0,. /',*, 0'12+ 2'-0) **')-1 *+'/+0 *-'+). *.'01,
20 +'-// -'2,+ 0',21 2'1/. *+',,* *-'020 *0'+/, *2'0+2 ++'*2. +-'//+
25 ,'1., 0'0)0 **'./) *.'-*, *2'+/0 +,'*+) +/'20- ,)'1+0 ,-'/1) ,1'.,-
32 /',*, *+'/+0 *1'2-) +.'+., ,*'./0 ,0'11) --'*2, .)'.)0 ./'1+) /,'*,,
40 2'1/. *2'0+2 +2'.2- ,2'-.1 -2',+, .2'*11 /2').+ 01'2*0 11'01* 21'/-/
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;Zklbs^ LiZ\bg`h_[Zkl!ff"
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8 .'+/* ,'2-/ ,'*.0 +'/,* +'+.. *'20, *'0.- *'.01 *'-,. *',*.
10 1'++* /'*/. -'2,+ -'**) ,'.+, ,')1, +'0-) +'-// +'+-+ +')..
12 **'1,1 1'101 0'*), .'2*2 .')0, -'-,2 ,'2-/ ,'..* ,'++1 +'2.2
16 +*')-- *.'01, *+'/+0 *)'.++ 2')*2 0'12+ 0')*. /',*, .'0,2 .'+/*
20 ,+'11+ +-'//+ *2'0+2 */'--* *-')2+ *+',,* *)'2/* 2'1/. 1'2/1 1'++*
25 .*',01 ,1'.,- ,)'1+0 +.'/12 ++')*2 *2'+/0 *0'*+/ *.'-*, *-')*+ *+'1-.
32 1-'*01 /,'*,, .)'.)0 -+')12 ,/')0/ ,*'./0 +1').2 +.'+., ++'2.1 +*')--
40 *,*'.+1 21'/-/ 01'2*0 /.'0/- ./',/2 -2',+, -,'1-, ,2'-.1 ,.'10* ,+'11+
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