Physics grade 12 note

Unit 1

Thermodynamics:- is a branch of physics which deals with the conversion of heat energy
to mechanical energy and the reverse process.
i.e The conversion of mechanical energy to heat .
Atoms and moles
The moles :- is the measure of number of discrete particles in a substance (solid ,liquid or
gas).
1mole= 6.02x1023 particles or Avogadro’s No(NA)
-It is defined as the number of particles in 12 of Carbone 12.
*The r/ship b/n the number moles number of particles and Avogadro’s number is
N= N=Nna
Where N=no particles
N = number of moles
NA=Avogadro’s number
-Number of moles can be also expressed
N= Where m – mass of substance
M –molar mass of substance.
-Then when we substitute in the previous equations
N= = =
The mass of each particle(mp ) can be calculated mp= =
Exercise A block of pure carbon 12 contain 4.2 mol particles calculate.
A) The number of particles in the block .
B) The mass of the block.
C) The mass of each carbon -12 atoms.
What is the zero the law
It state that two bodies that are separately internal equilibrium with a third body must be
in thermal equilibrium with each other.
A

B C

If A is in thermal equilibrium with B and C is in thermal with B there A is also in thermal

equilibrium with C.
-The thermodynamics temperature scale
-Temperature scale measured in Kelvin(K)
-Absolute zero :- the temperature at which all the random motion of particles in a
substance ceases is defined as ok and the triple point of water the temperature at which all
the three states of water can coexist is defined as 273.16k.
T(k) = TCc2 ) + 273.15
Absolute zero 0 -273.16
Triple point o H2O 273.16 0.01
Ice point 273.15 0
Steam point 373.15 100
Room temperature 293 20
The upper fixed point (UFP) a given scale stands for the booling point or steam point of
water (100CO OR 373Kor 212F)
-The lower fixed point is the freezing temperature of water (0 CO ,273ko ,32FO).
-Fundamental interval (FI) = UFP- LFP
= -
373k -273 +100 ko
FIc=UFpc – LFPC
=100C -0C =100 C
− 100 −273
Fundamental interval in Kelvin scale (FIK)= = = =TK-273K
− 100 −0
Fundamental interval in Celsius scale FIC
The r/ship b/n Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature can be obtained as follows.
FIC =100C -0C =100C
FIF = UPF –LFPF =212F -32F =1 80F
− 100 −0 9
= = TC = 5/9 (TF -32) Or TF = tc+32
− 180 −32 5

Exercise
Convert the following to degree Celsius
a) The boiling point of helium 4.25k
b) The freezing point of old 1340k
Convert the following to Kelvin
a) Freezing point of mercury -39c
b) The average temperature of the universe -270.4c
Work ,Heat and first law of thorn dynamics
Work done by on a system
-Consider a system made up of as enclosed in a cylinder by friction less movable piston of
area A.
When the gas is heated it expands and cause a displacement of the movable piston. If the
pressure of the as exerts on the piston is P the force exerted by the gas (system) on the
piston is there fore

F=PA system surrounding

ΔX

-The external work done by the gas is

W= F∆x = PA∆ , where F=PA.
But the A∆x represents the change in volume of the gas W = P∆V = P(Vf- V )
If n moles of the gas are enclosed in the cylinder from idea gas law pv = nRT =∆V =
W =p(vf –vi) = p( - )
W= nR∆T
Sign convection
Since the temperature is always positive when the gas expands (Vf > Vi ) , ∆V is
positive and work will be positive ,We say that work is done by the gas.
*on the other hand when the gas is compressed (Vf < Vs ), ∆V is negative and were done
will be negative , we say work is done on the gas.
P- V indicator diagram
-P –V (indicator ) diagram is a diagram showing how the pressure of the gas varies with its
volume during a change.
P P

V V
Vi vf VI >Vf –contraction of as at constant
pressure
Vf > Vi expansion of as at constant
In the process where the pressure changes the area under the carve can not be determined
by the unknown geometrical equations of area.
-we can use idea of calculus to determine exact work done.
Consider a gas that expands at constant temperature from volume Vis to Vf whate its
pressure decreases from P1 to P2 and P-V diagram is shown in below.
P P –V diagram.

Vi vf
p1

p2
V
Vi Vf
Exercise
Find the work done during the thermodynamics process shown on the p-v diagram.
P(KPE)
300

200

100

V cm3
100 200 300

-to find the work done use area

 1
AT = WT = P∆V + 2 P∆V
1
AT = WT = 100KFA *(300 – 100) + (300 -200)*(300 -100)
2
AT = WT=30J
Exercise
How much external work is done by an ideal gas in expanding from a volume of 3 liters to a
volume of 30 liters against a constant pressure of 2 atm .
P = 2atm =2 x 1.01 x105 pa = 2.02 x105pa
V1 = 3l = 3x10 -3m3
V2 =30l = 30x 10 -3m3
W= P∆V = 2.02 x 105 pa (30 – 3 ) x 10 -3 m3
=5454J