MEE 2018 Engineering Mechanics Lab 1

HOOKE’S LAW
Noel Brown
OVERVIEW
 Definitions
 Relationship between load and Deformation

 Hooke’s Law
DEFINITIONS
 A load can be considered as a force acting on an
object (bar).
 A force that pull on one end of bar must opposed by
an equal and force that pull on the other end of the
bar. The bar is said to be in tension.
 A force that push on one end of bar must opposed by
an equal and push on the other end of the bar. The
bar is said to be in compression.
DEFINITION
 Deformation is the changes in length, cross
sectional area and volume that takes place in a
body due to a load.
 A body in tension will experience and increase in
length call and extension and a decrease in cross
sectional area.
 A body in compression will experience and decrease
in length and an increase in cross sectional area.
 A material is said to be elastic if after being extended
by a load it is able to return to its original length
when unloaded.
LOAD AND DEFORMATION
 If a bar is in tension
and the load is
gradually increased
and the extension
measured for each
load. The
information can be
plotted to give a load
extension graph.
LOAD EXTENSION GRAPH
HOOKE’S LAW
 The extension produced in a linearly elastic
material is directly proportional to the load that
produce it.
 A material that display this behaviour is said to
obey Hooke’s Law.
LOAD EXTENSION GRAPH
LOAD EXTENSION GRAPH
 Elastic Range:
 Proportional Limit or Limit of proportionality, within
this region the load is proportional to the extension.
Hooke’s Law is obeyed in this region.
 Load is not proportional to the extension.
 F = Constant x x (constant will depend on the material)
 Young’s Modulus of Elasticity, E:
 The ratio of stress to strain below the elastic limit
LOAD EXTENSION GRAPH
 Offset yield strength so: Stress corresponding to the
intersection of the stress strain curve and a line
parallel to the elastic part of the curve offset by
strain 0.002.
s o  Pstrain offset 0.002 / A

 Resilience: The maximum energy absorbed per unit

volume within the elastic limit

U R  0.5 * s o eo
LOAD EXTENSION GRAPH
 Yield point is the elastic limit or limit of elasticity.
If loaded up to this point the material will return to
its original length.
LOAD EXTENSION GRAPH
 Plastic Range:
 If loaded beyond the yield point the material will not
return to its original length when unloaded. The
deformation is permanent.
 Strain hardening: The relationship between stress
and strain is nonlinear during plastic deformation.
Like E in the elastic range, strength coefficient, K,
strain hardening exponent, n and amount of strain
hardening prior to test, o are used to characterized
material in plastic range

σ  Kε  ε o  ,  logσ  logK  nlog ε  ε o 

n
LOAD EXTENSION GRAPH
 Ultimate tensile strength; The maximum
engineering stress the material can withstand
before rupture of the specimen
sU  Pmax / Ao

 Toughness: Ability to absorb energy per unit

volume in the plastic range

U T  0.5 * so  su  * e f
INTENSITY OF LOADING
 The load carried by unit area of the material is
called the load intensity.
load
stress 
area
F

A
 where A is the area of section normal to the load
STRAIN
 The extension  of unit length is called the strain
extension
strain 
original length
x

l
 where A is the area of section normal to the load
RELATION SHIP BETWEEN STRESS AND STRAIN
 For material that obey Hooke’s Law extension 
is directly proportional to load up to the
proportional limit
load
 constant
extension

stress x area
 constant
strain x original length
RELATION SHIP BETWEEN STRESS AND STRAIN
stress
 constant  E
strain

E

where E is Young’s modulus

Material E (GN/m2 or kN/mm2) E (N/m2)

Mild Steel 200 200 x 109
Cast Iron 120 120 x 109
Brass 84 84 x 109
Aluminium 70 70 x 109
EXPERIMENT
 Apparatus
EXPERIMENT
 Procedure
 Study the Vernier device until you understand it.
 Take the reading from it with only the weight hanger
attached.
 Load the spring in 2lb increments up to 30lbs and
record the extension from the Vernier scale.
 Unload the spring in 2lb increments from 30lbs and
record the extension.
 Tabulate the results of spring extension (taken form
vernier) against load.
EXPERIMENT
 Result

Actual Load Extension Extension Theoretical Percentage error

(F, N) loading (x, mm) unloading (x, mm) Load (F, N) (%)
DISCUSSION

F =Sx

 Comment on the graph and spring stiffness. How

is Hooke’s Law verified by the experiment?
Comment on the accuracy of the experiment.
Comment on the actual/experimental values of
force with the theoretical values. Comment on
the graph of load vs. extension during loading
and unloading.
QUESTIONS