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Vallega-Neu - 2015 - Heidegger's Reticence From 'Contributions' To 'Da
Vallega-Neu - 2015 - Heidegger's Reticence From 'Contributions' To 'Da
P h e n o m e n ol o g y
BRILL brill.com/rp
Daniela Vallega-Neu
University of Oregon
Abstract
Using as guiding thread the difference between being (beyng) and beings, this article
traces and questions the movement of Heidegger’s thinking in his non-public writings
from Contributions to Philosophy (1936-38) to The Event (1941-42) and ends with refer
ences to the thought of Geiassenheit (1944/45). In 1941-42 this movement takes the
form of a “downgoing” into the abyssal, withdrawing dimension of being. Heidegger
rethinks the event in terms of inception (Anfang) as he attempts to let go of any form
of representational thinking more radically than in Contributions and seeks to respond
in imageless saying to nothing but the silent call of beyng. Heidegger’s downgoing
brings with it a transformed relation to history and to what he calls “machination,’’ as
well as a shift from dispositions marked by decision, strife, and endurance to thinking
in terms of releasing, following, and thanking.
Keywords
K O N IN K L IJK E B R IL L NV, L E ID E N , 2 0 1 5 D O I 1 0 .1 1 6 3 /1 5 6 9 1 6 4 0 -1 2 3 4 1 3 0 0
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Introduction1
Heidegger’s The Event (Das Ereignis)2 begins with a quotation from Sophocles’
Oedipus at Colonos taken from the following context:
Having blinded himself after discovering that he had killed his own father
and married his own mother, old Oedipus, finally exiled from the city of Thebes,
wanders around with the help only of his daughter and half-sister Antigone in
order to find a place where he can die. Finally Oedipus and Antigone reach
Athens and more specifically the temple of the Eumenides at Colonos where a
quite mysterious death awaits Oedipus. An Oracle had told him about his final
destiny and after long wanderings, having heard where he had arrived (namely,
at the place an Oracle had foretold), he finally knows what awaits him. At that
point, Oedipus asks a stranger to call for the king of Athens, Theseus, as he,
Oedipus, could help Theseus reap great gains.
It is then that the stranger asks the old blind Oedipus: “And what is the
warrant, then, of a man who cannot look [(3X£7T£iv]?” And Oedipus answers:
“Whatever we might say, we see in all that we say [6 p a v ].”3 Heidegger interprets
this passage as saying that the man who cannot look does not see beings; he is
blind to beings. Whereas the phrase “we see” means to have an eye for being,
for the “destiny” and “truth of beings.” This seeing of being is, says Heidegger,
“the sight of the pain of experience” and “the capacity to suffer, up to the afflic
tion of the complete concealment of the departure [Z)as Leidenkonnen bis
zum Leid der volligen Verborgenheit des Weggangs]” (GA 71: 3; E, xxiii). Blind to
beings but seeing being, Oedipus suffers the complete concealment of depar
ture (literally “going away”).
The way Oedipus dies or, rather, “goes away into complete concealment,” is
also quite mysterious. After receiving the signs from the sky (Zeus’ thunder),
Oedipus, who up to that point is depicted as not being able to go one step with
out the help of his trusted Antigone— this blind Oedipus gets up and walks
ahead alone and quite assuredly to his destiny. He knows where he is going.
1 This essay is a condensed and slightly altered version of a lecture course I gave at the
Collegium Phaenomenologicum in 2013.
2 Martin Heidegger, The Event, trans. Richard Rojcewicz (Indiana University Press, 2013),
henceforth cited as E followed by the page number. Originally published as Das Ereignis, ed.
F.-W. von Herrmann, vol. 71 of Gesamtausgabe (Frankfurt a. M.: Klostermann, 2009), hence
forth cited as ga 71.
3 See “Forewords,” in E, xxiii (translation modified here and below). In the translation by David
Grene, this sentence reads: ‘There shall be sight in all the words I say” (Sophocles’ Oedipus at
Colonos, trans. David Grene, in Greek Tragedies, ed. David Grene and Richmond Lattimore,
vol. 3 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 80.
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It is a god who summons Oedipus to his final destiny. What happened in the
end, nobody knows. Sophocles writes: “it was some messenger sent by the
gods, or some power of the dead split open the fundament of earth, with good
will, to give him painless entry.”4 Thus Oedipus suddenly disappears into the
earth, leaving no trace, no corpse behind.
It is telling that Heidegger begins The Event with reference to this tragedy.
W hathappens to Oedipus has some similarities to the movement of Heidegger’s
thinking in his non-public writings (I call them as well Heidegger’s “poietic”
writings in reference to the Greek word bringing forth) between 1936
and 1942. In the attempt to let go more and more of representational thinking
and thus of beings insofar as we look at them and represent them, and in the
attempt to purely think in response to the silent call of imageless beyng, per
haps following the intimation of a god, Heidegger’s thinking goes down (geht
unter) into concealment.
In what follows, I will trace the movement of Heidegger’s thinking in his poi
etic writings from Contributions to Philosophy5 (1936-38) to The Event (1941-42)
(including Besinnung6 [1938] and Uber den Anfang 7 [1941]), and I will end with
references to the thought of Gelassenheit in the Country Path Conversations
(1944/45).8 My guiding thread is the difference between being (or beyng) 9 and
beings that Heidegger so forcefully brings into play in his reference to blind
Oedipus. I will place emphasis on how from 1936 to 1944 Heidegger articulates
in different ways the simultaneity and difference of beyng and beings by focus
ing as well on the dispositions or attunements of Heidegger’s thinking.
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10 Bret W. Davis, Heidegger and the Will: On the Way to Gelassenheit (Evanston, il: North
western University Press, 2007). See especially the introduction and chapter 7: "Twisting
Free of the Domain of the Will: On the Way to an Other Beginning of Non-Willing.”
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By 1936 he thought differently; although he did not let go of thinking the neces
sity and possibility of such a grounding.
There is, then, a tension in Heidegger’s thinking of the thirties between, on
the one hand, thinking in the necessity of the grounding, and thus simulta
neity, of beyng and beings, and on the other hand, and precisely in view of
that necessity of grounding, a thinking that withstands a directedness toward
beings. In other words, Heidegger at once seeks and resists being in its con
crete singular articulation through beings, things, works, words, and deeds.
11 “Simultaneity” here is not meant in the sense of “at the same time” such that we take time
in a linear sense but rather in the sense of “at once.”
12 c, 13; ga 65:13. See also c, 13-14; ga 65:14.
13 With respect to the overcoming of the ontological difference in thinking of Contributions,
see Daniela Vallega-Neu Heidegger’s Contributions to Philosophy. An Introduction
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003), 24-26.
14 In Heidegger and the Romantics: The Literary Invention o f Meaning (New York: Routledge,
2012), Pol Vandevelde reads Heidegger's work of the ’30s and ’40s as attempting an ontol
ogy under the dictum “Poetry makes a being more being” (“Dichtung macht das Seiende
seiendeP’). For my response to his book, see Daniela Vallega-Neu, “Inventing Heidegger’s
Fluid Ontology” in Research in Phenomenology 44, no. 1 (2014) 143-59.
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beings, which means that we need to think the difference of beyng and beings
from within their simultaneity.
In Heidegger’s view, overcoming the ontological difference takes his think
ing of beyng one step further in the transition away from metaphysics (the
first beginning) where beyng and thinking are set apart such that thinking
merely represents being as beingness on the basis of the presence of repre
sented beings. In the transition to the other beginning, the reunion of beyng
and thinking needs to happen not by virtue of thought but through beyng
itself, since Heidegger’s thinking finds itself to be appropriated or to eventuate
(iereignet) by the event as which the truth of beyng occurs.
The task for Heidegger is to think of beyng or out of beyng as event (Ereignis).
This cannot be a decision we make but must be something happening to and
with us insofar as we are responsive in what occurs with us. An authentic
responsiveness to the event requires that one be unsettled from a subjective
stance, exposed, dislodged into the abyssal opening of beyng where beyng
occurs as appropriating event. Otherwise one remains deaf to the call of being.
At the same time, the dislodging is made possible, according to Heidegger, now
that all the possibilities of metaphysical thinking have been exhausted, by the
plight of beyng’s withdrawal. This plight, if it is sustained (if the dislodging is
sustained in restraint), initiates the transition into another beginning of the
history of beyng and thus into another thinking.
This is why Contributions begins with the junction “The Resonating”— the
truth of beyng resonates when the plight of the abandonment of beings by
beyng is sustained— that together with the juncture “The Interplay”—which
is the interplay between the first and the other beginning or a meditation on
historical inception— prepares for the “Leap” (third juncture) into the truth
of beyng.15 “The Leap” is followed by “The Grounding,” “The Future Ones,” and
“The Last God" whose passing by (Vorbeigang) would mark the other begin
ning for a people.
15 See Contributions, section 3. In the Appendix to Heidegger’s 1937-38 lecture course Basic
Questions of Phenomenology, trans. Richard Rojcewicz and Andre Schuwer (Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, 1994), Heidegger writes: “Access to the essence always has about
it something of the immediate and partakes of the creative, the freely arisen. We therefore
speak of a leap, a leap ahead into the essentialization [Wesung] of truth. Admittedly, this
terminology does not at first contribute a great deal toward the clarification or justifica
tion of our procedure. But it does suggest that this procedure must in every case be car
ried out by the individual expressly for himself. Whoever does not take this leap will never
experience what it opens up. Speaking of a ‘leap’ is also meant to intimate, however, that
a preparation is still possible and necessary here: the securing of the approach run for the
leap and the predelineation of its direction” (Basic Questions, 173; ga 45:203).
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16 Martin Heidegger, Die Geschichte des Seyns, ed. Peter Trawny (Frankfurt am Main:
Klostermann, 1998).
17 See section 122 of Contributions.
18 The er- in erdenken has a transitive sense. In the translation of erdenken as “inventive
thinking” we should hear “inventive” not in the sense of making something up but more
literally in its Latin meaning as “in-coming”.
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19 Charles Scott, Living with Indifference (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007), 41.
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tary basic disposition. From diffidence in particular arises the necessity of reti
cence [Verschweigung]”(g a 65:15; c, 15).
Restraint (together with diffidence) articulates a tension by virtue of which
shock and, with it, a dislodgment of thinking away from everyday relatedness
to beings is sustained. The tension marks a spacing, a bodily spacing I want to
say, that provides a site for the withdrawal of beyng such that this withdrawal
is held, maintained, kept manifest in this hesitation. Hesitancy (Zogerung)
names the spacing, the opening as which truth occurs. Truth is the unconceal
ing of the concealment of beyng, the open site of beyng as withdrawal, held in
hesitancy through restraint. Thus restraint allows the "there” of beyng’s with
drawal to “be.” It allows for Da-sein, for “there-being” to occur as an in-between
in the differencing of beyng and beings.20
This holding open of the temporal spacing of Da-sein is not yet a historical
grounding of a people, which can be granted only by beyng itself. In his essay
“On the Origin of the Work of Art,” which Heidegger wrote at the same time as
Contributions, he thinks ahead (or perhaps back) in the possibility of a histori
cal grounding. He envisions here beings, works of art no longer abandoned by
beyng but that have become, or are in a fuller sense such that through them
truth finds a worldly-earthly site. Heidegger speaks of a shoe painting by van
Gogh, of a temple, of stone, sky, and of animals. In Contributions Heidegger
hardly mentions any specific thing. Why not? Is it that Heidegger cannot think
the truth of beyng by speaking of sky, rocks, animals, and other concrete things
surrounding him because— following what he says— things in our epoch are
deprived of truth? Is it because beings are abandoned by being, and it is not up
to Heidegger to initiate a change for a people? This may indeed be something
he realizes more sharply after his experiences of 1933.
Heidegger’s disenchantment with the current political events of his time
must have something to do with why and how Heidegger continuously medi
tates on the abandonment of beings by beyng, on its origin and history. The
truth of beyng is occurring not yet as appropriating event but as dis-propriation.
The possibility for beings to be more fully has to be sought in the dark depths
of concealed historical beyng, because beyng occurs as withdrawal. It seems
that Heidegger needs to find a way to spread awareness of the plight of the
abandonment of beings by beyng in our epoch; somehow he needs to pre
pare the possibility of a fundamental transformation of how beyng occurs and
20 Heidegger sometimes speaks of Da-sein as the open center for the truth of beyng. Section
95 of Contributions: “The truth of beyng is nothing less than the essence o f truth, grasped
and grounded as the clearing-concealing; it is the occurrence of Da-sein, the occurrence
of the axis in the turning as self-opening center” (ga 65:189; c, i48f.). Cf. section 191.
determines our relation to world, earth, and things. This is the reason, I believe,
why in Contributions and even more in Besinnung and Geschichte des Seyns,
he places emphasis on the junctures of Anklang and Zuspiel (resonating and
interplay) in the transitional thinking of the other beginning. Heidegger medi
tates extensively on the abandonment of beings by beyng, the forgetfulness of
being in machination, and on the difference between the metaphysical think
ing of the being of beings and a more inceptive historical thinking of beyng.
And yet, it is not up to Heidegger to initiate another beginning of history; it is
up to being itself.
1. One possibility is that the revolution of beyng occurs and that Da-sein
and, through it, beings are inceptively grounded. Through the grounding
of Da-sein “beyng and truth, divinity and humanity, history and art
first find in poetry and thought the origin of their essence” ( ga 66: 230;
M, 204).
2. Another possibility is that beings remain stuck in the “shackles” and
“common paths" of beingness and “compel to a complete lack of deci
sion” ( ga 66: 230; m , 204). It would be the endless continuation of the
dominion of machination and lived experience.
3. The remaining possibility is a hybrid situation. The grounding of Da-sein
does not happen, but “in the unknowable concealedness, the history of
beyng... begins in the successive battles [Kampffolge] of the lonely
ones, and beyng enters into the most proper and estranging history
21 My translation here and below. 1 am nevertheless indicating (here and below) where, in
the published English version, the sentences I am quoting and translating may be found.
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whose jubilations and mourning, victories and falls carry over into the
region of the heart [Herzensraum] only of the most rare ones” (GA 66:
230; M, 204f.).
22 This applies especially to Heidegger’s polemic remarks in his non-public writings, includ
ing the Schwarze Hefte, when he attacks Christianity, Judaism, Bolshevism, Americanism,
National Socialism and many other—isms. These are hardly instances of poietic thinking.
See David F. KrelTs review of the Schwarze Hefte in this issue.
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23 The emphasis is on the decision over history and section 8 articulates this decision even
in terms of “battle.” The German word here is Kampf as in the title of Hitler's book Mein
Kampf. Section 8 of Besinnung also reveals that Heidegger had his own take on war and
peace. He writes: “War is only the uncontrolled machination of beings, peace only the
seeming quieting down of that uncontrolledness. Battle, however, is the mirroring of the
free gifting of essence [Wesensverschenkung] out of the mildness of the proudness of
refusal. ‘Battle’here is thought out of the stillness of the essential occurring” ( ga 66: 15).
24 See ga 65:406,416,132; c, 322,329,104; and section 12 in ga 66: i7f. and in m , 13.
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out of keeping silent. And this bringing into silence grows only out of restraint”
('ga 65: 34, c, 29). When Heidegger writes how the grounding disposition of
Contributions is complex, he seems to address an oscillation between stillness
and unsettlement or shock.
The oscillation of the basic attunement can also be found in the way
Heidegger articulates the originary experience of language. Again in section
13, in the subsection titled “Restraint, silence, and language,” we find a silence
that goes along with the unsettlement in shock; it is the moment when lan
guage fails us: “Words do not yet come to speech at all, but it is precisely in
failing us that they arrive at the first leap. This failing is the event as intima
tion and incursion of beyng.” The failing of words marks the first moment of
the language of being in transition from the first beginning, but ultimately, the
language that Heidegger seeks, the language of the event, would not simply be
a failing of words although it would be made possible by this failing and would
let it resonate at the same time. Heidegger writes: “This failing us is the incep-
tual condition for the self-unfolding possibility of an original (poetic) naming
of beyng” (ga 65:36; c, 30). In such naming beyng and beings would be trans
formed into their simultaneity; the word, a being, would arise out of beyng and
bespeak it at the same time.
Retrospectively, Heidegger would criticize the language of Contributions as
being still too much bound to metaphysics. Already at the time he completed
Besinnung, Heidegger voiced a criticism with respect to Contributions.25 In The
Event, Heidegger critiques Contributions as being “too didactic,” as depending
too much on the quasi-metaphysical differentiation between grounding ques
tion and guiding question, as grasping the beginning “as something carried out
by thinkers,” and as thinking Da-sein “too unilaterally in relation to the human
being” (ga 71:4f.; e , xxiv).
What Heidegger calls at times the “didactic” character of Contributions
probably is what allows the reader some better access to the book. As I see it, a
large part of the thinking of Contributions is devoted to the preparation of the
transition to the other beginning. He sets up parameters through the sequence
of junctures and places emphasis on the first two junctures (The Resonating
and The Interplay). The leap also suggests a sense of break between prepa
ratory reflections and preliminary experiences, on the one hand, and the full
immersion into the thinking of the event, on the other hand. (This parallels the
differentiation between the guiding question of metaphysics and the ground
ing question of the other beginning.) Heidegger himself “leaps” back and forth
between different levels of engagement with a saying of the event. In liber den
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With Uber den Anfang, the turn toward concealment intensifies and takes
on a different character. Thinking occurs less as a withstanding in the draw
of beyng’s withdrawal than as a following, an “egress into the abyssal ground”
(.Entgdngnis in den Ab-grund) (g a 70:11, §1). And as Heidegger’s thinking goes
down, it lets go of something; something that we may preliminarily think of
as a tension that held his thinking back in Contributions. In his downgoing,
Heidegger thinks even beyond beyng and beyond the nothingness belonging
to being; he does this through the notions of the “nothingless" and the “being
less” (das Nichtslose and das Seinlose) that bespeak a limit he had not thought
before such that beyng “loses its exclusive priority” ( g a 70:9).
In Uber den Anfang Heidegger thinks the event as inception (Anfang)
without giving priority to the relation to thinking. Concerning “inception,”
he writes: “this word here thinks the taking-to-itself [An-sich-nehmen] and
catching [Auffangen] of that which is appropriated [er-eignet] in the reach
ing out that takes on-to-itself [an-sich-nehmendes Aus-langen]-, what reaches
out and takes on-to-itself is not thinking but: the clearing of the openness, the
unconcealing. The taking on-to-itself is at once unconcealing and concealing”
( g a 70:10). The word A nfang has the root meaning fangen, “to catch.”26 What
catches, here, is not a human, not thinking, not even in the guise of Da-sein.
(Note how this differs from section 122 of Contributions where Heidegger
speaks of thought catching what is thrown to “it”.) There is, strictly speak
ing nothing and nobody that catches. We rather should think as in the Greek
middle-voice: a “catching itself” occurs of what is appropriated. In the catch
ing, what is unconcealed is held in concealment. The movement of thinking is
not one of withstanding the abyss but rather one of departure, Abschied, a new
essential word for Heidegger:
26 “In-ception” has the same root meaning (“-ception” comes from the Latin capere,
“to catch”) as An-fang. That is why it makes sense to translate Uber den Anfang as On
Inception.
The German word for what 1 translate as “seizing” has the root meaning
eignung, just like appropriation (Ereignung), which is a cognate of Ereignis,
event. In-ception is thus thought as a seizing of what is appropriated. Another
new basic word we find in the context of thinking the event as in-ception
(.Anfang) is Anfangnis, a neologism Heidegger coins, which makes a noun
out of the occurrence of beginning or inception. I translate it as initiation.
Heidegger speaks of the initiation of the inception, die Anfdngnis desAnfangs,
thus emphasizing the actual occurrence of the in-ception he is thinking. It is
not an accident that Heidegger speaks simply of inception without specifying
“other inception” (other beginning), since he is moving in a realm of thinking
where the inception is one, or rather where it is the unique occurrence of the
event in the departure into the abyss.27
Heidegger describes the relation between the seizing-appropriating incep
tion and beings as follows:
The inceptive appropriating event, however, has its full essence only in
the fact that by occurring as appropriation and thus as a carrying out
[als Er-eignung austragend], it clears the inceptive clearing and thus
appropriates the openness. Such an appropriating is the coming-in-
between [Dazwischenkunft] of the clearing as time-space. The appropri
ating appropriates the in-between (as in-the-midst and meanwhile) to
that which—until the time span [Frist] that occurs essentially out of the
appropriating— [is] the nothingless [das Nichtslose] which then arises as
a being, ( g a 70:11)
27 Compare, for instance, section 42, or the end of the first section of Uber den Anfang.
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Only being (not beings) has the essential occurrence of nothingness. Perhaps
we may think this nothingness of being out of the draw of being’s withdrawal
or out of the horizon of death that determines our being. Beings do not have
that dimension. They are not in the draw of being’s withdrawal as we are when
we face our mortality. As beings rise into being they only or simply “are” beings.
The word are, however, is not appropriate in relation to beings. In fact, beings
are not, even when they arise into being:
Beyng as inception and event uniquely has that essence that allows say
ing: “Beyng is”. All beings only arise into being; beings never are; but
always only ‘are’ beings.
A being is not, in so far as it is to have its circumstances [Bewenden], i.e.
here the inception, in the “is”. A being only is as a being; and this means:
a being reaches being only at times, but a being is not itself being, (
ga 71:11)
Trees, rocks, birds, words (can we include radios, cups, and chairs too?) are not
but at times rise into being, presumably at those times, when the event appro
priates the in-between. But even then they are not, if we take the “are” in the
strong sense that includes nothingness. Even when beings rise into being, they
are precisely differentiated from being.
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The rose blooms in the poem of the poet and only there, but this ‘bloom
ing’ is not simply what is said afterwards about a so-called real thing, a
being, instead it alone [the blooming] is the being. That is why according
to the uniqueness and rareness of being, inventive poetizing [Er-dichtung]
happens rarely. (GA 70:117)
The blooming of the rose here addresses the be-ing of the rose. There is not
first a thing, the rose, that then is brought into being. The being, the rose in the
how of its being, i.e. in the blooming, rises into its be-ing in the saying or in
the word. Beyng, thought as the event of appropriation is the rising into being
of beings.
The rising up of non-beings into be-ing is always unique, says Heidegger.
It “is always different depending on beings being propriated (an-geeignet) to
being as stone, tree, animal, human, god.” Furthermore, “rising is not repre-
sentedness and not mere appearing; rising is emerging [Aufgehen} and yet at
the same time staying back in the beingless” ( g a 70:119).
28 GA 70: 27.
29 ga 70, se ctio n 44.
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What Heidegger says here in the end— that beings at the same time that
they arise stay back in the beingless is crucial, since only thus is the relation to
being preserved. Again, what is preserved is not nothingness but the beingless.
Perhaps we can think the beingless in terms of emptiness rather than a sense of
withdrawal or passing or lack. As I understand it, with the beingless, Heidegger
thinks a more inceptive letting be of “not yet or no longer be-ing beings,”which
occurs in the most extreme downgoing into the abyss. I also believe that it
is related to a new historical disposition in Heidegger’s thinking, that of let
ting the abandonment of beings by being (the historical unfolding and install
ment of machination at the end of the first beginning) pass by, of not resisting
it. His thinking thus enters into what I called above the hybrid situation, the
in-between the never ending epoch of machination and the estranged realm
where being is appropriated for the few. All this happens in 1941.
The notion of beinglessness is, if I may say so, a positive notion for Heidegger
and needs to be sharply differentiated from the abandonment of beings by
being.30 Together with beinglessness, Heidegger thinks also a positive notion of
Enteignis, of dispropriation, where dispropriation again is not the movement
of withdrawal of beyng that unleashes beings into machination but points to
the most inceptive moment in the downgoing into the abyss of inception.
In section 98 of Uber den Anfang, Heidegger writes that thought as the
beingless, beings “are in a certain sense ‘prior’ and older than being":
Since, however, being comes in-between into the beingless [ Weilaber das
Sein in das Seinlose dazwischen ankommt] and begins as the inception of
beings, therefore beings— namely as the subsequently be-ing beingless
[als das nachmalige seiende Seinlose]— are in a certain sense “prior” and
older than being. (ga 70:121)
Heidegger is not saying that beings are things in themselves before we think
them and that in thinking them we attribute being to them. But he also does
not want to say that beings arise from beyng such that beyng somehow would
generate beings. This is why he writes: “Although beinglessness is still conceived
coming from being, it does not originate from being” ( ga 70:121). Perhaps this
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is also related to the fact that Heidegger first spoke of the not-yet-being beings
as the nothingless. Beings before they rise into being are not even nothing.
“Neither can be said [that] the beingless is, nor that it is not” (g a 70:121).
The beingless are beings before and after they rise into being, i.e., before a
clearing of being is appropriated, i.e., before Da-sein! We should wonder how
Heidegger can think such a thought. Is not his thinking in Contributions and
in the following writings precisely an attempt at thinking o/being, i.e., out of a
basic attunement that already is a being in the there, i.e., in Da-sein? How can
Heidegger think prior to Da-sein?
Heidegger does not say anything about the beingless as being experienced
in restraint or withstood in Da-sein. The beingless is conceived in a movement
of departure and allows Heidegger to think something most extreme belong
ing to the essence of being.31 This is not the concealment belonging to truth
that is held in hesitation; it is not the nothing that we experience in the draw of
beings withdrawal or in the face of our mortality. It is the not-yet and no-longer
begun inception of being as event.32
Let us consider how he thinks this most extreme thought— the “unsayable”
(das Unsagliche), as he calls it in section 68 (p. 85)— in the last downgoing:
31 “But in beinglessness can be conceived something most extreme belonging to the essence
of being (inception— downgoing—departure).
“Here—in the ‘beinglessness’ and in the ‘beingless’—lies a challenge [eine Zumutung]
in the face o f which no metaphysics finds a way" ( ga 70:121).
32 “The beingless ‘is’ the prior-inceptive and the post-inceptive and this not insofar as it
has the character of inception but insofar as it only ‘becomes’ a being in the inception
and ceases to be [entwird] in the downgoing.... Yet only here the innermost nihiliation
[Nichtung] of being itself is revealed, that in itself it is not only concealment and refusal
but the disappropriation in the manner of downgoing [untergdnglich die Enteignung]’’
( ga 70:122).
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the twisting up into the winding (the wreath) of the event, such that
beyng and its turning purely and essentially occur in the event. Thereby
the twisting free is a circulating in the event, wherein a constancy pre
vails which is itself determined out of the event. Thus within the event
beyng is ultimately sheltered and also concealed; twisted free from but
not “sublated”. ( g a 71:141; e , 121)
From here, from the abyss of the inceptual event, Heidegger thinks the
inception or beginning of metaphysics as a “twisting out” (Entwindung), the
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The demise and the transition pass each other by; according to the law
of the releasing [Loslassung] of being into its extreme distorted essence
(i.e., into the will to willing), beyng lets the distorted essence go on. Beyng
overcomes the dominance of the distorted essence not by “engaging”with
it and overpowering it but, rather, by releasing the distorted essence into
its demise__ But his releasing is nothing “negative"; instead, it belongs to
the dispropriation characteristic of all metaphysics since the start. And
this dispropriation is proper to the event. (ga 71: 84, e,7of.)
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he goes down into the abyssal occurrence of the event in the attempt to think
“beyond ground” the groundless inception.36
When Heidegger’s thinking moves beyond the limits of representation, as
it does in The Event, he thinks without images. There is no image for the being
less or for dispropriation. We should remind ourselves that what guides his
thinking is not a Gegenstand, an object standing against our perceptual experi
ence or the mind’s eye, which would provide a hold and directive for thinking;
there is nothing there that we could describe and think about. What he per
ceives in his surrounding world permeated by war is rather that of which he
lets go. What is it that gives directive to his thinking, then? It is an attunement
or a disposition (Stimmung). A main attunement guiding Heidegger’s thinking
in The Event is der Schmerz, pain.
5 Inceptive Dispositions
Pain is only one of the words marking the attunement of Heidegger’s thinking
in The Event. It is the most prominent one and in some sense takes the place of
restraint in Contributions. Just as in Contributions Heidegger spoke of restraint
as the middle of shock and diffidence, in The Event he speaks of pain as the
originary unity of Schrecken and Wonne, i.e., of horror and delight.37 There are
many other words that express dispositions. I will focus on pain first.
Pain gathers the horror of the abyss and the delight of departure.38 It char
acterizes the in-between of twisting out (or disentanglement) and twisting
free in the letting go of metaphysics in the departure into the abyss. Horror
relates to the twisting out that leads to the abandonment of beings by being
that makes possible the experience of the abyss that discloses the event as
originary dispropriation. While it is understandable that the experience of the
abandonment of beings by being and a sense of groundlessness come with
horror, the delight of which Heidegger speaks is more difficult to approach. It
relates to the twisting free into the event that is experienced as dispropriation
in the passing by of the two beginnings. How would that be delightful? Maybe
delight marks the moment of release, the letting go. Maybe it also relates to the
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intimation of a fuller sense of being in the light of utter loss. It would be, then,
a tragic pleasure.
Pain, which gathers horror and delight, is a disposition of being that occurs
in the differencing of being and beings in departure:
Enduring, austragen, literally means “carrying out” and takes the place of
“withstanding,” ausstehen (literally translated “standing out”), which is more
characteristic of Heidegger’s thinking in Contributions (although we do find
Heidegger speaking of withstanding also in The Event). Enduring or carrying
out is what Heidegger emphasizes when he speaks of the experience of think
ing the event as inception and also when he speaks of pain, the pain of endur
ing the differencing in the departure into the abyss.39 Enduring is not so much
a resisting but a following:
39 See sections 256-259 of GA 71, which are gathered under the heading X.A. “The enduring
of the difference (distinction) / Experience as the pain ‘of’ the departure.”
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to beyng: “Death is the going out into the pure nearness of beyng” ( g a 71:194,
E, 166).
There was death all around Heidegger in 1941. Safranski cites from a letter
Heidegger wrote to the mother of a former student of his who was killed in
action September 26,1941: “For us who are left behind it is a difficult step to the
knowledge that every one of the many young Germans who are today sacrific
ing their lives with a still genuine spirit and reverential heart may be experi
encing the most beautiful fate.”40 The connection to section 202 of The Event
is not hard to make.41
How should we understand the relation between Heidegger’s thinking in
The Event and the times in which he writes? Did the war influence his thinking
in a way that led him to withdraw more and more into the abyssal dimension
of being such that he somehow fled from concrete political engagement? (This
path down, however, had already begun earlier. One could argue that it was
predisposed already in Being and Time. ) 42 Or did the proximity of death allow
Heidegger to think the essence of being more deeply and to finally let go of his
resistance toward what happened? Or was he interpreting actual events from
the vantage point of his thinking that carried a certain blindness toward what
was actually happening, as so many interpreters of Heidegger are led to think?
Is all this, furthermore, permeated by an aftermath of Heidegger’s failure to
pull through with his private National Socialism; is it a repercussion of his own
sense of powerlessness to change the behavior of the Germans, to let them see
their true destiny?
These questions let show the difficulty I have to dissociate the pain, of
which Heidegger writes, from his life and the historical situation in Germany
in 1941, even if Heidegger does not want this pain to be misunderstood anthro
pologically and even if I do not want to fall into the all too trodden footsteps
of those who like to blame Heidegger for his political actions and reduce his
40 R. Safranski, Martin Heidegger: Between Good and Evil, trans. Ewald Osers, 4th ed.
(Cambridge, m a : Harvard University Press, 2002), 328.
41 See also the following remark: “Death is the consummation of the steadfastness in
Da-sein; death is sacrifice” (ga 71:193; E, 165).
42 Notes from Heidegger’s Schwarze Hefte are quite explicit about the fact that in 1931 (prior
to his infamous Rectorship) Heidegger rejects appeals to the situation (Situation) (Martin
Heidegger, Uberlegungen u - v i (Schwarze Hefte 1931-1938), ed. Peter Trawny, vol. 94 of
Gesamtausgabe [Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 2014] 7b) and emphasizes
“alone-ness” (Allein-heit) and bearing silence. This is the time that he intimates the neces
sity of a more radical leap (he speaks of Loswurfand Sichloswetfen, of “leaping off” [ga 94:
77-80]) into the beginning. A decisive date for Heidegger is March 1932, since it marks for
him a break from his previous path (see ga 94: ig).
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To think the event requires attunements or dispositions and that one follow
what gives itself to thought in attunements. The origin of attunement is at the
same time the origin of language such that the spoken or written word arises
out of what Heidegger thinks as the silent word or the silent voice of beyng.
See, for instance, section 314 of The Event
What Heidegger is after in The Event is nothing but a saying of the event as
inception occurring in departure as his thinking descends into the abyss, let
ting beings go into their demise. In section 242 titled “Stimmung,”“Disposition,”
he writes
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“The disposition of thinking is the voice of beyng,”43 and the attempt is to let
that disposition resonate in the thinking word. Words like Langmut, Grossmut,
Scheu, i.e. forbearance, magnanimity, and diffidence, and words like Adel, das
Edle, Armut, Mut, Wilrde, and Danken, i.e., nobility, the noble, poverty, courage,
dignity, and thanking— among others—these words bear affective dimensions
and determine the way Heidegger’s words resonate for the reader. They are not
so much words about attunement as they are attuning words. They do or can
possibly do what Heidegger attempts to do, namely, not to speak about being
or about disposition but to dispose. He says this in section 314, and it sounds
like a reminder for himself: “Disposing— instead of talking ‘about’ dispositions”
( g a 71:284, E, 247).
Another way Heidegger’s language carries attuning or disposing qualities is
through repetitive sound-iterations such that in these iterations words gain a
certain constancy. These iterations derive from the twisting free into the event,
and as Heidegger writes, “the twisting free is a circulating in the event, wherein
a constancy prevails which is itself determined out of the event” (g a 71:141;
E, 121). The constancy determined out of the event occurs through the repeti
tive thinking and saying that lets itself be attuned by the event and the silent,
abyssal voice of beyng. One needs to read the German text in order to get a full
sense of how Heidegger is thinking through word/sound iterations. See, for
instance, the beginning of section 314 quoted above in English:
314. Das Wort (die Sage)— das Stimmen__ Was ist das Wort? Die laut-
lose Stimme des Seyns. Was heiftt hier Stimme? Nicht ‘Laut’, sondern das
Stimmen, d.h. Er-fahren lasen. Wie dies?
Stimmen in die Erfahrung des Anfangs (der selbst unerfahrbar).
Stimmen durch Be-stimmen.
Bestimmen durch Denken der Stimme des Wortes des Anfangs.
Denken durch bildloses Sagen des Anfangs. ( g a 71:283; E, 246)
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44 See The Event, sections 259, 262, 264. In section 259 Heidegger writes about the enduring
of the difference: “In this thinking, ‘questioning’ also is overcome.” And in the following
paragraph: “The enduring is, if speaking in this way is still possible, more o f a questioning
than any question, because the enduring belongs to the abyss and therefore does not stop
at a ground but goes back beyond it instead” ( g a 71:237; E, 204).
45 FG, 24b; CPC, 15.
46 Sections 69,139,173,246 of The Event.
47 g a 71:234; E, 202.
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and Da-seyn. It also appears in the first country path conversation. Here the
scholar quotes what obviously is a thinking poem of Heidegger. The title of the
short thinking-poem is “Instdndigkeit,”which Bret Davis translates fittingly as
“indwelling.” The second half of the “poem” reads:
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50 In the early use of the word concrete, it came to mean the descriptive quality of a sub
stance, e.g., white, as distinct from a quality per se, e.g., whiteness. Then it came to mean
something “existing in a physical form” {New Oxford American Dictionary, s.v. “concrete”).
51 g a 77:130, CPC, 84.
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relation of the drink to the human, furthermore, brings into play the festival
that also brings the human to abide. (Not explicitly named, but surmised, in
this context, is the relation to the divine.) In the open-region that emerges from
the emptiness of the jug, earth and sky and humans (and the divine) come to
abide in the festival. What is developed here is the thought of a being, a jug,
in the context of a relation to being where thinking is released into a relation
to the open-region such that this releasement is vergegnet, “enregioned.” With
recourse to the language of Contributions and The Event, we may rethink this
by saying that thinking is appropriated into belonging to the event of appropri
ation in which the truth of beyng occurs such that being comes in-between the
beingless, and beings (in this case the jug) become more being (wird seiender).
In my reading of Heidegger’s approach to the jug, the emptiness of the jug
mirrors and in the mirroring carries with it, so to speak, the beingless that is
preserved insofar as the open-region or the openness of truth is such only in
relation to the emptiness, i.e., the beingless that in turn reflects the dispropria-
tion as which the event inceptively occurs.
The jug has become more being through the thinking of its emptiness. This
is how thinking lets this thing rest in its being. Clearly such an approach to
things no longer looks at them as manipulable objects. But does it let beings
be what they are? Does it think them in their singularity? Or, rather, is not the
singularity— the Einzigkeit of being that Heidegger attempts to evoke— the
singularity of a moment of contemplation that has left the singularity of things
behind? Is Heidegger opening up for us the possibility of a deeper or more
essential relation to things or is he missing the relation to things as he lets pass
by machinationally determined beings?
For Heidegger, the experience of the emptiness or groundlessness that
comes with the experience of the abandonment of beings makes possible, if
we let ourselves be guided into it, a most inceptive, most essential sense of
being. The proximity to this being resonates through the distance that is the
distance of the beingless, of dispropriation, to which thinking has to continu
ously give itself. The war may have sharpened Heidegger’s sensibility for this
proximity of what is most distant and ungraspable; his disillusionment with
regards to National Socialism may have played a role too in letting himself
embark into the departure from the world of machination and to intimate a
fuller sense of being.
How is this relevant for us? Why does Heidegger’s thought capture us or
repel us or stir us (provided it does so)? We are still in times of war, although
the proximity of these wars is for most of us so distant that we hardly feel
them. Machination largely determines our relation to an ever more exploited
and endangered environment; it determines in many ways university life and
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daily affairs. The desert of which Nietzsche speaks continues to grow. In all
this Heidegger thinks a saving power, a saving power maybe not for all people,
maybe not even for one people, but for the few who become followers of the
silent call of beyng.
Let me end with words Heidegger takes from Holderlin’s hymn Patmos,
words to which I will add a twist such that the two phrases together may
express the ambiguity or unrest in which my engagement with Heidegger in
his poietic writings takes me.
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