Ch27 Circuits

EMF (electromotive force, not a force in any sense!) ability to do work by pumping charge dW dW / dt P = = = iR unit: J/C = ____ E = dq dq / dt i Analyzing circuits Potential rise (+ve) or drop (ve) across a device along the direction of i:

i
E

i q/C ( no need to know the polarity of the plates, see P. 5)

iR

Kirchhoffs laws 1. voltage law (or loop rule) The algebraic sum of the changes in potential (rises and drops) encountered in a complete traversal of any loop of a circuit must be zero. 2. current law (or junction rule) The sum of currents entering any junction must be equal to the sum of the currents leaving that junction. i2 i1 i1 = i2 + i3 i3 Example (Sample Problem 27-3) Given E1 = 3.0 V, E2 = 6.0 V R1 = 2.0 , R2 = 4.0 Want currents in all three branches. First step: arbitrarily assign current directions in those branches At junction point a: i3 = i1 + i2 Go around left loop in counterclockwise direction (arbitrary) __ i1 R1 __ E1 __ i1 R1 __ E2 __ i2 R2 = 0 Same to the right loop __ i3 R1 __ i2 R2 __ E2 __ i3 R1 __ E2 = 0 Solving three equations give i1 = 0.5 A, i2 = 0.25 A, i3 = 0.25 A negative current means that the direction we assigned to i2 is incorrect. PHYS121 Fall 06 (P. W. Leung) Ch27 Circuits (Tue 10/10/06) 1

Analyzing complex circuits in series i1 i Req = R1 + R2 i the same over all resistors V the sum of iR over all resistors i

in parallel

i2
1 1 1 = + Req R1 R2 i the sum over all branches i = i1 + i2 V the same over all branches

Beware of topologically equivalent circuits, e.g.,

is equivalent to

is equivalent to

To find current, voltage, etc. in various branches, usually have to do it in two steps:

PHYS121 Fall 06 (P. W. Leung) Ch27 Circuits (Tue 10/10/06)

Rules to find potential difference between two points in a circuit: 1. sum up the potential rise/drop between the two points 2. if one point is ground, then the potential at that point is zero Example a real battery An ideal battery has EMF only but a real battery has internal resistance r E __ ir __ iR = 0 i = 2 A voltage (or potential difference) across the terminals of the battery Vba = Vb Va = E ir = 8 V Since a is grounded, Va = 0, Vb = 8 V

the power that this EMF device can deliver is Pemf = iE = 24 W

real battery but an amount i 2 r = 8 W is dissipated as heat inside the battery, so the power the battery can deliver is only iE i 2 r = 16 W

RC circuit charging i R iR

E iR

q dq q =0 R + =E C dt C a differential equation q(t ) = CE (1 e t / RC ) satisfies initial conditions q(0) = ______ q() = _______

q/C potential rise or drop?

dq E t / RC = e dt R q VC = = E (1 e t / RC ) C i=

dimension of RC is _________

PHYS121 Fall 06 (P. W. Leung) Ch27 Circuits (Tue 10/10/06)

how fast? Want a characteristic time for convenience, choose = RC , i.e., after time , q ( ) = CE (1 e 1 ) = 0.63 q()
i ( ) =

E
R

e 1 = 0.37 i (0)

if larger, q grows (faster/slower) q/q()

i decays (faster/slower) i

t discharging
i

t
q =0 C

Set E = 0 in E iR
R dq q + =0 dt C q (t ) = q0 e t / RC

initial charge on C
i= dq q = 0 e t / RC dt RC

q or i

PHYS121 Fall 06 (P. W. Leung) Ch27 Circuits (Tue 10/10/06)

Why is the potential across a capacitor always q / C irrespective of the polarities of the plates? Strictly speaking: charging
+q

discharging
+q

V = q / C (potential drop) dq i= dt i q =0 C dq q + =0 dt RC iR

V = + q / C (potential rise) d (Q0 q) dq i= = dt dt Q0 initial charge in capacitor q =0 C dq q + =0 dt RC iR +

same / / la meme chose !

PHYS121 Fall 06 (P. W. Leung) Ch27 Circuits (Tue 10/10/06)

PHYS121 Fall 06 (P. W. Leung) Ch27 Circuits (Tue 10/10/06)