Chapter 7

7.1

head loss S tan α

From the figure: i = = = sin α
length ⎛ S ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ cos α ⎠

q = k i A = (k)(sin α)(4.2 cos α)(1)

k = 4.8 × 10-3 cm/sec = 4.8 × 10-5 m/sec

q = (4.8 × 10−5 )(sin 6°)(4.2 cos 6°)(3600) = 0.0754 m3 /hr/m



to change
to m/hr

≈ 7.54 × 10- 2 m 3 /hr/m

h
7.2 i=
⎛ S ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ cos α ⎠
⎛ ⎞
⎛ h cos α ⎞ ⎜ 0.075 ⎟⎛ 2.75 cos14 ⎞
q = kiA = k ⎜ ⎟( H 1 cos α × 1) = ⎜ 2 ⎟⎜ ⎟(2 cos14)
⎝ S ⎠ N ⎟⎝
⎜ 10 30 ⎠
⎝ m/sec ⎠
= 1.29 × 10 -4 m 3 /sec/m

41
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 QL (350 cm 2 )(30 cm)
7.3 a. k = = 2
= 3.96 × 10- 3 cm/sec
Aht (176.71 cm )(50 cm)(300 sec)

⎛1+ e ⎞
b. vs = v ⎜ ⎟; v = ki
⎝ e ⎠

⎛1+ e ⎞ ⎛ 50 cm ⎞⎛ 1 + 0.61 ⎞
vs = ki⎜ ⎟ = (0.00396)⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 0.0174 cm/sec
⎝ e ⎠ ⎝ 30 cm ⎠⎝ 0.61 ⎠

QL (160)(15)
7.4 k= ; 0.062 =
Aht (31.67)(h)(60)

h = 20.37 cm

⎛ aL ⎞ ⎛h ⎞ ⎡ (0.25)(15) ⎤ ⎛ 40 ⎞
7.5 a. k = 2.303⎜ ⎟ log10 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ = ( 2.303) ⎢ ⎥ log10 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ At ⎠ ⎝ h2 ⎠ ⎣ (19.64)(8 × 60) ⎦ ⎝ 20 ⎠

= 2.75 × 10-4 cm/sec

⎛h ⎞
b. k = 2.303⎛⎜ aL ⎞⎟ log10 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟
⎝ At ⎠ ⎝ h2 ⎠

⎡ (0.25)(15) ⎤ ⎛ 40 ⎞ ⎛ 40 ⎞
0.000275 = ( 2.303) ⎢ ⎥ log10 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.00122 log⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎣ (19.64)(6 × 60) ⎦ ⎝ h2 ⎠ ⎝ h2 ⎠

h2 = 23.82 cm

⎛h ⎞
7.6 a. k = 2.303⎛⎜ aL ⎞⎟ log10 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟
⎝ At ⎠ ⎝ h2 ⎠

⎛ 0.97 × 50 ⎞ ⎛ 41 ⎞
= (2.303)⎜ ⎟ log10 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.241 cm/min = 0.00402 cm/sec
⎝ 16 × 10 ⎠ ⎝ 18.5 ⎠

kη (4.02 × 10 −5 m/sec)(1.005 × 10 −3 N ⋅ s/m 2 )

K = = = 4.13 × 10 -12 m 2
γw 9.789 × 10 3 N/m 3

42
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 ⎛h ⎞
b. k = 2.303⎛⎜ aL ⎞⎟ log10 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟
⎝ At ⎠ ⎝ h2 ⎠

⎛ 0.97 × 50 ⎞ ⎛ 41 ⎞
0.241 cm/min = ( 2.303)⎜ ⎟ log10 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 16 × 7 ⎠ ⎝ h2 ⎠

h2 = 23.5 cm

7.7 From Eq. (7.15) and Table 7.2 for T = 28° C:

⎛η ⎞
k 20°C = ⎜⎜ T ° C ⎟⎟ k T ° C = (0.832)(0.009) = 7.49 × 10 − 3 cm/sec
⎝ η 20°C ⎠

e13 ⎛ 0.623 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
7.8
k 1+ e
Eq. (7.31): 1 = 3 1 , or
0.03
= ⎝ 1 + 0.62 ⎠ = 0.1471
k2 e2 k2 ⎛ 0.483 ⎞ 0.0747
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
1 + e2 ⎝ 1 + 0.48 ⎠

k2 = 0.015 cm/sec

7.9 e = emax – (emax – emin)Dr = 0.68 – (0.68 – 0.42)(0.52) = 0.544

0.7825
⎡ e3 ⎤
Eq. (7.32): k (cm/sec) = 2.4622 ⎢ D102
⎣ 1 + e ⎥⎦
0.7825
⎡ ⎛ 0.5443 ⎞⎤
= (2.4622) ⎢(0.4) 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥ = 0.1 cm/sec
⎣ ⎝ 1 + 0.544 ⎠⎦

7.10 e1 = emax – (emax – emin)Dr = 0.72 – (0.72 – 0.46)(0.8) = 0.512

e2 = 0.72 – (0.72 – 0.46)(0.67) = 0.545

e13 ⎛ 0.5123 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
k1 1 + e1 0.006 ⎜⎝ 1 + 0.512 ⎟⎠ 0.0887
= 3 , or = =
k2 e2 k2 ⎛ 0.5453 ⎞ 0.1047
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
1 + e2 ⎝ 1 + 0.545 ⎠

43
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 k2 = 7.08 × 10-3 cm/sec

n1 0.36
7.11 n1 = 0.36; e1 = = = 0.562
1 − n1 1 − 0.36

0.48
n2 = 0.48; e2 = = 0.923
1 − 0.48
3 3
⎛ e 3 ⎞⎛ 1 + e ⎞ ⎛ 1 + e1 ⎞⎛ e2 ⎞ ⎛ 1.562 ⎞⎛ 0.923 ⎞
Eq. (7.31): k2 = k1 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 3 1 ⎟⎟ = k1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = (0.072)⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 + e2 ⎠⎝ e1 ⎠ ⎝ 1 + e2 ⎠⎝ e1 ⎠ ⎝ 1.923 ⎠⎝ 0.562 ⎠

k2 = 0.259 cm/sec

7.12 γd(field) = Rγd(max) = (0.9)(16) = 14.4 kN/m3

Gs γ w (2.7)(9.81)
e= −1 = − 1 = 0.839
γ d (field) 14.4

⎛ e3 ⎞ 0.6
Eq. (7.34) : k (cm/sec) = 35⎜⎜ ⎟⎟(Cu )( D10 mm)2.32
⎝ 1 + e ⎠

⎛ 0.8393 ⎞
= 35⎜⎜ ⎟⎟(3.1)0.6 (0.23)2.32 = 0.732 cm/sec
⎝ 1 + 0.839 ⎠

7.13 Sieve Opening Percent Fraction between two

no. (cm) passing consecutive sieves (%)
30 0.06 100 {− − − − 27
40 0.0425 73 {− − − − 14
60 0.02 59 {− − − − 36
100 0.015 23 {− − − − 23
200 0.0075 0

For fraction between ⎫ fi 27

= = 550.93
sieve Nos. 30 and 40 ⎬⎭ D 0.404
li × Dsi
0.595
0.06 0.404
× 0.04250.595

44
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 For fraction between ⎫ fi 14
= = 514.21
sieve Nos. 40 and 60 ⎬⎭ D 0.404
li × Dsi
0.595
0.0425 0.404
× 0.02 0.595

For fraction between ⎫ fi 36

= = 2127.71
sieve Nos. 60 and 100 ⎬⎭ D 0.404
li × Dsi
0.595
0.02 0.404
× 0.0150.595

For fraction between ⎫ fi 23

= = 2306 .35
sieve Nos. 100 and 200 ⎬⎭ D 0.404
li × Dsi
0.595
0.015 0.404
× 0.00750.595

∑100% 100
∑D × Dsi
0.404 0.595
=
550.93 + 514.21 + 2127.71 + 2306.35
= 0.0182
li

2
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 0.683 ⎞
k = (1.99 × 10 )(0.0182) ⎜
4
⎟
2
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.0219 cm/sec
⎝ 7.5 ⎠ ⎝ 1 + 0.68 ⎠

n
k1 ⎛ e1n ⎞⎛ 1 + e2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 + e2 ⎞⎛ e1 ⎞
7.14 =⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
k 2 ⎜⎝ 1 + e1 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ e2n ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 + e1 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ e2 ⎟⎠

n
0.2 × 10−6 ⎛ 2.6 ⎞⎛ 0.95 ⎞ n
−6
=⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ; 0.1648 = 0.593
0.91 × 10 ⎝ 1.95 ⎠⎝ 1.6 ⎠

log 0.1648
n= = 3.45
log 0.593

⎛ en ⎞ (0.2 × 10−6 )(1 + 0.95)

k1 = C ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ ; C= = 4.655 × 10− 7 cm/sec
⎝ 1 + e1 ⎠
3.45
0.95

⎛ 1.13.45 ⎞
k3 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟( 4.655 × 10 − 7 ) = 3.08 × 10- 7 cm/sec
⎝ 2 .1 ⎠

7.15 Eq. (7.37): log k = A′ log e + B′

log k1 − log k2 log(0.2 × 10−6 ) − log(0.91 × 10−6 )

A′ = = = 2.9
log e1 − log e2 log(0.95) − log(1.6)

B′ − log k1 − A′ log e1 = log(0.2 × 10−6 ) − 2.9 log(0.95) = −6.634

log (k3) = (2.9)log(1.1) – 6.634 = –6.514

45
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 k3 = 3.062 × 10-7 cm/sec

1
7.16 k H ( eq ) = (k1H1 + k2 H 2 + ....)
H

1
k H ( eq ) = [(10−4 )(1) + (2.8 × 10−2 )(1) + (3.5 × 10−5 )(2)] = 7.042 × 10−3 cm/sec
4

H 4
kV ( eq ) = =
H1 H 2 1 1 2
+ + .... −4
+ −2
+
k1 k2 10 2.8 × 10 3.5 × 10− 5
= 5.95 × 10− 5 cm/sec

k H ( eq ) 7.042 × 10−3
= = 118.35
kV ( eq ) 5.95 × 10−5

7.17 q = kiA

160 − 150
i= = 0.08
125

q = 250 m3/day

A = 2×500 = 1000 m2

q 250
k= = = 3.125 m/day
iA (0.08)(1000)

CRITICAL THINKING PROBLEM

H 60
7.C.1 a. kv ( eq ) = = = 1.076 × 10−3 cm/sec
H1 H 2 H 3 20 20 20
+ + + +
k1 k2 k3 5 × 10−3 4.2 × 10−2 3.9 × 10−4

⎛ 47 ⎞⎛ π ⎞
q = kv ( eq )iA = (0.001076)⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟(152 ) = 0.149 cm3/sec = 536.4 cm3/hr
⎝ 60 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠
46
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 b. x = 0 mm

Z = –220 mm;

u
= 470 + 220 = 690 mm
γw
u
h= + Z = 690 − 220 = 470 mm
γw

x = 200 mm

Z = –220 mm

kv (eq)i = k1i1

⎛ 47 ⎞ ⎛ ΔH ⎞
(0.001076)⎜ ⎟ = (0.005)⎜ ⎟
⎝ 60 ⎠ ⎝ 20 ⎠

ΔH = 3.371 cm = 33.71 mm

Therefore, h = 470 − 33 .71 = 436.29 mm

u
= 436.29 − (−220) = 656.29 mm
γw

x = 400 mm

Z = –220 mm

kv ( eq)i = k2i2

⎛ 47 ⎞ ⎛ ΔH ⎞
(0.001076)⎜ ⎟ = (0.042)⎜ ⎟
⎝ 60 ⎠ ⎝ 20 ⎠

ΔH = 0.4 cm = 4 mm

Therefore, h = 436 .29 − 4 = 432.29 mm

u
= 432.29 − (−220) = 652.29 mm
γw

47
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 x = 600 mm

Z = –220 mm

kv (eq)i = k3i3

⎛ 47 ⎞ ⎛ ΔH ⎞
(0.001076)⎜ ⎟ = (0.00039)⎜ ⎟
⎝ 60 ⎠ ⎝ 20 ⎠

ΔH = 43.224 cm = 432.24 mm

Therefore, h = 432 .29 − 432 .24 ≈ 0 mm

u
= 0 − (−220) = 220 mm
γw

c. The variation of heads with distance is shown in the following figure.

⎛ 47 ⎞
d. v = kv ( eq )i = (0.001076)⎜ ⎟ = 0.000843 cm/sec
⎝ 60 ⎠

48
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 v
vs =
n

0.000843
Soil I: vs = = 0.00168 cm/sec
0.5

0.000843
Soil II: vs = = 0.0014 cm/sec
0.6

0.000843
Soil III: vs = = 0.00255 cm/sec
0.33

These values are plotted in the figure on the previous page.

e. Height of water column is equal to the piezometric or pressure head at a point.

Therefore, height of water in A = pressure head at x = 200 mm = 656.29 mm
height of water in B = pressure head at x = 400 mm = 652.29 mm

49
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 50
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