Chapter 12

12.1 a. c′ = 0. From Eq. (12.3): τf = σ′ tan φ′

300
τ= 2
= 75 kN/m 2
(1000)(0.063)

So, 75 = 105 tan φ′

⎛ 75 ⎞
φ ′ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 35.5°
⎝ 105 ⎠

b. For σ′ = 180 kN/m2, τf = 180 tan 35.5° = 128.39 kN/m2

Shear force, S = (128.39)(1000)(0.063) 2 = 509.5 N

12.2 The point O (180, 128.4) represents the failure stress conditions on the Mohr-
Coulomb failure envelope. The perpendicular line OC to the failure envelope
determines the center, C of the Mohr’s circle. With the center at C, and the radius
as OC, the Mohr’s circle is drawn by trial and error such that the circle is tangent
to the failure envelope at O. From the graph:

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 a. σ 3′ ≈ 115 kN/m 2 ; σ 1′ ≈ 420 kN/m 2

b. The horizontal line OP drawn from O determines the pole, P. Therefore, the
orientation of the major principal plane with the horizontal is given by the
angle, α ≈ 65°

12.3 For σ′ = 193 kN/m2, τf = 193 tan 33° = 125.33 kN/m2

Shear force, S = (125.33)(1000)(0.0635) 2 = 505.36 N

⎛π ⎞
12.4 Area of specimen A = ⎜ ⎟(0.05) 2 = 0.00196 m 2
⎝4⎠

N S ⎛τ f ⎞
Test Normal σ′= Shear τf = φ ′ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
force N A force S A σ
⎝ ⎠ ′
No.
(N) (kN/m2) (N) (kN/m2) (deg)
1 67 34.18 23.3 11.88 19.16
2 133 67.85 46.6 23.77 19.3
3 213 108.67 74.6 38.06 19.3
4 369 188.26 132.3 67.5 19.72

A graph of τf vs. σ′ will yield φ′ = 19.4º.

⎛π ⎞
12.5 Area of specimen A = ⎜ ⎟(0.05) 2 = 0.00196 m 2
⎝4⎠

N S ⎛τ f ⎞
Test Normal σ′= Shear τf = φ ′ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
No. force N A force S A ⎝σ′⎠
2 2
(N) (N/m ) (N) (N/m ) (deg)
1 250 79.6 139 44.26 29.07
2 375 119.4 209 66.56 29.13
3 450 143.3 250 79.61 29.05
4 540 171.9 300 95.54 29.06

A graph of τf vs. σ′ will yield φ′ ≈ 29º.

⎛ φ′ ⎞
12.6 c′ = 0. From Eq. (12.8): σ 1′ = σ 3′ tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟; φ ′ = 30°
⎝ 2⎠

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 ⎛ 29 ⎞
σ 1′ = 208 tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟ ≈ 600 kN/m
2

⎝ 2⎠

Δ σ d (failure) = σ 1′ − σ 3′ = 600 − 208 = 392 kN/m2

φ′ 29
12.7 a. From Eq. (12.4): θ = 45 + = 45 + = 59.5°
2 2

b. Refer to the figure.

τ = 196 sin 60º = 169.7 kN/m2

σ′ = 404 + r cos 60 = 404 + 196 cos 60 = 502 kN/m2

For failure, τf = σ′ tan φ′ = 502 tan 29 = 278.26 kN/m2. Since the developed
shear stress = 169.5 kN/m2 (which is less than 278.26 kN/m2), the specimen
did not fail along this plane.

12.8 φ′ = 28 + 0.18Dr = 28 + (0.18)(68) = 40.24°

⎛ φ′ ⎞ 2⎛ 40.24 ⎞
σ 1′ = σ 3′ tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟ = 150 tan ⎜ 45 + ⎟ = 697.43 kN/m
2

⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

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12.9 σ 3′ = 125 kN/m2 ; σ1′ = σ 3′ + Δσd ( f ) = 125 + 175 = 300 kN/m2

⎛ φ′ ⎞ 2⎛ φ′ ⎞
σ 1′ = σ 3′ tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟; 300 = 125 tan ⎜ 45 + ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

φ′ ≈ 24.3º

⎛ φ′ ⎞
12.10 σ 3′ + Δ σ 3′ = σ 3′ tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟ = σ 3′ tan 2 (60.5°) = 3.12σ 3′
⎝ 2⎠

Δσ 3′ Δσ 3′
1+ = 3.12; = 2.12
σ 3′ σ 3′

124
σ 3′ = = 58.5 kN/m 2
2.12

2
φ′ ⎞
⎟ = (σ 3 − Δud ( f ) ) tan ⎜ 45 + ⎟
⎛ 2⎛ 31 ⎞
12.11 σ 1′ = σ 3′ tan 2 ⎜ 45 +
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

σ 1′ = (103 − 33) tan 2 (60.5)2 = 218.68 kN/m2

12.12 a. The effective principal stresses at failure are calculated as follows and the
Mohr-Coulomb failure envelope is drawn from the Mohr’s circles in the
figure on the next page.

Test σ3 (Δσd)f (Δud)f σ 3′ = σ 3 − (Δud ) f σ 1′ = σ 3′ + (Δσ d ) f

no. (kN/m ) 2
(kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)
1 100 170 –15 115 285
2 200 260 –40 240 500
3 300 360 –80 380 740

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 From the graph: c′ ≈ 40 kN/m2 and φ′ ≈ 20°

b. Effective stress in the middle of the clay layer:

σ 0′ = ( 2)(19 − 9.8) = 18.4 kN/m 2

τ = c ′ + σ ′ tan φ ′ = 40 + 18.4 tan(20) = 46.7 kN/m 2

⎛ φ′ ⎞ ⎛ φ′ ⎞
12.13 a. σ 1′ = σ 3′ tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟ ; (172 + 227) = 172 tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

φ′ ≈ 23.4º

φ′ 23.4
b. θ = 45 + = 45 + = 56.7°
2 2

c. From Eqs. (10.8) and (10.9):

σ 1′ + σ 3′ σ 1′ − σ 3′ 399 + 172 399 − 172

σ ′f = + cos 2θ = + cos(2 × 56.7)
2 2 2 2

= 240.4 kN/m 2

τf = σ′ tan φ′ = 240.4 tan 23.4 = 104 kN/m2

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 ⎛ φ′ ⎞ ⎛ φ′ ⎞
12.14 σ 1′ = σ 3′ tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟ + 2c ′ tan⎜ 45 + ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

⎛ φ′ ⎞ ⎛ φ′ ⎞
Specimen I: (105 + 220) = 325 = 105 tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟ + 2c ′ tan⎜ 45 + ⎟ (a)
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

⎛ φ′ ⎞ ⎛ φ′ ⎞
Specimen II: (210 + 400) = 610 = 210 tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟ + 2c ′ tan⎜ 45 + ⎟ (b)
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

⎛ φ′ ⎞
Subtracting Eq. (a) from Eq. (b): 610 − 325 = 105 tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟; φ ′ = 27.48°
⎝ 2⎠

From Eq. (b):

⎛ 27.48 ⎞
610 − 210 tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
c′ = = 12.18 kN/m2
⎛ 27.48 ⎞
2 tan⎜ 45 + ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠

12.15 a. From Eqs. (10.8) and (10.9): θ = 40°

σ 1′ + σ 3′ σ 1′ − σ 3′ 105 + 325 325 − 105

σ′ = + cos 2θ = + cos(2 × 40)
2 2 2 2
= 234.1 kN/m2

σ 1′ − σ 3′ 325 − 105
τ= sin 2θ = sin(2 × 40) = 108.32 kN/m 2
2 2

b. The angle of inclination of the failure plane:

φ′ 27.48
θ = 45 + = 45 + = 58.73°
2 2

σ 1′ + σ 3′ σ 1′ − σ 3′ 610 + 210 610 − 210

σ′ = + cos 2θ = + cos(2 × 58.73)
2 2 2 2
= 317.74 kN/m2

σ 1′ − σ 3′ 610 − 210
τ= sin 2θ = sin(2 × 58.73) = 177.46 kN/m 2
2 2

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 2⎛ φ⎞ ⎡ -1 ⎛ 152 + 193 ⎞ 0.5 ⎤
12.16 σ 1 σ 3
= tan ⎜ 45 + ⎟ φ
; = 2 ⎢ tan ⎜ ⎟ − 45⎥ = 22.8°
⎝ 2⎠ ⎣⎢ ⎝ 152 ⎠ ⎦⎥

⎛ φ′ ⎞ ⎡ -1 ⎛ 152 + 193 + 27.6 ⎞ 0.5 ⎤

σ 1′ = σ 3′ tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟; φ ′ = 2 ⎢ tan ⎜ ⎟ − 45⎥ = 20.45°
⎝ 2⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ 152 + 27.6 ⎠ ⎥⎦

12.17 a. σ3 = 150 kN/m2; σ1 = 150 + 120 = 270 kN/m2

⎛ φ ⎞ 270 ⎛ φ⎞
σ 1 = σ 3 tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟; = tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ 150 ⎝ 2⎠

φ = 16.6°

⎛ φ′ ⎞
b. σ 1′ = σ 3′ tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟
⎝ 2⎠

σ 1 − Δu d ( f ) ⎛ 27 ⎞
= tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟ = 2.662
σ 3 − Δu d ( f ) ⎝ 2 ⎠

270 − Δud ( f )
= 2.662
150 − Δud ( f )

Or, 270 – Δud(f) = 399.3 – 2.662Δud(f)

Δud(f) = 77.8 kN/m2

⎛ φ′ ⎞
12.18 σ 1′ = σ 3′ tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟ = 150 tan2 (45 + 27/2) = 399.4 kN/m2
⎝ 2⎠

Δσ d ( f ) = σ 1′ − σ 3′ = 399.4 − 150 = 249.4 kN/m2

⎛ φ⎞ ⎛ 31 ⎞
12.19 σ 1 = σ 3 tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟ = 138 tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟ = 431.1 kN/m 2
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

Δσ d ( f ) = 431.1 − 138 = 293.1 kN/m2

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 ⎛ φ′ ⎞
σ 1′ = σ 3′ tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟
⎝ 2⎠

431.1 − Δu d ( f ) ⎛ 24 ⎞
= tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟
138 − Δu d ( f ) ⎝ 2 ⎠

Δud(f) = -75.87 kN/m2

A dense sand tends to expand during shear. Due to undrained condition, it creates
a negative pore water pressure. A loose sand tends to contract during shear, and a
positive pore water pressure is developed in undrained conditions. Therefore, for
loose sand, σ ′ < σ , and so, φ ′ > φ .

⎛ φ′ ⎞
12.20 σ 1′ = σ 3′ tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟
⎝ 2⎠

148 − Δu d ( f ) ⎛ 28 ⎞
= tan 2 ⎜ 45 + ⎟
0 − Δu d ( f ) ⎝ 2 ⎠

Δud(f) = −83.6 kN/m2

12.21 a. Test σ 1′ + σ 3′ σ 1′ − σ 3′
no. = p ′ (kN/m2) = q ′ (lb/in.2)
2 2
1 212 108
2 362 155

q′ = m + p′ tan α

108 = m + 212 tan α (a)

155 = m + 362 tan α (b)

m = 41.56 kN/m2, α = 17.4º

b. φ′ = sin-1(tan α) = sin-1(tan 17.4) = 18.26º

m 41.56
c′ = = = 43.55 kN/m 2
cos α cos(17.4)

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 cu (VST)
12.22 = 0.11 + 0.0037PI
σ o′

σ′ = (2)(18) + (7)(19.5 – 9.81) = 103.83 kN/m2

cu(VST) = [0.11 + (0.0037)(23)](103.83) = 20.25 kN/m2

CRITICAL THINKING PROBLEM

12.C.1 Task 1

1 1
p′ = (σ 1′ + 2σ 3′ ) = σ 3′ + Δσ d ; q = Δσ d
3 3

At the end of consolidation, p0′ = σ′3 ; q0 = 0

σ3 p0′ (Δσd)f = qf p′f

(kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)
150 150 527 325.67
275 275 965 596.67
350 350 1225 758.33
450 450 1580 976.67
510 510 1800 1110

The drained stress paths and the failure line are shown below.

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 Task 2

At point O: p ′ = 0; q = 0

At point P: p′ = σ′3 = 250 kN/m2; q = 0

At point A: q = 1000 = Δσ d

1 1
p′ = 675 = σ 3′ + Δσ d = σ 3′ + (1000)
3 3

Therefore, σ 3′ = 341.67 kN/m2

Stress path O to P: Increase confining pressure from 0 to 250 kN/m2 under

drained condition (effective stress).

Stress path P to A: Increase confining pressure from 250 kN/m2 to 341.67

kN/m2 under drained condition (effective stress). Simultaneously increase
axial stress from 0 to 1000 kN/m2.

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