DESAIN PESAWAT DENGAN 1 PENUMPANG

Disusun Oleh :
Maidas Yuri Gymnastiar_D021201008
Muhammad Agung Junaid_D021201009

DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK MESIN

FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN
2023
DATA DESAIN YANG DIPERLUKAN (ESTIMASI)

1. Maximum level speed : 120 mi/h = 176 ft/s = 193,121 km/h

2. Range : 120 mi = 633.600 ft = 386,2 km
3. Ceiling (ketinggian jelajah) : 5000 ft = 1524 m
4. Rate of climb at sea level : 1200 ft/min = 20 ft/s
5. Stalling speed : 60 mi/h = 88 ft/s = 96,561 km/h
6. Landing distance : 2.000 ft = 609,6 m
7. Takeoff distance : 2.200 ft = 670,6 m

THE DESIGN TAKEOFF GROSS WEIGHT (W0)

• Crew = 1 person
• Passenger = 1 person
• Baggage per person = 30 lb = 13,608 kg
• Other baggage = 80 lb = 36,287 kg
• Wcrew = 180 lb = 81,647 kg
• Wpayload = 1 (180) + 2 (30) + 80 = 320 lb = 145,15 kg
ESTIMATION We/W0

We
• = 0,58 (Piper Cherokee)
W0

ESTIMATION Wf/W0

• W1/W0 = 0,985
• W2/W1 = 0,995
• ɳpr = 0,85
• (L/D)max = 14
ɳpr L W W c R
• R= c
. D . ln W2 ln W2 = ɳpr
. L/D
3 3

R = 386 km = 633.600 ft
𝑊 2,02 × 10−7 633.600
ln 𝑊2 = ( ). ( ) = 0,01075
3 0,85 14

𝑊2
= 𝑒 0,01075 = 1,0108
𝑊3
𝑊3 1
= = 0,9893
𝑊2 0,0108
 𝑊4 𝑊5
• = 1 = 0,995
𝑊3 𝑊4
𝑊5 𝑊1 𝑊2 𝑊3 𝑊4 𝑊5
• = . . . . = (0,985).(0,995).(0,9893).(1).(0,995)
𝑊0 𝑊0 𝑊1 𝑊2 𝑊3 𝑊4

= 0,9647
𝑊𝑓 𝑊
• = 1,06 (1 − 𝑊5 ) = 1,06 (1 − 0,9647) = 0,0374
𝑊0 0

CALCULATION W0

• Crew = 1 person
• Passenger = 1 person
• Baggage per person = 30 lb = 13,608 kg
• Other baggage = 80 lb = 36,287 kg
• Wcrew = 180 lb = 81,647 kg
• Wpayload = 1 (180) + 2 (30) + 80 = 320 lb = 145,15 kg
𝑊𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 + 𝑊𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 180 + 320
• W0 = 𝑊𝑓 𝑊 = 1−0,0374−0,58
= 1.307 𝑙𝑏 = 592,8 𝑘𝑔
1− − 𝑒
𝑊0 𝑊0

CALCULATION Wf

𝑊𝑓
• Wf = W0 = 0,0374 x 1.307 = 48,8818 lb
𝑊0

Berat gasoline penerbangan adalah 5,64 lb/gal. Oleh karena itu, kapasitas tangki
bahan bakar harus :
48,8818
Tank Capacity = = 8,67 gal = 32,82 L
5,64
 1,6 + 1,8
• Average (CL)max = = 1,7
2

Average (CL)max with 45° flap deflection = 1,7 + 0,9 = 2,6

(CL)max = 0,9(CL)max
(CL)max = 0,9(2,6) = 2,34

WING LOADING WS

The requirements specify Vstall ≤ 60 mi/h = 88 ft/s

ρ∞ = 0,002377 slug/ft3

W/S = ½ (0,002377) (88)2 (2,34) = 21,54 lb/ft2

𝑊 1307
0
S = 𝑊/𝑆 = = 60,68 𝑓𝑡 2 = 5,637 𝑚2
21,54
THRUST-TO-WEIGHT RATIO (T/W)

= (1,21 x 21,54) / (32,2 x 0,002377 x 1,98)

= 26,063/0,1515

= 172,033/(T/W)

= ((2/0,002377) (21,54) (1/1,98))1/2 = 95,673 ft/s

The flight path radius is

= 6,96 (95,673)2/32,2 = 1.978 ft

The included flight path angle is

Where hOB is the obstacle height, hOB = 50 ft

= Cos-1 (1-(50/1.978)) = 12,91°

= 1.978 sin 12,910 = 441,925

Sg + Sa = 2.200 = {172,033/(T/W)} + 441,925

= 172,033 / (2.200 – 441,925) = 172,033 / 1.758,075 = 0,0978

Assumed to be that for a velocity V∞ = 0.7 VLO, where VLO is the liftoff velocity,
taken as VLO = 1.1 Vstall

= 0,7 (1,1) (95,673) = 73,668 ft/s

At this velocity, the power required to take off at the gross weight W 0 = 1.307 𝑙𝑏

The power required to take off at the gross weight W0 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟎𝟕 𝒍𝒃

= (0,0978) (1.307) (73,668) = 9.416,583 ft.lb/s

This power required must equal the power available PA

The shaft brake power P,

= 9.416,583 / 0,85 = 11.078,33 ft.lb / s

Since 550 ft-lb/s = 1 hp, we have

P = 11.078,33 / 550 = 20,142 hp

Hence, to satisfy to takeoff constraint, the total power must be at least

P ≥ 21 hp

DAYA YANG DIBUTUHKAN UNTUK CLIMB

• The skin-friction coefficient Cfe = 0,0043

• Estimate of the zero-lift drag coefficient, CD,O = 0,017

K = 0,075

A reasonable estimate for e0 for a low-wing general aviation airplane is 0.6

(R/C)max which from the specifications is 1,000 ft/min =16,67 ft/s at sea level

= 16,67 + (2/0,002377(0,075x21,54/3x0,017)1/2)1/2) (1,155/14)

= 16,67 + 68,815 x 0,0825

= 22,347 ft/s

P = 22,347 W0/ɳpr

= (22,347 x 1.307) / 0,85

= 34.361,799 ft.lb/s

atau,

= 34.361,799/550

= 62,476 hp

Thus, to satisfy the constraint on the rate of climb, the power must be :

P ≥ 63 hp

DAYA YANG DIBUTUHKAN PADA KETINGGIAN JELAJAH DENGAN

KECEPATAN MAKSIMUM

Vmax = 120 mi/h = 176 ft/s = 193,121 km/h

Ceiling (ketinggian jelajah) : 5000 ft = 1524 m

 = (0,985) (0,995) = 0,98

W2 = 0,98 W0 = 0,98 (1.307) = 1.280,86 lb

The midcruise weight WMC

W3/W2 = 0,9893

WMC / W2 = ½ (1+0,9893) = 0,9946

Dimana : W2 = 1.280,86 lb

WMC = 0,9946 (1.280,86) = 1.273,943 lb

WMC / S = 1.273,943 lb / 60,68 ft2 = 20,994 lb/ ft2

Pada ketinggian jelajah 5000 ft, diperoleh ρ∞ = 0,002048 slug/ft3

Vmax = V2∞ = 120 mi/h = 176 ft/s

T/WMC = ½ (0,002048) (176)2 (0,017/20,994) + (2(0,075) (20,994) / (0,002048)

(176)2

= 0,0753
The shaft power required p is given by :

= (1/0,85) (0,0753) (1.273,943) (176)

= 19.862,72 ft.lb/s

Atau

= 19.862,72/550

= 36,11 hp

Daya yang dibutuhkan pada ketinggian jelajah dengan kecepatan maksimum

P ≥ 37 hp

To summarize the results from this section, the three constraints on power required
for our airplane design have led to the following:

Takeoff P ≥ 21 hp

Rate of climb P ≥ 63 hp

Maximum velocity P ≥ 37 hp

Clearly, the specification of the maximum rate of climb at sea level of 1,200 ft/min
is the determining factor of the required power from the engine. For our airplane
design, the engine should be capable of producing a maximum power of 63 hp or
greater.

Power-to-weight ratio = P/W = 63 / 1.307 = 0,0482 hp/lb

Power loading = W/P = 1 / 0,0482 = 20,75 lb/hp

Dari hasil yang kita peroleh diatas maka pesawat yang cocok digunakan yaitu jenis
Piper Cherokee