CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY

MAY 2022

AGING CONTROL PROJECT

A PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED BY

NAME OF THE CANDIDATES

KAUSHIKI BATTACHARYA
BOBBILI RAHUL SURYA
ATAUL HAQUE
MD AZIZUR RAHMAN SHIPON
VISHAL KISHOR PATHAK

IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

BIOTECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report“ AGING CONTROL PROJECT ”is the
bonafide work of who caried out the project work under my/our supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

MD AZIZUR RAHMAN

Submitted for the project viva-voce examination held on 18/05/2022

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our special thanks to our teacher Dr.Ashish

Sachdeva who gave us the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
‘independent project’ and guided us. We are especially grateful to our
respected mentor Dr. Md Azizur Rahman whose insightful leadership and
knowledge benefitted us to complete this project successfully. Thank you so
much for your continuous support and presence whenever needed.

Date:18.5.2022
Group:Bioexplorers

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 Ageing Control Project

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
SL.NO. CONTENTS
1. LIST OF FIGURES
2. LIST OF TABLES
3. ABSTRACT
4. INTRODUCTION
5. LITERATURE SURVEY
6. DESIGN FLOW/PROCESS
7. RESULTS,ANALYSIS AND VALIDATION
8. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
9. REFERENCES
10. APPENDIX

LIST OF FIGURES:

SL.NO. CONTENTS
1. FLOWCHART ON METASTATIC AGING
2. HYPERTENSION AND NON HYPERTENSION
COMPARISON
3. FLOWCHART ON ALZHEIMER’S
4. FLOWCHART ON OSTEOPOROSIS
5. EVALUATION OF THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS OF AGING
6. COMPARATIVE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY

LIST OF TABLES:

SL.NO. CONTENTS
1. VARIOUS GENETIC SYNDROMES
2. TABLE ON LIFESPAN COMPARISON
3. STAGES OF HYPERTENSION
4. DIASTOLIC AND SYSTOLIC PRESSURE
ABSTRACT:

Ageing is a very complex phenomena. It is usually associated with dynamic

changes in the biological, psychological, physiological, environmental and
social processes . There are multiple theories present to study the causative
factors of aging like Free Radicle Theory ,the Protein Restriction theory ,etc.
Also ageing brings along a wide range of chronic and fatal diseases like cancer,
diabetes, Alzheimer’s diseases, hypertension, etc. The following paper reports
the various ancient anti-aging methods, genetic and molecular aspects of ageing,
a few of the age related diseases, comparison of average lifespan between
human beings and other animals, and the pharmaceutical and therapeutic
aspects of ageing.

INTRODUCTION:

Aging is an universal phenomena. With the increase in standard of living ,the

average lifespan of humans has increased, but it has also brought along with
itself several chronic age related diseases. Increase in urbanisation and
industrialisation may have brought the world forward but has compromised with
health. Constant exposure to pollution causes early appearance of skin ageing.
Fast foods which have made its way as an easy ,time effective and tasty option
decreases health and thus longevity.
Human beings have always tried to find methods to be youthful and healthy. So,
have they developed several theories (FRTA & PETA)and
methods(Antioxidants and calorie restriction) to increase lifespan. The
following project encompasses the various biological aspects of ageing. It
studies the evolution of age based studies done from the ancient times to
contemporary day and further future scopes of this subject.
This project is divided into 3 main objectives.

LITERATURE SURVEY: ANCIENT ANTI-AGEING

METHODS USED ACROSS THE
WORLD:

There has always been a search for
everlasting youth and beauty and
studies conducted on slowing down
ageing. A huge number of
communities like the Egyptians,
Greeks , Chinese, Indians, etc. have
searched for methods to increase
longevity and create a younger
looking appearance. A lot of these
ancient studies are used in anti-
ageing techniques today.
It is a complex phenomena and an
universal process. The sum total of
multiple changes that occurs with
the passage of time in an organism
that leads to decrease in ability of
survival stress, increasing functional
impairment and growing probability
of death is known as ageing. Ageing
encompasses physical,
psychological and social changes. It
is a result of a wide range of
molecular and cellular damage.
Studies are still being conducted on
a wide range of artificial modes of
reversal of this phenomena.
Some ancient methods used to retard
ageing
Ancient Egypt:
They are known as the first society
to develop the study of cosmetology.
Ancient wealthy Egyptians didn’t
use soap ,but a baking soda. This
created soft, smooth and hydrated
skin.
They mixed water and natron( by
product of sodium bicarbonate ) to
make a cream which could be
considered the very first night
cream.
They liberally spread oils over the
skin and hair to protect their skin
from the wrinkling and drying up
from the hot and dry climate. A
number of oils like rosemary ,castor
and almond oils were applied to hair
to increase hair growth.
Men even applied fats from animals
like crocodiles ,goats and lions on
their scalp to promote hair growth.
They also applied henna on hair to
mask graying .
Ancient Greeks:
Grecian women used various
substances and oils for getting
healthy skin.
One of their most popular
ingredients were honey which were
used in skin care products, to
moisturise skin.
Olive oil was used not only as a skin
protectant but also to give it shine.
Their oils and products were used to
make skin care creams and perfumes
which not only smelled good but
was also good on skin.
They stayed out of the sun as it was
known to stimulate ageing.
Grecian men and women also took
mineral baths.
Ancient Indians:
The most important anti-ageing
ingredient to Indians were
sandalwood .It has been used as a
base over centuries to create
medicines and creams. The two
basic types used were: white sandal,
used for makeup and skin care
needs; and red sandal , used for both
makeup and skin care needs. It
cleans and conditions the skin as it
moisturises and protects the skin
from both harmful rays of sunshine
and pathogens.
Sandalwood powder mixed with
turmeric was used to make a skin
paste to treat acne. For cooling
effects camphor was often added to
the paste .
They were the firsts to create face
masks by mixing rose water creams
and sandalwood powder. They also
used it on their torsos to provide
relief from heat rashes.
They blended body massages and
yoga to enhance health and
youthfulness.
Ayurveda used a number a herbs and
plant products to balance skin and
scalp on the cellular level and
prevent dehydration and ageing
effects of old and drying skin cells.
They used mud treatments which
gives skin cells healthy, refreshed
and youthful appearance.
Herbal and floral baths ,milk
products and steam treatments using
sesame oil lubricates skin without
clogging pores and eliminates
harmful toxins from the body .
These mixtures now a days are
called aromatherapy steam.
MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF
AGEING:
The role of genetics in determining
life-span is complex and
paradoxical. Although the
heritability of life-span is relatively
minor, some genetic variants
significantly modify senescence of
mammals and invertebrates, with
both positive and negative impacts
on age-related disorders and life-
spans. In certain examples, the gene
variants alter metabolic pathways,
which could thereby mediate
interactions with nutritional and
other environmental factors that
influence life-span. Given the
relatively minor effect and variable
penetrance of genetic risk factors
that appear to affect survival and
health at advanced ages, life-style
and other environmental influences
may profoundly modify outcomes of
aging.
Previously we have discussed lot
about free radical theory of aging
where we came to this is the one of
the major reasons for the process of
aging .
Thioredoxin -1 (TRX-1) has a
function and role to protect DNA
from oxidative stress. The stress is
caused due to accumulations of
reactive oxygen species made up of
oxygen that gets easily reacts with
most of the molecules present in the
cell. The reactive oxygen species are
also called free radical has less life
span but are very reactive. The TRX
-1 protects the DNA and retards the
process of aging but due to reactive
oxygen accumulations which turns
into TXNIP which is completely
against the function of TRX-1 as it
causes acceleration in aging, and in
parallel damages DNA, RNA, and
Nucleic acids. The cellular balance
of the body gets disturbed and a
condition arises in which a repetitive
reaction occurs which leads to the
death of cells and further leads to
cancer
The protein theory of aging:
DNA , RNA and Ribosome all are
having constituent of protein more
as compared to others .  Conclusions protein slow down the
And process like transcriptions,
translation and other are
mechanisms in which protein is an
essential part of it , and even at the
cellular level mechanisms protein
constitutes the most part of ,it is
major constituent  Gel electrophoresis is use to separate
By the combination of the different
technique we able to current
situation of protein stability of our
body . The following technique are :
1. Gel electrophoresis : In this we
separate DNA and RNA and we got
to know about change in building
block amino acids in protein.
2. Mass spectrometry : In this ion
source is there and a mass analyser ,
ion detector  Reason why we can use gel
Here is the protein are detected at
level ionisation captured by mass
spectrometry .
3.Protein protein interaction : In this
we can check the function of protein
at cellular level and biological
process , interaction of proteins lets
us know mechanism of infection and
we can take medication of drug to
the disease that causing and  leading
the process of aging .
Antibody based detection of
molecular heterogeneity :
If there is change in molecular
weight and net charge of the protein
than its result lead to variation in
genome phosphorylation and single
nucleotide sequence
polymorphism . 
process  , so if any error is detected
by this technique that error will
affect the process of aging and aging
process will increase .
GEL ELECTROPHORESIS:
the protein on the basis of molecular
weight and the size 
Molecular weight and Size of the
protein depend upon the number of
amino acid present in the protein ,
but because of the folding in the
protein the size of the same show
variation. 
Even in the molecular weight
Molecular weight of protein post
translation .
electrophoresis are for
understanding the structure of
protein for aging process 
1. Gycosylation is the effect the
protein from all three dimension , it
is responsible for the structure
function and stability of the protein ,
due to protein - protein interaction in If PI value is equal to Ph value it
mixture of sample the mass of will be neutral the conc of OH- is
protein get increased . low
2 . Acetylation is responsible for  to If the ph value higher than PI than
control the protein - DNA the OH - conc is high than the amino
interaction and protein - protein acids will be negative
interaction  In isoelectric we use to PH strip ( ph
In this way is control the protein at 3 - ph 11 or ph 4 to ph 10 ) we
enzymatic activity , at cellular level , isolate the sample of mixture of
responsible for its location and the protein on the PH strip under the
stability stable condition , than this strip is
placed in lab DEVICE which is use
3. In gel electrophoresis dodecycle to give electric current , the left strip
Sulphate is use to separate the side is the acidic  part PH connect to
protein , but the denaturation of the positive electron and the right part
all protein in sample mixture is not connected to on the negative part of
possible because some protein are to the electrode 
strong due to presence of basic The protein in which H+ conc is
amino acid and due to strong peptide more move toward the negative
bond present between the protein  terminal or negative electrode , the
In denaturation the shape of protein protein in which OH- conc is more.
change and becomes disfunction  It will shift towards the negative
Protein like globular protein which electrode 
easily get denaturation 
But protein found in the skin and Now after this strip after this placed
nails are not easily denaturation by in resolving gel  we provide  electric
gel electrophoresis  current know here in this it gets
separated on the basis of the
4. If basic amino acids is present ,all molecular weight of the protein but
nine essentially are present it called because  different value of PI even
complex protein  for same molecular weight the
More is the strong is the disulphide protein it get separated and no
bond it is very difficulty to break it overlapping and black spot is
into the aggregate. appearing due to overlap it occur
In 2D gel electrophoresis are worked when we directly use gel
on two principle electrophoresis instead of 2D gel
1st - iso electric point - some amino electrophoresis.
acids Are positive and some are
negative and some are neutral  GENETIC ASPECTS OF AGING:
If the H+ conc is more than the pi
value is less than PH than the amino The genetics analysis of life span
acid gets positive change  has only begun in mammals,
invertebrates, such
as Caenorhabditis
elegans and Drosophila, and yeast.
Even at this primitive stage of the
genetic analysis of aging, the
GENETICS
physiological observations that rate
of metabolism is intimately tied to DECLINE OF
life span is supported. In many OCCURRENC ORGAN-
E OF SYSTEM
examples from mice to worms to MOLECULAR
METASTATIC
LEVEL
AGING
flies to yeast, genetic variants that HALLMARKS PGYSIOLOGI
OF AGING CAL
affect life span also modify FUNCTION
metabolism. Insulin signalling
BIOLOGICAL
regulates life span coordinately with AGING
reproduction, metabolism, and free
radical protective gene regulation
in C. elegans. This may be related to
the findings that caloric restriction
also regulates mammalian aging, FLOWCHART ON
perhaps via the modulation of METASTATIC AGING
insulin-like signaling pathways. The
nervous system has been implicated
as a key tissue where insulin-like Cell Aging :DNA damage And
signaling and free radical protective Telomeres :
pathways regulate life span in C.
elegansand Drosophila. Genes that A principal factor in aging is an
determine the life span could act in exponential increase in incidence
neuroendocrine cells in diverse and mortality rates of cancer and
animals. The involvement of insulin- non-cancerous diseases, as well
like hormones suggests that the progressive tissue degeneration and
plasticity in life spans evident in atrophy, caused by a decrease in
animal phylogeny may be due to adult or somatic stem cell function
variation in the timing of release of
hormones that control vitality and
Cells are constantly exposed to a
mortality as well as variation in the
harmful environment throughout
response to those hormones.
life. Increasing cell damage
Pedigree analysis of human aging
contributes to the dysfunction that
may reveal variations in the
characterizes the aging body. The
orthologs of the insulin pathway
best example of DNA damage as a
genes and coupled pathways that
cause of aging are the progeroid
regulate invertebrate aging. Thus,
syndromes, which are caused by a
genetic approaches may identify a
deficiency in the mechanisms
set of circuits that was established in
involved in DNA repair and whose
ancestral metazoans to regulate their
symptoms begin early in life
longevity.
Mutations in certain genes confer
greater stress resistance and a
reduced rate of damage
accumulation, increasing longevity.
For example, mutation in the gene
that encodes the oxidative stress
response protein p66shc, which
prolongs life and protects from a
variety of aging-associated diseases
in mice, enhances resistance to
apoptosis following oxidative
stress in vitro-cultured cells [
Telomeres are DNA-protein
complexes that cap the ends of linear
DNA strands, stabilizing them and
preventing chromosome instability .
A correlation has been proposed
between telomere shortening and
somatic stem cell decline during
aging. The enzyme telomerase adds
specific DNA sequence repeats to
the chromosome ends that are lost
through cell division, thus restoring
telomere length and delaying cell
senescence, apoptosis, and death .
The repetitive DNA at chromosome
ends shortens with age, as observed
in fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and
hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) .
Telomeres become critically short
after repeated mitotic divisions
without adequate telomerase
activity, making cells susceptible to
apoptosis, death and to a clear
increase in mutation
Telomere shortening is associated
with age-related diseases in
humans ,and patients with
accelerated aging syndromes show a
higher rate of telomere erosion and
marked chromosome instability.
Consistent with this, telomere
dynamics are important for HSC
maintenance , telomere shortening
impairs adult stem cell function ,
and telomerase-deficient mice have
short telomeres and age
prematurely ; most strikingly,
telomerase-overexpressing mice
have longer telomeres and show
delayed aging and cancer resistance .
The pathways that involve DNA
sequence alterations in somatic stem
cell aging are still unclear, but these
findings raise the possibility that
telomere length or deficiencies in
DNA repair systems could be part of
these routes.
Some researchers shed light on gene
mutation-caused progeroid
syndromes, such as Hutchinson-
Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS),
Werner syndrome, Rothmund
Thomson syndrome, Cockayne
syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia, and
Downsyndrome*3. Gene mutation is
inherited and causes progeria, a type
of premature aging, often showing
accelerated skin aging phenotype,
including skin
atrophy and sclerosis, poikiloderma,
alopecia, thinning, and graying of
the hair53, for example, HGPS is
caused by the mutation of gene
LMNA54, which produces progerin,
a mutant protein that impairs many
important cellular processes55.
More work is being done to try to
gain insight into genetic variation
during the aging process. In 2014
and 2017, different groups identified
single-nucleotide polymorphisms
 associated with skin aging in enzymes can lead to accumulation of
Caucasians and the Chinese Han cell damage, as demonstrated by the
population,respectively. progeria syndromes.

SYNDROME GENE FUNCTION

Cockayne Syndrome ERCC6(CSA) DNA repair
ERCC8 (CSB)
Fanconi Anemia FANCA. FANCB. FANCC. FANCD1. DNA repair
FANCD2. FANCE. FANCE. FANCG
FANCI, FANCJ, FANCL, FANCM
FANCN
Werner Syndrome (WS) WRN DNA helicase
Bloom Syndrome RECQLA DNA helicase
Hutchinson-Gilford LMNA Structural
Syndrome Protein

There is increasing evidence that, in

addition to genetic factors, age-
VARIOUS GENETIC associated alteration of gene
SYNDROMES function might also depend on
epigenetic factors. Examples of
epigenetic alterations with age
Aging is characterized by a
include global DNA
progressive decline in physical,
hypomethylation and promoter
mental, and reproductive capacity,
hypermetylation. Thus, aging is not
as well as an increase in morbidity
probably mediated by a single gene
and mortality. Damage invariably
or main mechanism. The magnitude
accumulates with age and
of the contribution of the pathways
contributes to the cell dysfunction
cited above to the onset and
that characterizes this process, and is
progression of aging and age-related
clearly influenced by genetic and
diseases remains unclear. Many
environmental factors. The effects of
questions regarding epigenetic and
the variety of factors involved in
its role in age related diseases still
aging are the result of the balance
remain open, but may be able to
between our defense and damage
explain many of the phenotypic
repair systems and the aggression to
changes related to the aging process.
which we are subjected . Defense
Further studies are needed to
and repair systems are highly
describe the pathways involved in
enzyme dependent; the absence or
age-related physiological alteration
malfunction of a gene necessary for
(hypertension, insulin resistance)
production and activity of these
and predisposition to age-related
pathological changes (cancer,
neurodegenerative disease).
Exploration of these functional
connections might provide options
to help develop more efficient anti-
aging strategies to ameliorate
senescence-related diseases.
Exploration of these functional
connections might provide options
to help develop more efficient anti-
aging strategies to ameliorate
senescence-related diseases.
Some similar characters are also
found in Humans and Rats, Humans
and Rats share some physical,
psychological, behavioral and social
characteristics. It is somewhat true
that Rats have a reputation for being
disease carriers, but the use of rats
has also played an important role in
laboratories in saving human lives.
Rats are widely used in laboratories
because of their similarity to
humans.

COMPARISON OF AGE OF
HUMANS AND OTHER
ANIMALS:

Comparison of age in Insects, flies,

rats and humans are very difference.
For example, in few models
organisms, the Worm
Caenorhabditis elegans lives for 2
weeks, the Fly Drosophila
melanogaster lives for 2 months, the
Mouse musculus for 2 years and
Human upto 70 years. Much can be
learned by comparing the aging
process in different species, which
humans age so slowly compared to
other organisms. Compared to
Worm cells, Human cells are more
protected against mitochondrial
oxidative damage, or telomerase
shortening. Age related
transcriptional changes are majority
private to Human, and these species
specific ones are probably the result
of a cell degeneration pathway.  

Genomics experiments show that the

aging process is significantly
different between Rats and Humans.
Name of Animals Lifespan
MOSQUITO 7 DAYS
WORM 2 WEEKS TABLE ON LIFESPAN
HONEYBEE 1.5 YEARS COMPARISON
MOUSE 2 YEARS
COW 4 YEARS
FOX 4 YEARS
MOLES 6 YEARS AGING RELATED DISEASES:
BUFFALO 7 YEARS
SIBERAIN 10 YEARS HYPERTENSION:
CHIPMUNK
NORTHERN PIKE 10 YEARS Hypertension is also known as High
CHEETAH 12 YEARS Blood Pressure. Hypertension is the
DOG 13 YEARS blood pressure that is higher than the
CROWNED 14 YEARS normal blood Pressure. Blood
EAGLE pressure varies throughout the day
SKUNK 15 YEARS depending on the activities of the
WOLF 15 YEARS people.
CRANE 17 YEARS
EURASIAN CARP 20 YEARS • The body's network of blood
GIANT PANDA 20 YEARS vessels, also known as the vascular
CARP 20 YEARS system, changes with age. The
KANGAROO 25 YEARS hardening of the arteries increases
blood pressure. for high blood
GIRAFFE 26 YEARS
pressure also called "Silent killer".
MONKEY 30 YEARS
Many people with high blood
BROWN BEAR 30 YEARS
pressure are unaware of the problem
BALD EAGLE 30 YEARS
because they do not notice any
HORSE 30 YEARS warning signs or symptoms. That's
SNAPPING 30 YEARS why it is important to have regular
TURTLE blood pressure checks. Although it
DONKEY 35 YEARS affects about half of adults, many
CHIMPANZEE 35 YEARS people may not even know they
DROMEDARY 40 YEARS have the disease.
CAMELS
INDIAN 45 YEARS •Blood pressure is written in two
RHINOCEROS types, Systolic and Diastolic. The
WEL CATFISH 60 YEARS Systolic represent the pressure in the
AFRICAN 70 YEAR blood vessels when the heart
ELEPHANT contracts or beats. When the heart
HUMAN 70 YEARS relaxes between beats is represented
TORTOISE 150 YEARS by the pressure in Diastolic vessels.
•The systolic blood pressure reading die due to lack of oxygen leading to
is 140 mmHg and diastolic blood a heart attack.
pressure reading is 90mmHg. •Heart failure occurs when the heart
is unable to pump enough blood and
•Doctors can diagnose high blood oxygen to other vital organs of the
pressure and make treatment body.
decision by reviewing systolic and •Sudden death can occur due to
diastolic blood pressure levels and irregular heart rate.
comparing them to levels found in •High blood pressure can also
certain guidelines. rupture or damage the arteries that
supply blood and oxygen to the
STAGE SYSTOLIC DIASTOLIC
brain, which also lead to stroke.
•Kidney damage can cause high
blood pressure, which can lead to
LESS LESS THAN kidney failure.
NORMAL THAN 120 80

•Increased level of high blood

120 - 129 LESS THAN Pressure can cause many diseases in
ELEVATED BO
a person like headache, chest pain,
heart disease, heart attack, etc.
130 - 139 80 - 89
HYPERTENSION
STAGE I

140 OR 90 OR HYPERTENSION AND NON

HYPERTENSION HIGHER HIGHER HYPERTENSION COMPARISON
STAGE II

HIGHER HIGHER
HYPERTENSION THAN 180 THAN 120 •• Treatment of high blood pressure
CRISIS
can vary from Health care
professional to health care
professional :
•Any patients whose blood pressure
STAGES OF HYPERTENSION
is 140/90 mm Hg or higher is cared
for by certain health care
••High blood pressure causes serious
professionals. The data given below
damage to the heart. The arteries can
is on 2003 basis
harden from excessive pressure,
•Any patients whose blood pressure
which can reduce the flow of blood
is 130/80 mm Hg or higher is cared
and oxygen to the heart. It can cause
for by certain other health care
high pressure and low blood flow:
professionals. The data given below
•Chest pain is also known as angina.
is on 2017 basis
• The blood supply to the heart is
blocked and the heart muscle cells
 • Nausea
The Seventh The American • Vomiting
Report of the College of
Joint National Cardiology/American • Confusion
Committee on Heart • Buzzing in the ears
Prevention, Association
Detection, Guideline for the
• Chest Pain
Evaluation, and Prevention, • Nosebleed
Treatment of Detection, • Anxiety
High Evaluation, and
Blood Pressure Management of High • Vision Problem
(2003 Guideline) Blood Pressure in • Muscle tremors
Adults (2017
Guideline)1
• Blood in Urine
Normal Normal
systolic: less than systolic: less than •• People sometimes feel that
120 mm hg 120 mm hg
following symptoms may be related
diastolic: less diastolic: less than 80 to High blood pressure, but they
than 80 mm hg mm hg may not be :
Elevated • Dizziness
At Risk systolic: 120-129 • Trouble sleeping
(prehypertension) mm Hg
• Sweating
systolic: 120- diastolic: less than 80 • Facial flushing
139 mm Hg mm hg • Blood spots in eyes
Diastolic: 80-89 • Nervousness
mm Hg

High Blood High blood pressure

Pressure (hypertension) •• Preventio• Reducing salt intake.
(hypertension) systolic: 130 mm Hg • Eating more fruit and vegetables.
systolic: 140 mm or
hg • Being physically active on a
higher regular basis.
or higher • Avoiding use of tobacco.
diastolic: 80 mm Hg
Diastolic : 90 or • Reducing alcohol consumption.
mm hg • Limiting the intake of foods high
higher
or higher in saturated fats
• Reducing trans fats in diet.

•• Management
DIASTOLIC AND SYSTOLIC • Reducing and managing stress.
PRESSURES • Regularly checking blood pressure.
•• Some of the • Treating high blood pressure.
features/characteristics Hypertension • Managing other medical
are identified below : conditions.
• Headache
• Irregular heart rhythm •• Lifestyle changes
• Heart palpitations • Avoid smoking
• Fatique • Eat a healthy diet
• Exercise properly the healthy brains. But in
•Avoid alcohol Alzheimer’s disease they function
• Manage stress Abnormal. Amyloid forms Plaques
outside cell when Tau forms Tangles
inside the cell. These Plaques and
Tangles damage the brain cells they
are the causing them to die, when
lots of cells dies causes the brain
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: shrink
In Alzheimer disease memory
thinking, behaviour these things are
mainly affected. In
born ,Hippocampus is of the first are
often seen to be affected.

-> It has a very important role

forming memory. At the early stage
of Alzheimer's disease people
sometimes have trouble forming the
memories 

-> As Alzheimer’s is the most

common type of dementia. It worsen
over time, it is also called a
progressive disease 
The greatest risk factor in
Alzheimer’s disease is the increasing
everywhere most of the people with
Alzheimer's are 65 years old and
older than that . In 2013, 6.8 million
people in the United States had been
diagnosed with this dementia And
the number is increasing day by day
FLOWCHART ON ALZHEIMER’S
Alzheimer disease is the most
-> Researchers have divided the
common cause of dementia also the
symptoms of Alzheimer's into 3
best understood. Alzheimer disease
main stage.
is thought to be cause by the
In the early stage, the main
formation of abnormal deposits of
symptoms is forgetting thigs.
protein in the brain. These are called
Someone may forget about what
Plaques and Tangles. They are made
they have just done, misplacing
of two key proteins Amyloid and
items . Some move symptoms in the
tau. Amyloid and Tau are present in
early stage are, ask questions
repetitively, poor judgment, less
flexibility etc. As Alzheimer disease
develops, memory problem becomes
worsen with time getting lost, OSTEOPOROSIS:
confusion between items, impulsive
behaviour , delulsions are also some
major signs and symptoms of
Alzheimer disease 

-> There is no such test for this

disease diagnosis if someone goes to
doctor with these problems, he will
look into these symptoms medical
history also may be rule out other
conditions before making diagnosis

-> At present there is no cure for

Alzheimer's disease. But doctors
prescribe some medicine to slow
down the process. These medicine
can only be prescribed by the
specialists .Also these medicine
have side effects too. So better be
carful  means bones where porosis refers to
-> We can reduce our risk from
Alzheimer's disease by eating a
balanced diet, leading an active life,
stop smoking, having regular health
check up as getting order  risk of fracture increasing with age.
-> Moreover, Alzheimer's disease is
a neurological disorder where
memory loss and cognitive decline
due to the death of brain cells
FLOWCHART ON
OSTEOPOROSIS
In the word osteoporosis, osteo
pores. It is a bone disease which
means higher breakdown of bones in
comparison to the formation of new
bones with time. Osteoporosis is
also known as silent disease and the
There are two layers in a bones.
Hard external layer known as
cortical bone and a soft internal
spongy bone. Osteoporosis means
fragile bones where bones are more
likely to break. Due to ageing
process ,the bones starts
deteriorating which causes
osteoporosis.

It is really important for our life-

like- if we fracture one of our hip
bones, it can affect our life span.
The density of bones structure
between a Normal person and an
osteopath reduces the actual particle.
Both men and women are at a risk of
osteoporosis but women are more
likely affected to osteoporosis.
With ageing, the middle of the body
becomes shorter  when the bone disk
starts loosing fluid .With time it
become thinner.
The most common cause of
osteoporosis is Gonadal  Steroid
Deficiency .it is mainly seen in
women's. Others causes are -
calcium deficiency,
Vitamin D deficiency 
Smoking
Immobilisation
Drinking alcohol etc...
The skeleton is made up with bones.
Bones give protection to soft organs
like - brain, heart. Strong bones
along with muscles body can able to
move freely. If our bones are not
strong enough ,it will affect our life
span.
Overall idea is the action of
osteoclasts is much greater than
osteoblasts. Osteoblasts is
responsible for forming bones where
osteoclasts eats up the bones.
After the age 30, osteoclasts
significantly remove more bones
than the osteoporosis makes. That's
why osteoclasts has much effect on
body than osteoblasts which causes
bone reduction.
If we break any bones ,we will feel
pain. That's  the main symptoms of
osteoporosis. It doesn't have any
clear symptoms until we break any
of our bones . 
It is usually noticed on X-ray. Dual-
energy X-ray Absorption is used to
diagnose osteoporosis.
The treatment depends on the cause
of osteoporosis . Some of the
treatment option includes-
supplementation of vitamin D,
calcium Supplementation,
Parathyroid hormone which can
stimulate bone formation
Alzheimer's is a bone disease which
causes more than 8.9 million broken
bones worldwide across men and
women every year and the number is
increasing day by day.
Osteoporosis is a condition, where
bones are getting weak with time.
Healthy bones are dense enough to
support the body. So we all should
be careful about our body.
PHARMACEUTICAL ASPECTS
OF AGING:
Skin ageing
The most voluminous organ of the
body,skin is exposed to the outer
environment.It is the barrier that
separates the body from the outer
environment while also protecting
from water loss and pathogenic
attacks .However, skin suffers from
intrinsic and extrinsic factors which
results in phenotypic changes in
cutaneous cells as well as structural
and functional changes in extra
cellular matrix components like
collagens, elastin, proteoglycans
required for tensile strength,
elasticity and hydration to skin. The
most obvious signs of skin ageing
are atrophy ,laxity ,wrinkling,
dryness, sagging, etc.
Intrinsic ageing: it is an inevitable
physiological process that results in
thin ,dry skin dermal atrophy,
wrinkles, etc. In this case the most
remarkable histological changes
occur within basal layer. With age
proliferation of cells to Bassler
layers decrease. The epidermis gets
thinner and contact surface between
dermis and epidermis decreases
which results in smaller exchange
surface area for nutrition supply to
epidermis. The decreased
proliferation ability of cells like
keratinocytes, fibroblasts, etc. is
called cellular senescence . The
dermis of aged skin shows fewer
mast cells, fibroblasts, rarefied
collagen fibre and elastic fibre.
Extrinsic ageing : exposure to UV
radiation is the main factor unlike
intrinsic factors where epidermis
becomes thin ,in case of extrinsic
factors ,epidermis becomes thick. It
leads to damage to collagen and
elastin fibre.It is also referred to as
photo ageing. Expression of type VII
collagen in keratinocytes decrease in
UV radiated skin areas UV rays
interact with DNA which results to
alteration of nuclear and
mitochondrial DNA and further
activation of certain enzymes which
damages extra cellular matrix.
Certain theories that lead to ageing:
Oxidative stress
Genetic mutations 
DNA damage 
telomere attrition ,etc.
Ageing can be slowed down by -
Topical Agents-Products that delay
or reverse visible signs of ageing is
termed as anti ageing
cosmeceuticals. The active
ingredient used is vitamin A,
C ,E ,hyaluronic acid,  alpha
hydroxy acids (AHAs )and beta
hydroxy acid (BHAs)and essential
fatty acids (EFAs).
Retinoids increases the rate of cell
division and improves
wrinkling ,coarseness, hyper
pigmentation and roughness
associated with over exposure to
sun. Photo age skin is repaired by
inhibiting collagenase and
improving dermal vasculature while
also stimulating new collagen
deposition . It promotes the down
growth of rate ridges.
Hyaluronic acid helps to keep the
surface of skin hydrated, supple and
less prone to wrinkling. Restylane  is
an injectable gel that acts as a filter
which removes the wrinkle which
binds to the water and provides
volume to fill in larger folds of skin.
AHAs( ascorbic acid ,citric
acid ,gluconic acid ,malic acid ,lactic
acid), BHAs( salicylic acid ,pyruvic
acid) increases skin
thickness ,improves skin elasticity
and increases collagen content and
glycosaminoglycans. These are thus
used in cosmetic products .
Vitamin C accelerate wound healing
. It is a potent antioxidant that
protects fatty tissues from oxidation
damage and play an integral role in
elastin and collagen synthesis. It
controls inflammatory responses
associated with UV exposure.
Vitamin E has moisturising
properties, anti-inflammatory effects
and provides protection from UV
damages. They inhibit formation of
lipid peroxides preventing skin
ageing. It improves decreased
function of the sebaceous glands.
Further antioxidants include leaf
wax of Eucalyptus and Prunus, the
seeds of black rice, leaves of barley,
sesame seeds, green tea, coral
extracts, aleovera and so on.
Natural antioxidants include
flavonoids (red grapes ,blue
berries);quercetin (onion ,apple
skin);catechisms ,carotenoids
(carrot),etc.
EFAs smoothed wrinkles by
hydrating the skin and slows new
signs of ageing .
Estrogen topical application shows
improvement in skin elastic city and
firmness .
Lipoid acid is a potent scavenger
with anti-inflammatory properties.
Injectable agents- Botox is a
neuromuscular blocking agent
produced by Clostridium
botulinum . It results in temporary
improvement of frown lines . Bovine
collagen implants are for cosmetics.
Fibrils work by creating clots that
becomes colonised by host collagen.
This shows long term persistent
results of correction.
Autologous fat grafting is the
standard method for soft tissue
augmentation and volume
restoration of the ageing phase.
Surgical procedures- cutaneous
surgery is performed to treat visible
signs of ageing in extremely elderly
patients and is well tolerated
ensuring comfort and safety. 
Blepharoplasty or eyelid surgery is
the minimally invasive procedure
that is accomplished with a small
incision and can restore an youthful
appearance to the face .
ANTIOXIDANTS:
Free radicals at the main culprits that
speed up degenerative processes like
aging. They are chemically active
and work to break down cells. They
lead to cancer, ageing or diseases
that come later in life. The radicals
go through a chemical process in
which they damage and alter DNA
creating physical changes. Our
bodies also produce many of its own
free radicals which if in excess can
cause life threatening diseases like
cancers, Alzheimer's etc.
However a healthy body also
produces antioxidants which
neutralize free radicals. Antioxidants
work throughout the body to protect
DNA organs and tissues from
damage. With age the production of
valuable antioxidants decreases.
Free radicals are found in daily
exposure to UV radiations from the
Sun, industrial pollution and
crowded environmental living
conditions.
The methods to reduce excess of
free radicals from the body is to
avoid or minimise the exposure to
products or locations that cause
them. Also taking antioxidant rich
diets can neutralize the impact
external free radicals have on the
body.
Antioxidants as reducing agents can
relieves skin aging by neutralizing
ROS that have already formed. ROS
activate MAPK pathway and
increases MMP production that
degrades collagen. Antioxidants like
Vitamin C ,vitamin E or anti
oxidative enzymes like superoxide
dimuyase, catalase, coenzyme Q10
are some examples.
Some plants are also used as natural
source of antioxidants such as green
tea and aloe vera. A kind of catechin
in green tea prevents skin aging via
epidermal growth factor receptor
pathway.
SUPPLEMENTS
Certain supplements should be taken
as the body does not receive enough
antioxidants from the diet.
Supplements increase protection
from free radicals and oxidation. But
sometimes supplements interact
negatively with many over the
counter and prescription medications
and cause negative interactions with
particular foods. So it is always
better to ask a doctor or dietitian
before taking supplements.
Some antioxidant supplements
include grape seed extract garlic
pills fish oils etc. Green tea extract is
one of the best antioxidants because
it contains polyphenols and
flavonals. Some important
supplements for optimal health are
Vitamin D3, vitamin K2 ,Iodine,
Selenium ,minimally oxidized
Omega 3 fatty acids etc. These are
known as health supplements.
Next r a few longevity supplements
that can extended life span like
fisetin, alpha keto glutarate, lithium,
glycine, etc.
Anti aging antioxidant products are
very high in demand for increasing
skin tone and reducing wrinkles.
Three products when used together
can make up a healthy anti aging
skin care regiment: skin
supplements, day cream and
wrinkle. Antioxidant anti aging
creams reduce effects of aging and
works to keep skin cells fresh and
wrinkle free.
 peaks leading to cross linking and
over stimulation of aging
mechanisms. 
Antioxidant Activity
Reduction of consumption of too
8000 much animal protein especially red
7000 6970
6000 meat. Too much animal protein
5000 accelerates aging. Animal protein
Time interval (seconds)

4000
3000 like white meet fish and vegetable
2000
1000 1008 574 538 proteins should be consumed. Fishes
0 147 63 56 45 39 33
s o rry ct ne te uit on wi le rot having low Mercury content should
es e tra Wi cola efr em Ki App Car
pr kb Ex
Es Blac te Red Cho Gra
p L be chosen in diet.
n
ra
eg
Po
m Unhealthy fats like trans facts and
Stem cell therapy. Stem cell Omega 6 fats should be avoided.
transplantation is a very promising Fried foods cookies best foods snack
therapy for treatment of skin aging. foods fast foods Sunflower oil corn
Adipose tissue transplantation oil margarine sesame oil and
improves skin quality and increases mayonnaise should be avoided.
skin volume. Adipose derived stem
cells contribute to regeneration of Avoid drinking milk because it
skin during aging. In recent clinical accelerates aging in many ways. It's
test autologous fat grafting stimulates pro aging mechanisms
rejuvenates aging skin and enhances and Pathways like mTOR, IGF, etc.
the volume of periocular and
perioral skin. A lot of vegetables legumes and
mushrooms should be consumed.
Following a longevity diet. Are diet Least process foods should be
and feeding habits impact the rate of included in diet. Certain foods that
aging. Nutrition is one of the most increase longevity like blueberries,
powerful Lifestyle intervention to broccoli ,Salmon, dark chocolate,
live longer. Certain diet restrictions Kale,etc. should be included in diet.
and inclusions can retard aging. Few Avoid too much alcohol. Drinking
of the following are listed below lots of water should be adopted. As a
whole eat less. Try two meals a day.
Sugary foods like soda drinks sweets Calorie restriction processes like
candies cakes doughnuts should be fasting can also be adopted.
avoided. 
Physical exercise. Engagement in
Intake of Starchy empty calorie anaerobic exercises like
foods should be reduced like bread weightlifting and aerobic exercises
Pasta Pizza rice potatoes. Such foods like running and HIIT is good to
cause high and protracted glucose improve metabolism leading to
increase mitochondrial biosynthesis.
A 20 minute work on a daily basis
can reduce risk of heart
diseases ,Alzheimer's ,etc.
Sufficient sleep like 8 hours and
daily basis repairs the body. Sleep
deficiency leads to accelerated aging
and higher risk of diseases like
diabetes.
Evaluati on Of
Therapeutic Aspects
Of Aging
Physical
Therapy
Mind/Body
Skills
botox
nutrition
therapy
physical
exercise
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
DESIGN FLOW/PROCESS:
Aging based Studies were
conducted via several scholarly
articles available online.
First of all ,the topic was chosen
because it is a topic of widespread
concern all over the world. People
try multiple methods to slow down
the appearance of aging .
So, we have aimed at exploring the
biological aspects of this subject .
We have firstly aimed at studying
the molecular reasons like Free
Radicle Theory and oxidative stress .
Mitochondrial Dysfunction causes
oxygen stress in the body that leads
to damage of various organs and
tissues. From such have we arrived
to the concept of antioxidants that
protects the body from oxidative
damage. Similarly calorie restriction
topics have also been explored.
Our objective were divided into 3
broad categories one leading to the
other in the form of the given flow
chart.
RESULTS ANALYSIS AND
VALIDATION:
We have critically studied the
Biological sphere of aging.
A chronological review of various
research papers were done ,where
we have studied the various factors
that lead to aging .
Further studies were also conducted
on the various chronic diseases of
aging.
Pharmaceutical and therapeutic
aspects were studied thoroughly.
We arrive at the understanding that
aging is a wide spread, inevitable
and universal process. It is a
cumulative result of various factors
that lead to physical ,psychological
and social impairment in
people .The most beneficial of all
mechanisms is intake of antioxidants
be it from fruits and diet or
supplements.
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
SCOPE:
Ageing is the root cause of age
related diseases, like heart disease,
Alzheimer’s disease ,osteoporosis,
etc. So many scientists around the
world are working on new therapies
that can slow down the ageing
process or reverse ageing.

Take heart disease for example.
Apart from the clinical reasons a
doctor would state, the basic cause is
that with age lysosomes cannot
breakdown cholesterol properly.
Lysosomal dysfunction is one of the
hallmarks of ageing.
Some technologies that aim to either
delay or reverse ageing are as
follows:
1. Mitochondrial rejuvenation -
Mitochondria are the
powerhouses of a cell.
Mitochondrial DNA contain
blueprints to build and
maintain mitochondria. With
age, the DNA damages down .
Mitochondrial rejuvenation
could be a solution to this.
        
         This can be done by
intravenously injecting tagged
mitochondrial DNA,   administering
specific peptides that improve
mitochondrial health, administering
new mitochondrial decoupling
agents, etc.
1. Epigenetic reprogramming -
The epigenome is the
complex molecular machinery
surrounding the DNA which
decides which genes are
switched off and which genes
are switched on. With age, the
epigenome becomes
dysregulated. This increases
the risk of cancer and
inflammatory diseases.
        Some natural substances that
can improve epigenetic health are
Calcium alpha ketoglutarate,
Vitamin C, Glycine, etc.
1. Clearing up the protein mess -
When we get older, more and
more proteins accumulate
inside and outside our cells.
This leads to Alzheimer’s
disease and heart disease.
    
        Protein accumulation can be
slowed down or reversed by
administering a protein vaccine to
the immune system to clear up
specific proteins, by infusing
lysosomal enzymes to digest the
specific proteins, improving
autophagy .
1. Stem Cell Therapy - Stem
cells are cells that generate
new cells and maintain our
tissues and organs. When we
become older, the stem cells
either become dysfunctional
or die off.
        Stem cells can be infused in the
body to replace the dwindling stem
cell pool or to reboot the existing
stem cell population. Substances like
alpha-ketoglutarate can improve the
health of stem cells.
1. Extending telomeres -
Telomeres are the caps at the
ends of DNA strands. The
more cells divide, the shorter
the telomeres become. This is
directly related to lifespan.
        Scientists are exploring ways to
lengthen the telomeres.
1. Drugs that can slow down
ageing - Some drugs, like
Rapamycin or Metformin,
could extend lifespan.
Research on the usage of
these drugs to retard ageing is
underway.  from several health related diseases.
Now, in the 21st century, we know
much more about age related
diseases than people of the earlier
times did. In the coming decade,
fascinating new biotechnology
techniques will come to light which
will substantially slow down the
ageing process and save mankind

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APPENDICES:
TELOMERES: Telomere is a region of repetitive DNA sequences at the end of
a chromosome. Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes from becoming
frayed or tangled. Telomeres shorten each time a cell divides