The History of the development of the Atomic Model

Throughout the years, the atomic model has gone through multiple changes. Many scientists have
contributed to important discoveries and improving their knowledge about the atom. Some of these
scientists are listed below. Click on this link to learn more about each individual and how they have
helped today’s scientists understand more about the atom, and then use the information to fill in the
table below.

Scientist/Philosopher Model proposed Main aspects

Democritus (philosopher)
Tiny “uncuttable” particles
The concept of the atom
Really small particles that
cannot be broken down and
posses unique characteristics
that affect the properties of the
particles.

John Dalton The atomic theory He reaffirmed Democritus

“Billard Ball” the atom model.
concept of the atom by giving
it the name of atom. Atoms in
a element are all the same
atoms and atoms of different
elements combine to form a
compound.

J.J Thomson The electron He discovered that the

“Plum Pudding” the electron direction of electron currents
model. could be changed by positive
or negative charged plates.
With this he discovered the
electron, a negative charged
particle within the atom.

Ernest Rutherford Gold Foil experiment Atoms have to be made up of

“Planetary model”
mostly empty space. The atom
has a nucleus which is a
positively charged region in
the center. The nucleus is
small compared to the size of
the atom.

Niels Bohr Bohr Model Electrons orbit the nucleus in

circles. The inner shells can
hold less electrons than the
outer shells.
 Louis de Broglie Wave/ particle duality theory A theory of electron waves.
of matter “any moving particle or object
has an associated wave”.

Erwin Schrödinger Electron Cloud Model Electrons move in waves

around the nucleus, of different
sizes that depend on the
wavelengths. The electrons
would be found in clouds of
space around the nucleus.

Make Your Own Spectrometer

Note: This experiment involves sharp objects and should only be performed by children if
under supervision. As long as care is taken, this is a fun experiment with effective results. It
can be done without the razor blades, but the results are not as good.
Spectrometers are used, like prisms, to spread light out into the component colors. This enables us to
understand the compositions of everything from stars to streetlights. Here I show you how to make
your own spectrometer and give you a few examples of what you can see with it.
What You Need:
● A cardboard tube (toilet roll or kitchen roll tubes are just perfect, in the pictures here, I have
used more black card to make a tube myself.)
● 2 square pieces of black card (approximately 8cm x 8cm)
● Black tape or masking tape (something that blocks out light)
● A Stanley knife
● A Diffraction Grating
Assembling the Diffraction Grating:
Cut a small square hole (approximately 1cm across) in the middle of one of your 8cm x 8cm black
cards; cover the 1cm hole in your card with the Diffraction Grating
Make a Very Fine Slit:
Using a Stanley knife cut a slit in the middle of the other piece of 8cm x 8cm black card. This slit
should be about 2cm long and just a few millimeters wide. Tape the cardboard to one extreme of the
hollow toilet paper tube.
Assemble the Spectroscope:
You now attach the two square cards to either end of the tube using the dark tape. You have to attach
it in such a way that no light is let into the tube accidentally (hence the dark tape). When you look
through the diffraction grating, you only want to see light coming from the slit.
Testing Out Your Spectrometer:
The best way to see how this works is to use it during daylight. Just point the spectrometer toward a
window during the day or up at a cloud if you’re outside. You should not ever look directly at the
Sun. You should see a nice, smooth spectrum (rainbow) somewhere in your field of view in the tube.
Here is a photo of a cloud taken through my own spectrometer. The bright white light is the slit and
spectrum is just off to one side.

What’s Happening?
When light enters the tube though the slit it spreads out – all waves do this when passing through
small slits. The Diffraction grading separates colors visible to your eye. You see a nice, even
spectrum from daylight sources because daylight is made up of all the colors of visible light from the
Sun. Once you can see this pattern use your spectroscope to look at the light emitted by the light
bulbs in your classroom compare them with the following line spectrums of three different elements.

The Astronomy Connection:

This is how astronomers know what stars are made of. They use advanced spectrometers to measure
the spectrum of stars and pull out the ‘fingerprint’ patterns of color that you see above. Each element
has a unique set of spectral lines (colors) and these can identify the presence of different chemicals in
stars, nebulae and just about everything else.
This is the whole spectrum of the Sun. It is so detailed that it had to spread onto multiple lines to see it
properly! You’ll see that in fact it is not perfectly evenly spread out as I suggested earlier. This was
taken with a very advanced spectrometer that has a greatly increased sensitivity compared to one
made here, but it’s based on the same principles.

Now lets use the answers to the previous questions to develop the following table

Principal QN Quantum NF Magnetic QN SPIN QN

Energy Layer Sublevel(s) Electron location possible rotation
Orbital (2e)
Principal QN Quantum NF Magnetic QN SPIN QN
N=1à7 l=0->n-1 m=-là+l s= +1/2, -1/2
0 0 +1/2, -1/2
1

0 0 +1/2, -1/2
2

-1 +1/2, -1/2
1 0 +1/2, -1/2
1 +1/2, -1/2
3 L=0àn-1 M=-làl+

L=0à3-1=2

0 0 +1/2, -1/2

-1 +1/2, -1/2
1 0 +1/2, -1/2
1 +1/2, -1/2

-2 +1/2, -1/2
2 -1 +1/2, -1/2
0 +1/2, -1/2
1 +1/2, -1/2
2 +1/2, -1/2
4 0 0 +1/2, -1/2

-1 +1/2, -1/2
1 0 +1/2, -1/2
1 +1/2, -1/2

-2 +1/2, -1/2
-1 +1/2, -1/2
2 0 +1/2, -1/2
1 +1/2, -1/2
2 +1/2, -1/2

-3 +1/2, -1/2
3 -2 +1/2, -1/2
-1 +1/2, -1/2
0 +1/2, -1/2
1 +1/2, -1/2
2 +1/2, -1/2
3 +1/2, -1/2
5 0 0 +1/2, -1/2

-1 +1/2, -1/2
1 0 +1/2, -1/2
1 +1/2, -1/2

-2 +1/2, -1/2
-1 +1/2, -1/2
2 0 +1/2, -1/2
1 +1/2, -1/2
2 +1/2, -1/2

-3 +1/2, -1/2
-2 +1/2, -1/2
-1 +1/2, -1/2
3 0 +1/2, -1/2
1 +1/2, -1/2
2 +1/2, -1/2
3 +1/2, -1/2

-4 +1/2, -1/2
-3 +1/2, -1/2
-2 +1/2, -1/2
-1 +1/2, -1/2
4 0 +1/2, -1/2
1 +1/2, -1/2
2 +1/2, -1/2
3 +1/2, -1/2
4 +1/2, -1/2
6 0 0 +1/2, -1/2

-1 +1/2, -1/2
1 0 +1/2, -1/2
1 +1/2, -1/2

-2 +1/2, -1/2
-1 +1/2, -1/2
2 0 +1/2, -1/2
1 +1/2, -1/2
2 +1/2, -1/2

-3 +1/2, -1/2
-2 +1/2, -1/2
-1 +1/2, -1/2
3 0 +1/2, -1/2
1 +1/2, -1/2
2 +1/2, -1/2
3 +1/2, -1/2

-4 +1/2, -1/2
-3 +1/2, -1/2
-2 +1/2, -1/2
-1 +1/2, -1/2
4 0 +1/2, -1/2
1 +1/2, -1/2
2 +1/2, -1/2
3 +1/2, -1/2
4 +1/2, -1/2

-5 +1/2, -1/2
-4 +1/2, -1/2
-3 +1/2, -1/2
-2 +1/2, -1/2
-1 +1/2, -1/2
5 0 +1/2, -1/2
1 +1/2, -1/2
2 +1/2, -1/2
3 +1/2, -1/2
4 +1/2, -1/2
5 +1/2, -1/2
7 0 0 +1/2, -1/2

-1 +1/2, -1/2
1 0 +1/2, -1/2
1 +1/2, -1/2

-2 +1/2, -1/2
-1 +1/2, -1/2
2 0 +1/2, -1/2
1 +1/2, -1/2
2 +1/2, -1/2

-3 +1/2, -1/2
-2 +1/2, -1/2
-1 +1/2, -1/2
3 0 +1/2, -1/2
1 +1/2, -1/2
2 +1/2, -1/2
3 +1/2, -1/2

-4 +1/2, -1/2
-3 +1/2, -1/2
-2 +1/2, -1/2
-1 +1/2, -1/2
4 0 +1/2, -1/2
1 +1/2, -1/2
2 +1/2, -1/2
3 +1/2, -1/2
4 +1/2, -1/2

-5 +1/2, -1/2
-4 +1/2, -1/2
-3 +1/2, -1/2
-2 +1/2, -1/2
-1 +1/2, -1/2
5 0 +1/2, -1/2
1 +1/2, -1/2
2 +1/2, -1/2
3 +1/2, -1/2
4 +1/2, -1/2
5 +1/2, -1/2

-6 +1/2, -1/2
-5 +1/2, -1/2
-4 +1/2, -1/2
-3 +1/2, -1/2
-2 +1/2, -1/2
-1 +1/2, -1/2
Now lets analyze our results by answering the following:

Analysis of the 1st Energy Layer according to the Quantum

Mechanic Model
If you analyze n=1
Energy Layer Sublevel(s) Electron location possible rotation
Orbital (2e)
Principal QN Quantum NF Magnetic QN SPIN QN
N=1à7 l=0->n-1 m=-là+l s= +1/2, -1/2

0(s) 0 +1/2, -1/2

1

How many sublevels do you have in energy level 1?

How many Orbitals do you have in sublevel 0(s), since each orbital can only have
maximum 2 electrons how many electrons can you have maximum in sublevel 0(s), and what
type rotation do these follow?

Analysis of the 2nd Energy Layer according to the Quantum

Mechanic Model
If you analyze n=2
Energy Layer Sublevel(s) Electron location possible rotation
Orbital (2e)
Principal QN Quantum NF Magnetic QN SPIN QN
n=1à7 l=0->n-1 m=-là+l s= +1/2, -1/2
 0(s) 0 +1/2, -1/2
2
-1 +1/2, -1/2
1(p) +1/2, -1/2
0
1 +1/2, -1/2

How many sublevels do you have in energy level 2

How many Orbitals do you have in sublevel 0(s), since each orbital can only have
maximum 2 electrons how many electrons can you have maximum in sublevel 0(s), and what
type rotation do these follow?

How many Orbitals do you have in sublevel 1(P), since each orbital can only have
maximum 2 electrons how many electrons can you have maximum in sublevel 1(P)
and what type rotation do these follow?

Now you develop the whole table above from n=3 to n=7

Use the information you just obtained above to fill in /answer the following:

How many energy levels can there be in total?

How many sublevels do you have in each energy level?

Energy Level Sublevels Orbitals

1 s 1

2 s 1
p 3

3 s
p
d
 4 s
p
d
f

5 s
p
d
f
g

6 s
p
d
f
g
h

7 s
p
d
f
g
h
i

If you can only have 2 electrons maximum per orbital, how many electrons can you have maximum
in each sublevel? Example if sublevel 0(s) has only one orbital with 2 electrons then the 1st sublevel
con only have 2 electrons maximum, this can be represented as S2
Where S is the sublevel and 2 is the maximum number of electrons (because there is only 1 orbital
with maximum 2 electrons in that sublevel)

How many electrons would sublevel P have maximum? Hint look at the number of orbitals it has

Check your original table and establish the number of orbitals in each energy layer and fill in
the table below:

Energy Level Sublevels Orbitals Max # of Electrons

1 s 1 2

2 s 1 2
p 3 6

3 s
p
d

4 s
p
d
f

5 s
p
d
f
g

6 s
p
d
f
g
h
 7 s
p
d
f
g
h
i

Now let’s suppose we want to summarize all the information we have developed into a simple
chart by crossing all the information developed before as follows:

SUBLEVELS/ORBITALS/# OF ELECTRONS
s p d f g h i

E 1 1s2
N 2 2s2 2p6
E 3 3s2 3p6 3d10
R 4 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14
G 5 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18
Y 6 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 6g18 6h22
7 7s2 7p6 7d10 7f14 7g18 7h22 7i26
L
A
Y
E
R
S
What you have just made is the summary table of the quantum mechanic theory, this table was later
complemented by Pauli’s exclusion principal, Aufbau rule, Hund’s rule,
converting it into what we know now as the electron configuration table. Investigate the definitions of
these rules (use this video) and use each of them to finish the electron configuration table below.

1s2
2s2 2p6
3s2 3p6 3d10
4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14
5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18
6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 6g18 6h22
7s2 7p6 7d10 7f14 7g18 7h22 7i26
 Electron configuration and Periodic Table
The Electron Configuration table is a summarized format of the quantum mechanic theory
that is used to determine the distributions of electrons by energy layer and orbitals permitting
us to establish the number of electrons in the last energy level of each element and with it
the location of the elements within the periodic table and their possible chemical behavior
when chemically combining.

The periodic Table is a summarized format that contains the main chemical characteristics
of the known elements and whose actual format is mainly considered to have been
contributed by Henry Moseley that proposed a truly scientific basis of the Periodic Table of
the Elements by sorting chemical elements in the order of their atomic numbers and by
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev that formulated the Periodic Law, creating his own version of the
periodic table of elements, and used it to correct the properties of some already discovered
elements and also to predict the properties of eight elements that were yet to be discovered.

In today’s class activity we are going to use the following interactive as a means of
developing your own periodic table, before you begin you must consult the following
concepts:

Atomic number: the numbers of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Atomic mass: the mass of an atom (protons + neutrons)

Electron configuration: the distribution of electrons in an atom.

Period: A horizontal row of elements, that have the same number of energy levels.

Group: a vertical row of elements, tht have the same amount of elements in their last energy
level.

Octet Rule: a rule that reflects that the combination of elements can only have 8 electrons
maximum in the last layer of the atom.

Valence: the electrons in the last energy level.

Representative elements: all the elements except transition metals.

Use the first 20 atomic numbers with your interactive to obtain their electron
configurations and use the resulting information together with consulted concepts to
make your own periodic table. Use this Blank periodic table to do so. (Hint) Look for
the number of electrons in their last energy level to locate the group they belong to,
and their number of energy levels to find the period they belong to.

What pattern behavior can you observe when looking down a group?

Remember that atoms combine to make 8 electrons (become stable) in their last energy
level so if the elements say in group I have only 1 electron in their last energy layer (valence
shell) what would be easier, to loose that only electron or to receive 7 electrons? It would be
to loose that electron and because atoms have the same number of protons and electrons
when loosing that electron they end up having one more proton than the electrons thus
acquiring a +1 charge, if this pattern were the same for the rest of the groups we are working
with today, Add the charges to the rest of the groups, please fill that information on the
top section in your periodic table, besides add their symbol, atomic numbers and
atomic masses.

Now look for the next set of concepts:

Family: a group of element that are located in the same vertical line.

Alkali metal: group 1: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium and francium.

Alkaline earth metal: group 2: beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and
radium.

Boron family: group 13: boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium.

Carbon Family: group 14: carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, and lead

Nitrogen family: group 15: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth

Oxygen family: group 16: oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium.

Halogen family: group 17: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.

Noble gas family: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon.

Metals: they are all in solid state, except for mercury which is in a liquid state., good
conductors of electricity and heat.

Nonmetals: found in groups 14-16. Can be in any state of matter.

Metalloids: boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, and astatine. Regular
conductors of electricity.

Periodic law
Locate each family in your periodic table and assign a color to their squares and a
distinctive color to their symbols according to their state of matter in which they are
found at normal room temperature (25oC).

Now look for the following concepts:

Transition elements: any of the set of metallic elements in the enter block.

Inner transition elements: a group of chemical elements that are normally shown 2 rows
below the other elements.

1. Lanthanides: any of the series of fifteen metallic elements from lanthanum to lutetium
in the periodic table.

Actinides: a group of elements that go from 89 to 103 in atomic numbers

Now use your interactive to develop the electron configurations for the following
atomic numbers

Notice that these are transition elements so to assign them a group and a period their
electron configuration must be read differently here you must consider the last two electron
configuration values, say you have SC21 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1 you would consider the one
2 1
before last numerical value 4s2 to assign the period and the added values 4s 3d of the
last two amounts of electrons to assign the B group in this case 3. Do the same with atomic
numbers 22-48 of the transition elements. Add their symbol, atomic numbers and atomic
masses. Locate them in your periodic table and assign a color to their squares and a
distinctive color to their symbols according to their state of matter in which they are
found at normal room temperature (25oC).

Chemical Bonds & Dot Structures

In todays class activity we are going to analyze what a chemical bond is and the
different types of chemical bonds while referring to the periodic trend called
electronegativity and how it helps determine the type of chemical bond, to do this you
must consult the following concepts:

Chemical bond: the chemical union if electrons within the last energy level of 2 or
more atoms.
Ionic bond: when an atom looses electrons (cation) and another one gains it (anion),
they attract because they have opposite charges.

Covalent bond: 2 or more atoms share electrons from the last energy level.

Electronegativity: the force with which an atom pulls on the electron its sharing with
another atom.

Electronegative difference: the difference of electronegativity between the atoms

united by the chemical bond.

Nonpolar covalent bond: the electronegative difference is from 0 to .3

Polar covalent bond: the electronegative difference is from .4 to 1.7

Metallic bond: the chemical union between atoms of the same metal.

Use the following link Chemical Bonds to help you determine the types of chemical
bonds for the following list of compounds:

Review Electronegativity in a period increases as you move from left to right

Electronegativity in a Group decreases as you move from top to bottom

Look at the following periodic table with electronegative values

Combine the following list of cations and anions using the valences from your
periodic table

H2O: 3.5 – 2.1= HCl: 3 – H3N: 3 –

1.4 2.1= .9 2.1= .9

Polar Covalent Polar Polar

Bond Covalent Covalent
Bond Bond

Li2O: 3.5 – 1= LiCl: 3 – 1= 2 Li3N: 3 – 1= 2

2.5
Ionic Ionic
Ionic

CaO: 3.5- 1.3= CaCl2: 3 – Ca3N2: 3 –

1.2 1.3= 1.7 1.3= 1.7

Polar Polar
 Polar Covalent Covalent Covalent
Bond Bond Bond

Look for the electronegative values of the elements H, Li, O, and Cl

Use the electronegative values of each of these elements to find the electronegative
difference between them as follows:

2.1 3 = .9

HCl

You subtract the minor electronegative value from the major electronegative value
like 2.1 from 3 to obtain the electronegative difference of .9, then look at the following
table and find in what category the value falls in, as follows:

Since your electronegative difference was of .9 you check that value in the table
above where you can see that it falls in the reading between .5 and 2.0 so its bond is
classified as polar covalent. Now do the same with the rest of the compounds you
obtained to determine if they are held together by Ionic Bonds or covalent bonds.

Periodic Trends

In todays class activity we are going to analyze periodic tables to establish pattern
behaviors of elements depending on their location within the periodic table to do this
you must consult the following concepts:

Periodic trend: the characteristics of elements depending on their location in the

periodic table, it will be increasing or decreasing.

Atomic radius: the distance from the center of the nucleus to the outermost electron.

Ionization potential: the force needed to pull an electron from its last energy level.

Electronegativity: the force used by an atom to pull an electron from sharing with
another atom.

Electron affinity: the facility with which an atom receives additional number of
electrons in its last energy level.
Use the following link Periodic Trends to establish the pattern behavior of each of the
periodic trends, and add the resulting information to your periodic tables.

Note: These are general periodic trends of elements. There are many exceptions to these general rules.

Review
Period - a Horizontal row of elements on the periodic table. Remember that sentences
are
written in rows and end with a period.
Group - a vertical column of elements on the periodic table. Remember that group is
spelled group and groups go up and down.

Atomic Radius – What is atomic radius?

Period How does the atomic radius behave within a period? Explain Why.
Group - How does the atomic radius behave within a group? Explain Why.
.
Electronegativity – What is Electronegativity?
Period - How does the Electronegativity behave within a period? Explain why.
Group – How does the electronegativity behave within a group? Explain why.

Ionization Energy – What is Ionization energy(potential)?

Period - How does the Ionization energy(potential) behave within a period? Explain why.
Group - How does the Ionization energy(potential) behave within a period? Explain why.

Reactivity – What is Reactivity?

Metals
Period – How does the reactivity behave within a period? Explain why.
Group - How does the reactivity behave within a group? Explain why.
Non-metals
Period – How does the reactivity behave within a period. Explain why.
Group – How does reactivity behave within a group. Explain why.

Ionic Radius vs. Atomic Radius What is ionic radius & what is Atomic Radius?
Metals - What is the difference between Ionic Radius and Atomic Radius? Explain why.

Non-metals - What is the difference between Ionic Radius and Atomic Radius? Explain why.

Melting Point What is the melting point?

Metals – How does the melting point behave in metals?
Non-metals - How does the melting point behave in nonmetals?

Use your answers to place them them on your own periodic tables as follows:

Summary Chart of Periodic Trends

Fill in this table with the answers you obtained above

Top to bottom Left to right

Group Period

Atomic Radius increase decrease

Ionization Potential decrease increase

Electronegativity decrease increase

Electron Affinity decrease increase

Reactivity decrease increase

decrease increase
Melting Point

Ionic Radius decrease increase

Use the Periodic Table to answer the following:

1. Suppose your were asked to work for a pharmaceuetical company, but in order to do
so, you had to carryout a series of tests to show your ability in the management of
chemical bases.

a) Find which element has the most reactivity, and besides organize the list of
elements in an increasing order. I, Br, Cl, F

The most reactivity: F. I, Br, Cl, F

b) Find which element has the least reactivity, and besides organize the list of
elements in an decreasing order. Li, Na, K, Rb.

The least reactivity: Rb. Li, Na, K, Rb

c) Find which element has the most electronegativity , and besides organize the
list of elements in an increasing order. Li, Be, B, C

The most electronegative element is Carbon. Li, Be, B, Li

d) Find which element has the least Electronegativity , and besides organize the
list of elements in an decreasing order. Be, Mg, Ca, Sr

The least electronegative element is Sr. Be, Mg, Ca, Sr

 e) Find which element has the most Atomic Radius. Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and besides
organize the list of elements in an decreasing order

The element with the most atomic radius is Sr. Sr, Ca, Mg, Be

f) Find which element has the most Ionization potential. Li, Na, K , Rb and besides
organize the list of elements in an increasing order

The element with more ionization potential is Li. Li, Na, K, Rb.

Use your http://www.ptable.com to find the following:

a) Identify and color the metals in your periodic table

b) Identify and color the nonmetals in your periodic table

c) Identify and color the metalloids in your periodic table

d) What is the electron configuration for transition elements

e) What is the electron configuration for innertransition elements

f) What is the electron configuration for noble gases

S2 p6

g) Because of their electron configuration how many electrons are given, taken or
shared by the elements in Group VII A?

Recieve 1

h) Because of their electron configuration how many electrons are given, taken or
shared by the elements in Group II A?

Give 2

i) Because of the electron configuration which A groups given and which A

groups receive electrons when chemically combining?
 Give: IA IIA IIA IIIA and IVA

Recieve: IVA VA VI and VII

Electron Configuration Table

1. Hydrogen (H)= 1s1

2. Helium (He)= 1s2

3. Lithium (Li)= 1s2 2s1

4. Berylium(Be)= 1s2 2s2

5. Boron (B)= 1s2 2s2 2p1

6. Carbon (C)= 1s2 2s2 2p2

7. Nitrogen (N)= 1s2 2s2 2p3

8. Oxygen (O)= 1s2 2s2 2p4

9. Fluorine (F)= 1s2 2s2 2p5

10. Neon (Ne)= 1s2 2s2 2p6

11. Sodium (Na)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

12. Magnesium (Mg)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

13. Aluminium (Al)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1

14. Silicon (Si)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2

15. Phosphorus (P)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3

16. Sulfur (S)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4

17. Chloride (Cl)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

18. Argon (Ar)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

19. Potassium (K)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1

20. Calcium (Ca)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

21. Scandium (Sc)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1

22. Titanium (T)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d2

23. Vanadium (V)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3

24. Chromium (Cr)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d4

25. Manganese (Mn)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5

26. Iron (Fe)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6

27. Cobalt (Co)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d7

28. Nickel (Ni)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8

29. Copper (Cu)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d9

30. Zinc (Zn)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10

31. Gallium (Ga)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1

32. Germanium (Ge)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2

33. Arsenic (As)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p3

34. Selenium (Se)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p4

35. Bromine (Br)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5

36. Krypton (Kr)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6

37. Rubidium (Rb)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1

38. Stronium (Sr)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2

39. Yttrium (Y)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d1

40. Zirconium (Zr)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d2

41. Niobium (Nb)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d3

42. Molybdenum (Mo)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d4

43. Technetium (Tc)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d5

44. Ruthenium (Ru)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d6
45. Rhodium (Rh)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d7

46. Palladium (Pd)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d8

47. Silver (Ag)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d9

48. Cadmiun (Cd)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10