The University of Edinburgh

College of Science and Engineering

Mathematics 4 Honours
MATH10082 Linear Analysis

Thursday, 9th May 2019

2:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Chairman of Examiners – Professor A Olde Daalhuis

External Examiner – Professor G Brown

Attempt ALL Questions

Calculators and other electronic

A scientific calculator is permitted in this examination.
It must not be a graphical calculator.
It must not be able to communicate with any other devices.

This examination will be marked anonymously.

MATH10082 May 2019

Linear Analysis

1. This question is about basic properties of normed linear spaces and Banach spaces.
All scalars are complex unless otherwise stated.

(a) Let k · k1 and k · k2 be two norms on a vector space X.

(i) Write down what it means to say that k · k1 and k · k2 are equivalent norms on
X. [1 mark]
(ii) Suppose that k · k1 and k · k2 are equivalent norms on X and (X, k · k2 ) is a
Banach space. Show that (X, k · k1 ) is a Banach space. [2 marks]
(iii) True or False: On any finite dimensional vector space X, one can find two norms
which are not equivalent. [1 mark]

Let X be a finite dimensional vector space with basis B = {e1 , . . . , en }. For x =

(b) P
n j j
j=1 x ej ∈ X where the x are complex scalars, define

kxkB,∞ := max |xj |.

1≤j≤n

(i) Show that k · kB,∞ defines a norm on X. [2 marks]

Pn j
(ii) Show that (X, k · kB,∞ ) is a Banach space. (Hint: if {xm = j=1 xm ej }m≥1
defines a sequence of vectors in X, consider the sequence {xjm }m≥1 of complex
numbers for each j = 1, . . . , n.) [2 marks]
(iii) Let k·k be a norm on X. Show that (X, k·k) is a Banach space and hence deduce
that all finite dimensional normed linear spaces are complete. [2 marks]
2. This question is about the geometry of inner product spaces and Hilbert spaces. All
scalars are complex unless otherwise stated.

(a) Let (X, h·, ·i) be an inner product space and let M = Span{e1 , . . . , en } ⊂ X where
{e1 , . . . , en } is a finite orthonormal sequence of vectors.

(i) Show that any x ∈ M can be written as [2 marks]

n
X
x = hx, ej iej .
j=1
Pn
(ii) For every x ∈ X, show that x− j=1 hx, ej iej ∈ M ⊥ where M ⊥ is the orthogonal
complement of M . [2 marks]
(iii) Suppose now M 6= X. Show how to construct a unit vector f such that
{e1 , . . . , en , f } is an orthonormal sequence. [2 marks]

(b) Let H be a Hilbert space and let {fm }m≥1 be an infinite orthonormal sequence of
vectors.

(i) Show that for every x ∈ H and for every N ≥ 1, [3 marks]

N
X 2 N
X
2
x − hx, f if = kxk − |hx, fm i|2 .

m m
m=1 m=1

(ii) Consider the following three conditions on the sequence {fm }m≥1 :
(A) For every x ∈ H, the seqeunce SN := N
P
m=1 hx, fm ifm converges to x; that
is,
X∞
x = hx, fm ifm .
m=1

(B) For every x ∈ H, kxk2 = |hx, fm i|2 .

P
m≥1

(C) If x ∈ H satisfies hx, fm i = 0 for all m ≥ 1, then x = 0.

i. Show that if (A) holds, then (B) holds and conversely that if (B) holds,
then (A) holds. [2 marks]
ii. Show that if (B) holds, then (C) holds. [3 marks]
iii. True or False: The sequence {fm }m≥1 is an orthonormal basis for H if and
only if one of the conditions (A), (B) or (C) holds. [1 mark]

(c) Let M be a closed subspace of a Hilbert space H.

(i) Show that M ∩ M ⊥ = {0}. [2 marks]

(ii) Suppose that {en }∞
n=1 is an orthonormal basis for M . Let PM : H → M denote
the orthogonal projection of H onto M . Show that for every x ∈ H,
[3 marks]
∞
X
PM x = hx, en ien .
n=1

Hint: Recall that every x ∈ H decomposes as x = PM x + QM x where QM x ∈

M ⊥.
3. The question is about bounded linear operators.

(a) Let (X, k·k) be a normed linear space. A subspace M ⊂ X is said to have a bounded
complement in X if there is a subspace N ⊂ X with the following two properties:

(P1): X = M ⊕ N (that is, every x ∈ X has a unique representation x = y + z where

y ∈ M and z ∈ N ); and

(P2): there is a constant A such that kyk ≤ Akxk for all x = y + z where y ∈ M and
z ∈ N.

(i) Show that every closed subspace M in a Hilbert space H has a bounded
complement where A = 1 in (P2). [2 marks]
(ii) Let X = `1 and M = {x = {xn }n≥1 ∈ `1 : x1 + x2 = 0}. Show that M has a
bounded complement in `1 . What choice for A can we take in (P2)? [3 marks]
(iii) Suppose that M has a bounded complement in X and let L ∈ M ∗ ; that is,
L : M → C is a bounded, linear functional and

kLkM := sup |Lx| < ∞.

x∈M,kxk≤1

Show that there exists a Λ ∈ X ∗ such that Λx = Lx for all x ∈ M and

kΛk ≤ AkLkM . [4 marks]

(b) State the spectral theorem for self-adjoint, compact operators on a Hilbert space.
[3 marks]

(c) Consider the Hilbert space `2 and the linear operator T : `2 → `2 defined by
1 1

T (x) = x1 , √ x2 , √ x3 , . . .
2 3
where x = (xj )j≥1 ∈ `2 .

(i) Show that T is bounded. [2 marks]

(ii) Show that T ∗ = T . [2 marks]
2
(iii) Consider the sequence {Tn } of bounded, linear operators on ` defined by
1 1 1

Tn (x) = x1 , √ x2 , √ x3 , . . . , √ xn , 0, 0, . . .
2 3 n

where x = (xj )j≥1 ∈ `2 . Show that kTn − T k → 0 as n → ∞. [2 marks]

(iv) Deduce that T is compact. [1 mark]
(v) Is T a Hilbert-Schmidt operator? Explain your answer. [1 mark]