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    Orios Genetic Problems 13

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    Jacqueline Roijard

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    See Answer key on last 4 pages Enriched Biology : Genetics Problems v 1. Inacertain organism, the gene for tall, 7, is dominant to the gene for short, . Write the eng and Shewtjpe fe a peta a peers ¥ A. heterozygous ¥ B.homozygous dominant rc _ ¥ C. homozygous recessive _ + ¥ 2. Ina cross between a homozygous dominant organism and a heterozygous organism, the ce Percentage of oflsrng witha phentype diferent from cher paren i how B. 25% C.50% D. ¥ 3.4 plant has tho genotype Ww. What is the chance, or probability, that the gamete will receive aw A.allwillreceiveW = BanW = Caw Daw 4 In guinea pigs, black is dominant. One-half of a particular litter is black, and half s white. The parental cross is most likely A.BB x Bb B.BBxbb <.Bbx bb D.bbxBB ” 5. In fruit flies, the gene for long wings, L, is dominant to the gene for short wings, [. A $omonygns ong minged mai ants troygons ong aged Scale se Se apse, t ~ Phenotypic ratio among their offspring is_o/n_(ai' nas) re / genotypic ratio among their offspring is a ' ¥ 6. If2 parents are caries ofthe same recessive trait (cariers are heterozygous), and if produce 3nonnalcldse ina row, what io eoeeits ee ean iy. ‘Tecessive trait? A. 100% B. 75% C. 50% Pi 2s% B.33.3% ‘The following fe require that you understand how to construct: Pedigree, which i family ce ht hows tb tension Gabo sa cece eae isa ‘The fellowing symbols are commonly used: a | O-o z : i ¥ 7. Browa eye color is dominant to blue eye color. The parents of a blue-eyed man were both brown-eyed, He marries a brown-eyed woman whose father was and whose. mother was blue-eyed. They have one child who is blue-eyed. What are the most probable genotypes of the individuals mentioned? ™ blue-eyed man is. Ymian'sfather cs". woman'sfather ts ¥ brown-eyed woman _ai. man's mother_.. _v woman's mother. “child _u » 8.A nommully pigmented man whose father was an albino marries an albino woman both of ‘whose parents were normally pigmented. They have three children: two normally pigmented, and one albino. List the genotypes af all these persons (albino is recessive). =O oa woeme em AAA | AA Cowan CIAB 8 Ee vidinah? he hid es 9a otk 9.Jn humans, the shape the hairline is controlled by a single pair of alleles. Widow's peak is ‘dominant nd aeyght is recente. A man wits ight tative marae a woman with ‘widow's peak. They have 4 children: two have widow's peaks, and two have straight. ir ‘What are the most probable genotypes of the individuals mentioned? ® Yomani wmf cht A! at 4 weenah! We emld 6 nae ona stae ~ 10.1n humans, brown eyes (B) is dominant over blue eyes (8). A brown-eyed woman whose father had biue eyes married a man with blue eyes. What i the chance that their frt child will be bor with blue eyes? s0"1) « '/s ~ What is the chance the second child will have blue eyes? “ What is the chance the second child will have brown eyes? 507% o-)4 — t Using the following information, answer the next 2 questions: * 11, Albinism, lack of skin pigmentation, is caused by a recessive, aulosonial allele. A man and a woman, both nomally pigmented, have an albino cid. ‘The couple decides to have a second child. What is the probability that this child will be albino? Azo Bl C2 Bis B3/4 D% o Ae da * 12, The mother is now pregnant for a third time, and her doctor tells her she is carrying fraternal twins. ‘What is the probability that both children will have normal pigmentation? A344 BI - CING 96. B 100% ~ 13. In guinea pigs, rough coat is dependent on a dominant gene (R), smooth coat upon the recsatve allele (7°). A rough coated male fémated wih 2 rough coated females, Female A, after 3 matings, has produced 14 young, all rough coated. Female B, after3 matings, produced 9 young, seven of which are rough coated and 2 smooth coated. What are the most probable genotypes ofthe three parent animals? A i . yo eee Y Femele AE RB 0 WOGGESSSS — veinate ear ~ 14, Huntington's disease is a fatal nerve-muscie disease caused by the inheritance of a single autosomal, dominant gene; the symptoms don’t appear until around age 40. (Note: a baby who inherits 2 copies of the dominant .'s gene (HH) dies before birth. A normal man has a child with a woman who later develops Huntington's disease. What is the chance that the child will develop Huntington's disease? <0 20 nh 3 bik “15. The ability to roll your tongue into a tube-shape is due to the inheritance of an aitosomal, dominant gene (R); homozygous recessive individuals (7) cannot rll their tongues. ‘Acman and woman, each of whom can roll their tongue, have 2 children. Their son can rll his tongue, bt their daughter cannot. Ifthe couple have a third child, what is the chance that child will be a tongueroller? —7=/ ere ae be 16. Tay-Sachs disease occurs most often in Jewish people (descendents of Jewish ancestors from cases Earp ht th gne probably xine), The dato cased yn aosoma recessive gene; ani is missing that breaks down a! in dere fouation child evaly le by age. ees ‘What would be the chance of producing a child with Tay-Sachs disease if one parent were heterozygous, and the other homozygous dominant? 0» 3 Huntington's chorea, a diseasé of the nervous system, is caused by an autosomal dominant gene. The pedigree chart below illustrates a family with individuals who have Huntington's chorea. Use the chart to answer the questions that follow: — Y 17. What is the probably genotype of individual D? v 18. What are the probable genotypes of individuals Hand 1? sin noth) Y 19. Whats the probability that N will not have Huntington's chorea? _a< -/2 / Vi wh i INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE : 20, In Andalusian fowl, B is the gene for black plumage; Wis the gene for white plumage. The genes show incomplete dominance. ‘The heterozygous condition results in bive plusinge ‘List the genotypic and phenotypic ratios expected from the following crosses: ‘A. black x blue B. blue x blue esha | BL W] agnotypics 1 ~ genetyp fay eT ace tH 7 Bevew © 601) cnenetypen tt Prewetypes ath ciee| wes ve 21. Among Caucasian human beings, when individuals with straight hair mate with those with curly hair, wavy-haired children are produced. If two individuals with wavy hair mate, what Bhenotypes and ratios would you predict among thelr offspring? 3 curly: 1 wavy D.3 wavy; 1 straight e 8 curly; 1 wavy; 1 straight E 1 straight; 2 curly; 1 wavy 1 straight; 2 wavy; 1 curly; mis ONE-TRAIT TESTCROSS 22. A farmer is told that his black bull is purebred (homozygous dominant). Knowing that black color in cattle is dominant over red, he decides to determine the purity of the strain by testcross. If the bull is pure Boe 2 ite te ring wil be ack C. 75% will be black and 25% will be red ~ fe 100% of the offspring will be red D. 50% will be black and 50% will be red aeare 23. In the testeross question above, what would the farmer expect ifthe bull is not a purebred? A, 100% of the offspring will be black —_C. 75% will be black and 25% will be red 5 B, 100% of the offspring will be red 2B. 50% will be black and 50% will be red b ab bb PROBLEMS INVOLVING TWO TRAITS Rr J*S" / 24, Tall is dominaint to short, and red fruit is dominant to yellow fruit. Two tomato plants af heterozygous for both tallness and red fruit are crossed. a | (a) What percentage of the offspring would be expected to be heterozygous for both taliness and redfruit? ~ y, — 25 07, () What percentage would have the genotype TTRr? “e 7 as% 1 125. Black and rough are dominant. What is the | phenotypic ratio of offspring if. homozygous black, heterozygous rough pig is bred to'a white smooth pig? Pe Jack/reval + | black/smeoth : ‘y ¥ 26, Considering just these 2 genes, R and S, how many different com! ccan be in the gametes of parents having the following 2 genotypes’ (@) RrSs 4 (b) RSS_a ¥ (@) What peccentage ofthe offspring will be SSgg? Wa. ¥ (b) What percentage of the offspring will be square-headed with green eyes? ’ ¥ 28. n the garden phlox, white flower color is due to a dominant gene (W), cream to its recessive i allele). Round-sbaped flowers are due to «dominant gene (R), while heart-shaped flowers mea receasve allel (A plan producing mhiteroun-shaped flowers is crossed wit on producing cream, beat shaped flowers. OF the 67 offspring, 37 produce while, flowers and 30 produce cream, round-shaped flowers. What are the genotypes of the parents? Wai ® 2S wee 4 " S ; 29. In summer squash, white colored, disc-shaped. are crossed with yellow colored, ‘phere shaped plan; le peas oll white, dice The Fa goneaion ote 26 white, dise; 8 yellow, disc; 10 white, sphere; and 3 yellow, sphere. / (@) What are the dominant genes? us. (w), ¥ (B) What was the genotype of the F, generation? Pa (©) What fraction of the F getieration would have the genotype WHDd? Vp wn 0d ‘yaw ‘hie / 30. black, smooth guinea ‘ated to an albino, rough guinea pig. (Black and Rou; mina Tht Cpe Were lack, ugh and Oisck onset Thcoeeiicens ee Prodocéd ove ape of any yea pombe of rains. What wat he robbie : genotype Berry bbRe Setting up Pedigrees for 2 Trait Crosses \ ¥ (@) Whatis the most probable genotype of the man? ac tin vy () Whatis the most probable genotype of the fist wife? 2 cu (©) Whatis the most probable genotype of the second wife? 2. { 32. 1n human beings, the ability to roll one's tongue is determined by a dominant autosomal allele, and non-tongue-rolling by a recessive allele. Free earlobes are determined by a dominant ‘autosomal allele on another chromosome; attached earlobes by its recessive allele, ron-tongue-rolling man with free earlobes (whose mother had attached earlobes) marmics @ woman With earlobes who can roll her tongue (but whose father could not). Fa ‘What phenotypes might be expected in the offspring? a! A era Coote rollacy ma tice srigce-tllet sky be cxgontod, bt ol wil bev ine LY B ail four posible combinations of tongues nd earlobes may be expected in oughly Vare Vas equal frequencies Yer C. four phenotypic classes should be expected in a ratio of 9:3:3:1 D. allnontongnerllers will ave free earlobes; ll tongne-rolers wil have stachod E. both attached and free-earlobed children may be expected, but all will be tongue-rollers 33. In humans, cataracts and excessive bone fragility seem to depend on separate dominant genes. A man with cataracts but normal bones married a woman with fragile bones but normal eyes. The woman's father had normal bones. The man's mother had normal eyes, (Use "C* for Cataracts, and "B" for Bone Fragility). ‘Compute the probabilities that their first child will have: (2) No abnormatities (b) Cataracts but normal bones, 34.Within Trible populations, coat texture (thick hair verses fine hait) and toe type (clawed verses no claws) are autosomal genes. As a geneticist, you are doing the following cross: male parental phenotype is fine hair and no toe claws: female is thick hair and clawed toes. In looking at the offspring of these matings, you find that all F1 are pheriotypically thick haired, and have clawed toes. ( in this cross the parental genotypes are both homozygous) (@) What were the dominant alleles? (b) What were the genotypes of the F's, ‘ (©) What would be the probability of a child in the F2 generation being thick haired with clawed oes perro eroaercs 2 (@ What would be the probability of a child in the F2 generation being TTC? 35. In Venutian newts (salamanders), skin color (blue verses green) and tail length (long verses short) are genotically inherited, A blue skinned, tong tailed female whose father was green skinned with a short tal is mated to a blue skinned, long tailed male. Sete ees GR cetrioeatineet oak sa tale oastip ew ars Use aiaaet ah ‘are green skinned with short tails; roughly 18% are blue skinned with short cally 18% are green skinned with long tals. (@) What are the genotypes of the parents? (0) The} newts are still . What is the chance that they will another blue” inned shor ted otoping? ia onan / 36. Black fur in mice is dominant to brown fur, and short tails is dominant to long tails. A cross ‘between a back ferred, short aed male to a brown fred, shor tiled femal produced 200 the following proportions: “Biase Se short 73 brow det 25, brown, long Y (a) What were the genotypes of the parents? _¢ 4. & bbse Ys 8% a be (b) What would be the chance of the parents producing another brown, short offspring? ae ¥ (©) What would be the chance of the parents producing an offspring with the genotype bbss? a 37, In cocker: got Hack cot colors dominant tre and slid color ia doin 1 white spoting. A'ed, clid male was mnted to a black, with wits female, Thay had 5 puppic: ‘one black, solid; one red, solid; one black, with white spotting; and 2 red, with white spotting. (a)What were the genotypes of the parent cockers spaniels? (®) What would be the chance of the parents producing another red, solid offspring? (©)What would be the chance of the parents producing an offspring with the genotype BbSs?__ 38. Two 3g socks of garden peas are crosed. One paeat had red, lateral flowery, and the other had white, terminal flowers; all F1 individuals had red, lateral flowers. If 1,000 F2 offspring resulted from the cross, how maay of them would you expect to have red, temminal flowers? A65 — -B.190 C250 D.565 E75 v 39, Tallness (T) is dominant to dwarfness (t), while red flower color is due to gene (R) and white is its | allele (W). The heterozygous condition resilts in pink flower color. A dwarf red snapdragon is | ‘crossed with a plant homozygous for tallness and white flowers. 1 (@ Whatis the probability that an offspring will be tall and pink? aot, V (b) What is the probability that the offspring will be tall and white? 2. » (©) Whatis th probability that the offspring will have the genotype TRW2 oc. i v (4) Whatis the probability that the offspring will have the genotype RR? i “ 40, In sesame plants, the one~pod condition (P) is dominant to the three~pod condition (p), and normal leaf (L) is dominant to wrinkled leaf (D). These traits are inherited is ty. Determine the genotypes for the two parents for all possible matings producing the following Progeny: ¥ (a) 323 three-pod normal, 106 three-pod wrinkle ** pp Li x pil ¥ (b) 150 one-pod normal, 147 one-pod wrinkled, 51 three~pod normal, 48 three-pod wrinkled vt epel * Ppl AaB AoBh J 4j. Ina dihybrid cross, the ected proportion of offspring showing both recessive traits is 7 Cie B36 C96 D4 B32 \P\( wah Yu oR 42, Consider the presence of nose hair, and the hair color. There are 2 genes (4 alleles) that code for)! these two characteristics. If nose hair is present, it can be either red or green, Given the following crosses and number of offspring produced, determine which alleles are dominant, and determine the genotypes of the parents of these crosses. ‘Number of Offspring, Green Hairs ‘Red Hairs No Hair (2) Green X Red haw ° 100 ° ) Green X Red gir si © 3 0 (c) Red X Red hair 25 16 0 (@) Green X No hair 0 0 ‘ 103 (e) Green X No hair 50 53 100 (f) Green X No hair 98 0 102 Extra concept problems % 43, What was the most significant conciusion that Gregor Mendel drew from his research? ‘There is considerable genetic variation in garden peas. Traits are inherited in ‘units, one from each parent. ‘C. Dominant genes occur more frequently than recessive ones. E An organism that is homory gous for many recessive traits is at a disadvantage. “4. The fact that all seven ofthe garden pea traits studied by Mendel obeyed the principle of Independent assortment means that id number of garden peas is 7. i BGs aumt of tare fos a C. seven pairs of alleles determining these traits are on the same pair of homologous B. seven pairs of alleles determining these traits behave as if they are on different homologous pairs oe formation of gametes in plants is by mitosis only. 45. Whats a genetic ross between homozygous recessive inividal and on of an usknown Een C. ahybrid cross Be atestcross D. an Fi cross Ea dihybrid cross PROBLEMS INVOLVING THREE TRAITS 46. Flower position, stem length, and seed shape were three traits that Mendel chose to study. Each is controlled by an independently assorting gene, and has dominant and recessive expression as follows: [__Trait | Dominant |" Recessive _] XE plan that i troy go for 3 trite were lowed to sef-ferilie, what proportion of the offspring would be expected to be: (@ homozygous for the 3 dominant traits? () heterozygous for the 3 traits? (© homozygous for axial and tall, heterozygous for round?, SEX-LINKED PROBLEMS 47. In humans, the gene for normal blood clotting, H, is dominant to the gene for hemophilia, h. The trait is sex-linked, the genes occurring on the X chromosome. A woman with no record of hemophilia in her ancestry married a normal man whose father was a hemophilise. How many hemophiliacs would be expected in this family if the parents had two boys and two girls? xt xe oan ee Sx 48. In humans, red-green colorblinduess is a sex-linked trait which is recessive and found on the X chromosome. Use the letter r for red-green colorblindness, and R for normal vision, A colorblind female marries a male with normal vision. What kind of children would be ‘expected from such a union, and with what expected ratios? hye 1 XK Gxt y ave 11 Semale carriers: detorblind sales 49. Mr. and Mrs. Ricardo had four children: Lucy, Hihel, Fred, and Ricky. Here is some basic information about the children: aaa {Ley -homorygous normal fr bemnoptiia yey Fred - has hemophilia : eo ymy ‘What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents? mother! XX” ener hee A neem Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy is a deadly disorder resulting jrom deteriorating muscles. The disease is caused by a recessive gene on the X chromosome. ™ 50. Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. This means that {s) feuaen conan hee: the Ssenve b) males cannot inherit the disease (¢) for a male to inherit the disease, his mother would have to have the disease for a female to inherit the disease, her father would have to have the disease, and her mother would have to be a cartier. - The pedigree chart below illustrates the inheritance muscular dystrophy. Use the chart to answer the questions that follow G oH ar | K Y 51.Is Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy more likely to occur in males or females? Explain. soe sts te agbit tot 52, Individual H is a female with this disorder. Explain how she inherited this disease, ut edncose b/c che qatane cubated 1 cheno: io parent “ 53. Individual K has this disorder, yet his father did not. Explain how this is genetically possible, ble saal a" x fey wb ed Brame a mother, wast the diaeoae a 54 Individual G does not have the disease, yet his mother was a carrier, and his fathér had the disease. Explain how this is possible. suc ¢ curarsnee he ib the mother dencted hee navanal xX dhromoteme 0 ‘The following pedigree shows the inheritance of hemophilia in a particular family. ‘XH=normal gene Xb= gene for hemophilia ¥ 56. The genotype of individual 1 is A. unknown, B. probably heterozygous * 57.1 individual 3 marries 2 normal woman and fathers several children, all A, cildven wil be norma C. males will be normal children will be hemophiliac D. males will be cariers E females will be normal “58. Judging from the information available, individual 2 A. could have a carrier mother ‘C. must have had two normal parents ‘B. must have had a normal father D. could father a hemophiliac daughter B. could father a cartier son ¥ 59. If individual 4 marties a normal woman, what is the chance that their child will be yx" hemophiliac? ene KO B.25% C. 50% D.75% E, 100% exe CF * 60. What are the genotypes of individuals 1, 2, and 3, respectively? A. xtixh, xhy, XHY -XHXB, XRY, xby B. unknown, XbY, XHY D. unknown, XHY, unknown E, XHXh, XEXH, Xhxh MULTIPLE ALLELES 61, Human blood type is controlled by 3 alleles. 1A and IP are codominaat; [° is recessive to both. ‘Suppose two newborn babies were mixed up in the hospital. From the following blood type information, determine which baby belongs to which parents: Baby 1-typeO Mrs. Brown - Type B Mrs. Smith - Type B Baby? gpk Mr. Brown - Type AB Mesut What is the genotype of each of the six persons? " © Ina patemity suit, a woman claims that Mr. X fathered her child. The child has blood type O, and Mr. X has blood type AB. Will she win the suit for child support? Show whty or why not. ‘63. Ina paternity suit, Ms. Smith claims her child with blood iype A was fathered by Mr. ins, who has blood type O. Ms. Smith has blood type AB. Could Mr. Higgins be the father? Explain your answer. ‘More Blood Group Questions 4 64, The following diagram represents a card that identifies the blood type of an individual, KEY: Aantigen @ —Bantigen @ —_ Rhantigen & if B. Possible Genotypes (be sure to inciudeRh)__ oes goer sace pace C. Draw a blood cell (RBC) of individual being tested “4, D. Draw tlie type of antibodies present in the plasma of the individual (be sure to draw the antibodies correctly) 2 65. The following diagram represents a card that identifies the blood type of an individual. KEY: A antigen @ Bantigen @ Rh antigen A ‘Ant-AAnth® Anti Seum Serum Rh A. Blood Type_ag - B. Possible Genotypes (be sure to include Rh) = ve C. Draw a blood cell (RBC) of individual being tested “9 . Draw the type of antibodies present in the plasma ofthe individual (be sure to draw the antibodies correctly). 5 ai More Multiple Allele Problems Indicate whether each of the following statements is True = A, False = B. Use the following information to answer questions 54 to 59. Suppose that on Mars there exist creatures with three alleles controlling hair color. The allele for ‘green hair, H8, is dominant to both the allele for purple hair, HP, and the allele for orange hair, ‘H®. The allele for purple hair is also dominant to the allele of orange hair. Assume that inheritance of traits on Mars occurs the same way as on Earth. 2 66.A creature with orange hair must have the genotype H°H®. 67. All ereatures with purple hair must be HPHP. 68, All creatures with green hair are either HEH or HEHP. 69. A creature with green hair could have the genotype HPH®, 70. A créature with purple hair could have the genotype HEHP. ‘71. All the offspring produced by two orange-haired creatures are expected to have orange hair, Multiple Gene Inheritance (Polygenic Inheritance) nm 7 ‘Thetable on the left shows how the eye color of an individual is determined by Seed | nye cote ‘the number of dominant alleles in his or ber genotype. Complete the chart on has | the right like a Punnett square. It shows a cross betweea & woman who is €5 ‘lack homazygous recessive for all three genes and a man who is heterazygous for cs each gene. Then use the chart to answer the questions below. za ‘green 0 ‘ue BoOsyy % . boggy act Boy Py By oer bOy bat bay. by | soowy | pee. ® Sry | Pbasiy” | tea: ba a s 1p eeyy | seegyy |. bhasty (@) What is the expected ratio of eye color—black : brown : green : bluo—in the offspring? (b) This is an example of. ciao (©) Other human characteristics that show this kind of inheritance include. aan ° e ™ pica hewn gree aS i: Provost/Koza Genetics Problems Answer Key 1@T IT © 2.A.0% ‘ 3.B. 1/2 4.0. Bbx bb S.(@)alllong (b)1LL: 11 6. D. 25% 7.man-bb woman-Bb — man'sfather-Bb — woman’sfather-BborBB child-bb ‘man’s mother-Bb — woman's mother-bb &man-Pp woman-pp man’sfatherpp woman's parents-both Pp _children-Pp and i Tan's imstherPp or PP ee 9. man-ww woman-Ww children-Ww and ww 10.(@) 50% — (b) 50% 11D. U4 12.D. 9/16 13.male-Rr ~ female A-RR female B-Rr 14. 50% 15.75% 16.0 17. Hh 18. botli are Hh 19, 25% Incomplete Dominance 20. (a) genotypic - 1BB: 1BW - phenotypic - 1Black : 1Blue (b) genotypie- 1:2: 1 phenotypic 1:2: 1 21.C. Testeross 22.4. 2.D. Two Trait Problems A.) U4 (b) 18 25,1: 26. (a) 4- (RS, Rs, 1S, rs) (b) 2- (RS, rS) 27a) U4 — (b) U2 28, WwRR x wwir 29. (a) white and disc (b) all WwDd (6) 18 30. BBrrx bbRr 31.(@Rrbb (b)RBb (¢)RRBB 32. B. 33.(a) U4ecbb (b) 1/4 Cebb 34.(@) thick and clawed (b) both male and female TiCe _(c) 9/16 35. (a) BOLI x BbLI (&)3N6 36. (a) BbSs x bbSs O38 @us 37, (a) bbSs x Boss wus ous 38.B 39. (@) 100% mo (©) 100% @0 40.) ppl x ppb corplx rel 41. 16 @Ous 42.(a)rrhh xRRbh (b)mbh x Reh (c)Rrbhx Reh (4) rhhx __HH (O hh x oh (©) mhh x Roth Extra Concept Problems B.B “4D 45.B Three Trait Problems 2 46. (a) 1164 V8 (182 Sex Linked Problems 47. none 48, 1/2 female carriers (XRX:) and 1/2 colorblind males (X*Y) 49. Lacy -XHXH ‘Mr. Ricardo - X#Y Ricky - Xu ‘Mrs Ricardo - XH Fred - XBY Bibel - HK 50.D 51. Males ~ Males only need one recessive allele to show the disease. 52. She received an X chromosome from each parent, both of which carried a recessive allele, ‘53, He received the diseased allele from his mother. His father can not give him the disease because the Y chromosome does not carry the allele for MD. 54, He received the normal allele from his mother. 55. There is no question #55 56.0 S.A 58.A S9.A 60.C Multiple Alleles 61. Baby 1 belongs to the Smiths Baby 2 belongs to the Brown’s Baby 1-00 Baby2-AO Mrs. Brown-BO Mrs, Smith -BO Mr.Brown-AB Mr. Smith-BO + 62, No. Mr. X had no O allele to give to the child, ‘68. Yes. The baby could be AO and could have inherited the O from Mr. X. ' 64. (a) B positive (®) BORR, BORr, BBRR, BBRr 65a) AB negative @ABr 66. True. 67. No. They could be HpHo. 68. No, They could be HgHo. 9. False 70. False ‘71. True Polygenic Inheritance 72. (a) O black: 1 brown: 6 green: 1 blue (®) polygenic inheritance © @ © © oa G eh (© traits showing continuous variation in phenotype | Genetics Pedigrees Pedigrees * family tree showing transmission of a form of a trait through the generations. By looking at the inheritance pattern of a phenotype, you can determine the genotypes of individuals in a family. + the colored symbols represent the FORM OF THE TRAIT you are following. « pedigrees can show whether a trait is dominant or recessive, sex-linked or autosomal. The following symbols are commonly used: shown this way mO ©@ A horizontal line between 2 symbols represents marriage, and the progeny are displayed below the parents. Example: albinism versus normal pigmentation. (albinism is recessive) Pedigrees can allow you to identify: 1. Which form of the trait is dominant and which form is recessive 2. Whether a trait is autosomsl or sex linked 3. What the genotypes of the individuals are yen Determining which form of the trait is dominant, and which form is recessive. Consider the trait of tongue rolling. There are 2 forms of this trait. One form of the ability to roll your tongue, and the other is the inability to roll your tongue. ‘When constructing a pedigree you must decide on which form of the trait you want to follow. The individual squares and circles will be colored in for all the men and women who have the form of the trait you chose to follow. For example, fill in all the men and women who have the ability to roll their tongue. Look for a pattem where the 2 parents of a child have the same phenotype, but their phenotype is different from the childs. In other words, the parents have one form of the trait, while the child has the other form. ‘The only way this phenotype pattern could occur were if the parents were heterozygous and the child is homozygous recessive. If you had chosen to follow the other form of the trait and you filled in all the individuals that couldn’t roll their tongue, you would still se a pattern where the parents have the same. phenotype and their child has a different phenotype. Again, the parents would have to be heterozygous and the child would have to be homozygous recessive. So Remember: ‘Anytime the 2 parents are phenotypically different from a child you know that the parents are heterozygous and the child is homozygous recessive . In the pedigree shown below is the form of the trait being followed Dominant or Recessive? ‘What are the genotypes of Individuals 1,2,3,4.and 5? ‘After reading the next section on sex linkage come back to this problem and see if you can explain why this trait is definitely autosomal and not sex linked. Determining whether a trait is autosomal or sex linked. Assuming the from of the trait you are following is recessive, if the pedigree shows that many more. males than females show the trait you can assume that it’s most likely sex linked. This is the case because males only need to inherit one allele to show this form of the trait, while females would have to inherit two alleles. Some additional hints that help you determine sex: linkage: 1. If the female shows the phenotype then all her sons would also show the phenotype. For example, if the female was XHXh then all her sons would be XY. 2. Ifa female shows the phenotype then her father would also have to show the phenotype. For example, if the female was XPX® then her father would have to be XLY. Her mother could be heterozygous ot homozygous recessive XA" oxy j O-- B Y Gi, Wa a the mast Mtty mote of inberitanct, tts dees? ,sered dominant : sexsinked reine “Tie diageam below i a pedigree for 3 are, _ Reredtary diese. Afiied individuals are indicted by shaded symbols. 3 & Low oe Optormatenite @ tees teats _ Dh eormal mate Pal tread ete 1. Using A vets @ for srinbols the senorype |” forindial Wt is ot ale ther A7e oF an A ae fd © ale,

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