Jashore University of Science and Technology

Course Title: Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry -1

Course Code: PHAR-1103
Role of Pharmacognosy in Allopathy And Traditional Systems of
Medicine
Prepared by, Submitted to,

Group: 6 Debendra Nath Roy

Session: 2021-2022. Assistant Professor
1st year 1st Semester. Department of Pharmacy
Department of Pharmacy Jashore University of Science and Technology.
Jashore University of Science and Technology.
Introduction to Pharmacogsony
 It is a branch of applied science which deals with the study of plants and other natural
substances such as microorganisms, animals, plants, minerals etc. through which new
drugs or medicine can be extracted.

 However, it aims to study modern allopathic medicine.

 The alternative systems of are referred to as Traditional Systems Of Medicines.
Alternative Systems Of Medicine

Allopathy Siddha

Systems
Ayurveda Of Homeopathic
Medicine

Unani Chinese
Allopathic Treatment Methods
Allopathic treated their patients by the following methods

Bleeding Cupping Blistering

Plastering Poulticing
Role of Pharmacognosy in Allopathy
Allopathy medicine is a part of the western medical system. This system is spread
all over the world and adopted by many countries over the world due to its
effectiveness in emergency.

In this system, the drugs are manufactured using synthetic chemicals or chemicals
derived from natural products like plants, animals or mineral resources. It also
uses modern equipment's for analysis, diagnosis, and surgery.

Pharmacognosy plays a diverse role in the discovery, characterization, production

and, standardization of taking drugs.
Allopathic System
In allopathy, we study about the physical, chemical, and therapeutic properties of
drugs (crude) of biological origin.

 Allopathy is the most predominant system of medicines.

 It is commonly termed as conventional medicine system.

 This system has undergone many scientific developments.

 Allopathy soon to be developed as natural allopathy.

History of Allopathy
Derived from the Greek word "allos" means other or different and "pathos" means
disease or suffering.

The term allopathy invented by German physician Samuel Hahnemann.

Four Humours Theory.

 Era of Miasmas.
Traditional System Of Medicine
In ancient period, the treatment of disease or disorder is done by natural planta or
animals.

In the "Suktae of Rigveda and Atharwaveda", medicine plant is written with their uses [
around 6500 years age]. A plenty of medicinal plants are described in old Ayurveda book -
" Charak Samhita"," Sushruta Samhita".

Hence in 1976, the department of Ayush ( Department of Ayurveda, yoga and

Naturopathy, Unani,Siddha and Homeopathy) has set up research organization so called
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha
 Active Constituents Plants Pharmacological
activity
Morphine, Codeine, Papaver somniferum Sedative, smooth
Papaverine muscle relaxant
Quinine, Quinidine Cinchona Antimalarial, anti
arrhythmic
Digitoxin, Digoxin Digitalis lanata cardio tonic
Reserpine Rauwolfia Hypotensive,
vasodilator
Catteine Camellia sinensis cns stimulation
Ephedrine Ephedra SR sympathomimetic
Cocaine Erythroxylon Coca anaesthetic
Pilocarpine Pilocarpus jaborandi Para sympathomimetic
Ergometrine,Ergotamine Claviceps purpurea oxytocic
Hyoscine, Atropine Datura Para sympatholytic
Ayurveda
• Ayus- life.
• Veda- knowledge of science.
• That means Ayurveda means the science of knowledge.
• Ayurveda or Ayurveda medicine is an ancient system of Health Care that is native to Indian
subcontinents.
• Principle of Ayurveda
1. Earth
2. Sky
3. Air
4. Water
5. Fire
TRIDOSA: Theory of Bio energies.
The three dashai that are found in our body.....
1. Vata
2. pitta
3. Kapha
Ayurveda medicine is one of the world oldest holistic healing system. It was
developed more than 300 years ago in India.

It's based on the belief that health and wellness depend on a delicate balance
between the mind body and spirit it’s main goal is to promote good health, not
fight disease, but treatment may be geared toward specific health problem.
The practice of Ayurveda
The Indian medical council was set up in 1971 by the Indian government to establish a
maintenance of standards for undergraduate and postgraduate in Indian medicine and
recognise various forms of traditional practice including Ayurveda,Unani and Siddha.
Projects have been undertaken to integrate the indigenous Indian and western forms of
medicine. Most Ayurveda practitioners work in rural areas, providing health care to at
least 500 million people in India alone. They therefore represent a major force for primary
health care and their training and deployment are important to the government of India.

Like scientific medicine Ayurveda has both preventive and creative aspects The prevents
component emphasize the need for a strict code of personal and social hygiene, the details
of which depend upon individual, climatic, and environmental needs bodily exercise the
use of herbal preparations, and yoga form part of the medical measures. The creative
aspect of Ayurveda involve the use of herbal medicines, external preparations,
physiotherapy, and diet. It is a principle of Ayurveda that the preventive and therapeutic
measures be adapted to the personal requirement of each of patient.
Effectiveness of Ayurveda Medicine
Few well-designed clinical trials and systematic research reviews suggest that Ayurveda
approaches are effective.
Results from a 2013 clinical trial compared two Ayurveda formulations of plant extracts against the
natural product glucosamine sulphate and the drug celecoxib in 440 people with knee
osteoarthritis. All four products provided similar reductions in pain and improvements in function.
A preliminary and small NCCIH-funded 2011 pilot study with 43 people found that conventional
and Ayurveda treatments for rheumatoid arthritis were similarly effective. The conventional drug
tested was methotrexate and the Ayurveda treatment included 40 herbal compounds.
Outcomes from a small short-term clinical trial with 89 men and women suggested that a
formulation of five Ayurveda herbs may help people with type 2 diabetes. However, other
researchers said inadequate study designs haven’t allowed researchers to develop firm conclusions
about Ayurveda for diabetes.
Turmeric, an herb often used in Ayurveda preparations, may help with ulcerative colitis, but the
two studies reporting this were small—one, published in 2005, included 10 people while the other,
published in 2006, had 89.
Safety of Ayurveda Medicine
Some Ayurveda preparations include metals, minerals, or gems. The U.S. Food
and Drug Administration warns that the presence of metals in some Ayurveda
products makes them potentially harmful.
A 2015 published survey of people who use Ayurveda preparations showed that
40 percent had elevated blood levels of lead and some had elevated blood levels of
mercury. About one in four of the supplements tested had high levels of lead and
almost half of them had high levels of mercury.
A 2015 case report published in the Centre for Disease Control’s Morbidity and
Mortality Weekly Report linked elevated blood lead levels in a 64-year-old woman
with Ayurveda preparations purchased on the Internet.
Although rare, Ayurveda products may cause arsenic poisoning
Ayurveda as a complimentary system
The basic difference between Ayurveda and western Allopathic medicine is important to
understand. Western allopathic medicine Currently tends to focus on symptomatology and
disease and primarily uses drugs and surgery to rid the body of pathogens or disease tissue.
Many lives have been saved by this approach. In fact, surgery is encompassed by Ayurveda.
However, drugs became of their toxicity, often weaken the body. There are many instances
when the disease process and acute conditions can best be treated with drugs or surgery.
Ayurveda can be used in conjunction with western medicine to make a person stronger and
less likely to be afflicted with disease and to rebuild the body after being treated with drugs
or surgery. We all have times when we don't feel well and recognize that. We're out of
balance. Sometimes we go to the doctor only to be told there is nothing wrong. What is
actually accruing is that this imbalance has not yet become recognizable as a disease. Yet it
is serious enough to make us notice our discomfort. We may start to wonder whether it is
just our imagination. We may also begin to consider alternative measures and actively seek
to create balance in our body, mind and consciousness.
UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
Unani system of medicine is originated in Greece by the Greek philosopher, physician
Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.), who freed medicine from the realm of superstition and magic,
and gave it the status of science. The theoretical framework of Unani medicine is based on
the teachings of Hippocrates. After him, a number of other Greek scholars followed the
system considerably. Among them Galen (131-212 A.D.) was the one to stabilize its
foundation, on which Arab physicians like Raazes (850-925 A.D.) and Avicenna (980-1037
A.D.) Constructed an imposing edifice. Unani medicine got its got importance among the
other systems of traditional medicine in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Persia, India, China and other
Middle East and Far East countries. In India, Arabs introduced Unani system of medicine,
and soon it enriched in India. When Mongols ravaged Persian and central Asian cities,
scholars and physicians of Unani medicine fled to India. The Delhi Sultans, the Khiljis, the
Tughlaqs and the Mughal Emperors provided state patronage to the scholars and even
enrolled some as state employees and court physicians. During the 13th and 17th century,
Unani medicine was firmly rooted in India by Abu Bakr Bin Ali Usman Kasahani,
Sadruddin Damashqui, Bahwabin Khwas Khan, Ali Geelani, Akabl Arzani and Mohammad
Hoshim Alvi Khan.
History of UNANI MEDICINE
Unani considers the human body to be made up of seven components. Arkan
(elements), mizaj (temperaments), aklath (humours), anza (organs), arawh (spirits),
Quo faculties) and afal functions), each of which has close relation to the state of
health of an individual. A physician takes into account all these factors before
diagnosing and prescribing treatment. Unani medicine is based on the Greece
philosophy. According to Basic Principles of Unani, the body is made up of the four
basic elements, i.e. Earth, Air, Water and Fire, which have different Temperaments,
i.e. Cold, Hot, Wet and Dry. After mixing and interaction of four elements, a new
compound having new temperament comes into existence, i.e. Hot Wet, Hot Dry,
Cold Wet and Cold Dry. The body has the simple and compound organs, which got
their nourishment through four humours, i.e. blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black
bile. The humour also assigned temperament as blood is, i.e. hot and wet; Phlegm is
cold and hot, yellow bile is hot and dry and black bile is cold and dry. Health is a
state of body in which there is equilibrium in the humours and functions of the body
are normal in accordance to its own temperament and the environment.
Diagnosis Diseases
Diagnosis Diseases are mainly diagnosed with the help of pulse (nabz), physical
examination of the urine and stool. Also, patients are examined systematically to
make the diagnosis easy as spot diagnosis with the help of simple, modern gadgets.
Treatment Diseases are treated in the following ways: Ilajbil Tadbeer (Regimental
Therapy): Some drugless regimens are advised for the treatment 1. of certain
ailments, i.e. exercise, massage, hamam (Turkish bath), Douches (Cold and Hot)
and the Regimen for Geriatrics. Ilajbil Ghiza (Dietotherapy): Different diets are
recommended for the patients of different 2. diseases. Ilajbil Dava (Pharmaco
therapy): The basic concept of treatment is to correct the cause of the 3. disease that
may be abnormal temperament due to: Envirnmental factors
Environmental factors
Abnormal humours either due to internal causes or external causes which may be
pathogenic microorganism, through (a) drugs of opposite temperament to the
temperament of the disease that is called
environmental factors Abnormal humours either due to internal causes or external
causes which may be pathogenic microorganism, through (a) drugs of opposite
temperament to the temperament of the disease that is called laj-bil-zid or b) drugs
of similar temperament as of the temperament of the disease that is called as Ilaj-
bilmisl 4. Tlajbil Yad (Surgery). The drugs used are mostly of the plant origin. Some
drugs of animal and mineral origin are also used. Patients are treated either by single
drug (crude drugs) or by com-pound drugs (formulations of single drugs). drugs
There are two types of compound drugs used in the treatment of the diseases, i.e.
classical compound drugs which are in use for the hundreds and thousands years and
patent/proprietary compound drugs which have been formulated by the individuals
or institutions as per their research and experiences. Unani system of medicine is
one of the oldest systems of medicine in the world; it is still popular and practised in
Indian subcontinent and other parts of the world
Siddha
Siddha is an ancient Indian traditional treatment system which evolved in South
India , chiefly in Tamil Nadu .

The origin of the tail language is attributed to the sage Agasthya and the origin of
siddha medicine is also attributed to him. The therapeutics of siddha medicines
consist mainly of the use of metals and minerals whereas in the earlier Ayurveda.
Principle of Siddha system of medicine
The universe consists of two essential entities: matter and energy . The siddhas
call them Shiva (male) and Shakti (female). Matter cannot exist without energy
inherent in it and vice versa. The two coexist and are inseparable. They are the
primordial elements (bhutas), and are not to be confused with modern chemistry.
Their names are munn(solid), neer(fluid) , thee (radiance) , vaya(gas) and
aakasam(ether).

The human being is made up of these five elements , in different combinations.

The physiological function in the body is mediated by three substances (dravyas)
which are made up of the five elements. They are vatham , pitham and karpam. In
each and every cell of the body , these three doshas exist and function
harmoniously. The tissues are called dhatus. When their equilibrium is upset
Tridoshas according to siddha medicine
The tridoshas are involved in all functions of the body , physical , mental and emotional.
Vatham:
Characteristic is dryness, lightness , coldness and motility.
Formed by aakasam and vayu, controls the nervous action that constitute movement , activity ,
sensation etc . Vatham predominates in the bone. Vatham predominates in first one-third of lige
when activities , growth , sharpness of function of sense are greater.
Pitham :
Pitha is formed by thee , controls the metabolic activity of the body , digestion , warmth , lustre ,
intellect , assimilation etc . Pitham predominates in the tissue blood .
Pitham predominates in the second one third of life .
Karpam:
Smoothness , firmness , heaviness . Formed by munn and neer , controls the stability of the body
such as strength , potency , smooth working of joints. Karpam predominates in other tissues.
Karpam predominates in the last one third of life . Diminishing activity of various organs and limbs
Seven Dhatus
The seven dhatus are as follows:
1. Rasa (lymph)
2. Kurudhi (blood)
3. Tasai (muscle)
4. Kozhuppu (adipose tissue)
5. Elumbu (bone)
6. Mathai (marrow)
7. Sukkilam and artavam ( male & female hormones)
Method of treatment
The treatments for the imbalance of the tridoshas are made up of the five
elements. The drugs are made up of the five elements. By substituting a drug of
the constituents (guna) , the equilibrium is restored. The correction of the
imbalance is made by substituting the drug , which is predominately of the
opposite nature.
An example of vatham imbalance is cold , dry thus the treatment will be oily and
warmth . For inactivity of limbs , massage and activity are prescribed. If pitham
dosha is increased , warmth is produced ; to decrease pitham , sandalwood is
administered , internally or externally because of its cold characteristics.
Types of Vayu
Five types of vayu are as follows:

1. Prana : located in mouth and nostrils (inhaled) ; aids ingestion.

2. Apana : located at anal extrimity (expelled) ; elimination , expulsion.

3. Samana : equaliser , aids digestion.

4. Vyana : circulation of blood and nutrients.

5. Udana : functions in upper respiratory passages.

Siddha Pharmacy
Mercury : Mercury occupies a very high place in siddha medicine. It is used as a catalytic agent in many of its
medicines .When mercury is used , it is used in combination with sulphur. The addition of sulphur is to control
the fluidity of mercury - this converts to mercuric sulphite which is insoluble in mineral acids. Shiddhas used
five forms of mercury. Ordinary rasa chenduram is a poison , but when processed as poorna chandrodayam
according to siddha practice , it becomes ambrosia.
Sulphur : Calcined sulphur or Red oxide of sulphur can be obtained by solidifying it first by the siddha method
of purifying. In small doses , it converves the body and it is diaphoretic and alternative. Therapeutically is used
as both external and internal remedy against skin diseases , asthma , jaundice and blood poisoning.
Arsenic : As per siddha kapla , purified and consolidated arsenic is effective against all fevers , asthma and
anaemia .
Gold : It is alternative , nervine tonic , antidote to poison and a powerful stimulant .Very little is absorbed in the
system.
Care is taken to see that calcinations of gold is freed from metallic state and lustre to ensure safe absorption in
the system
Classification of Siddha medicine
1. Uppu (Lavanam) : Drugs that dissolve in water and decrepitated when put into fire giving off vapours (water
soluble inorganic compounds). There are 25 varieties and are called kara -charam , salts and alkalis.
2. Pashanam : Drugs that do not dissolve in water but give off vapour when put into fire (water insoluble
inorganic compounds).
3. Uparasam : Drugs that do not dissolve in water (chemicals similar to pashanam but differing in their actions)
such as mica , magnetic iron , antimony , zinc sulphate , iron pyrites, ferrous sulphate.
4. Loham : Metals and minerals alloys (water insoluble, melt in fire , solidify on cooling) , such as gold , silver
, copper, iron , tin and lead.
5. Rasam : Drugs that are soluble such as mercury, amalgams and compounds of mercury, arsenic.
6. Gandhakam : Sulphur insoluble in water, burns off when put into fire.
7. Ratnas and uparatnas : Thirteen varieties are described such as coral , lapis lazuli, pearls, diamonds, jade,
emerald, ruby, sapphire , opal
Common preparations of siddha medicine
1. Bhasma ( calcined metals and minerals)
2. Churna ( powders)
3. Kashaya ( decoction)
4. Lehya (confection)
5. Ghrita (ghee preparations) & taila (oil preparations)
6. Chunna (metallic preparations which become alkaline)
7. Mezhugu (waxy preparations)
8. Kattu (preparation that are impervious to water and flames)
Homeopathy and Chinese medicine
Homeopathy and Chinese medicine are both forms of energetic medicine that
address imbalances which may be preventing patients from obtaining health and
healing. Whether the goal is to balance qi or the vital force, patients have benefited
from both types of medicine physically, emotionally, and mentally.
The Physicality of Homeopathy
In the practice of homeopathy, the primary focus of remedy selection is based on
distinguishing the individual's mental and emotional state. The patient's physical
presentations are used as confirmatory symptoms in the final remedy selection.
When practitioners use physical symptoms alone, often the wrong remedy is selected and
the medicine simply does not work. In his classic repertory, Kent gives instructions on how
to use it when emphasizing the mental symptoms:
The mental symptoms, must first be worked out by the usual form until the remedies best
suited to his mental condition are determined, omitting all symptoms that relate to a
pathological cause and all that are common to disease and to people. When the sum of these
has been settled, a group of five or ten remedies, or as many as appear, we are then prepared
to compare them and the remedies found related to the remaining symptoms of the case.
When focusing on the physical, it is easy to get lost in a sea of remedies that all have
similarities. This is because the larger polycrest remedies have so many indications. The
homeopathic material medical is a laundry list of symptoms, and one can find almost any
physical symptom under the larger remedies like sulphur.
The Mental/Emotional Realm of Chinese Medicine

Modern Chinese medicine has primarily been known to treat pain and organ
disharmony by using acupuncture and herbal formulas based on Traditional Chinese
Medicine (TCM) pattern differentiation. There are some schools and practitioners of
more esoteric treatments that place more emphasis on treating the mental aspect of
the patient, such as five-element theory as developed by the late J. R. Worsley. His
principles would later be presented in an Oriental medicine psychology textbook,
Five Elements of Acupuncture and Chinese Massage. From that book is a
description of the physical manifestation of emotional constraint that would be
appropriately treated with acupuncture
Thank you….