Mark Rutte

Mark Rutte (Dutch:  [ˈmɑr(ə)k ˈrʏtə] ( listen); born 14 February

Mark Rutte
1967) is a Dutch politician who has served as Prime Minister of
the Netherlands since 2010. He was also the Leader of the
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) from 2006
through 2023. He is currently acting in a demissionary capacity
and will not return to politics following installation of a new
cabinet.[1][2]

After a business career working for Unilever, Rutte entered

politics in 2002 on his appointment as State Secretary for Social
Affairs and Employment by Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende
of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), after a coalition
agreement guaranteed the VVD several seats in his cabinet. Rutte
was subsequently elected to the House of Representatives at the
2003 election. In 2004, he became State Secretary for Education,
Culture and Science in the second Balkenende cabinet. After
municipal elections in 2006 saw heavy losses for the VVD, the
party's leader, Jozias van Aartsen, announced his resignation.
Rutte stood in the subsequent leadership election; he was elected Rutte in 2023
on 31 May, resigning from his cabinet post shortly afterwards.
Rutte led the VVD into the 2006 election; although the VVD lost Prime Minister of the Netherlands
six seats, it still became the second-largest opposition party. Caretaker
Assumed office
At the 2010 election, Rutte led the VVD to win the highest
14 October 2010
number of votes cast, resulting in it becoming the largest party in
the House of Representatives for the first time in the party's Monarchs Beatrix
history. After lengthy coalition negotiations, Rutte was sworn in Willem-Alexander
as Prime Minister of the Netherlands on 14 October 2010. He Deputy See list
was the first liberal to be appointed Prime Minister in 92 years, as
Maxime Verhagen
well as the second-youngest Prime Minister in Dutch history.[3]
(2010–2012)
An impasse on budget negotiations led to his government's early Lodewijk Asscher
collapse in April 2012, but the subsequent election saw the VVD (2012–2017)
win its highest number of seats ever, with Rutte returning as
Hugo de Jonge
Prime Minister to lead to a coalition between the VVD and the
Labour Party (PvdA). This cabinet became the first since 1998 to (2017–2022)
see out a full four-year term. Although at the 2017 election the Kajsa Ollongren
VVD lost seats, it remained the largest party ahead of the Party (2017–2022)
for Freedom (PVV). After a record-length formation period, Rutte Carola Schouten
was appointed to lead to a new coalition between the VVD,
(2017–present)
CDA, Democrats 66 (D66) and Christian Union (CU). He was
sworn in for his third term as Prime Minister on 26 October 2017. Sigrid Kaag
(2022–present)
Rutte and his cabinet offered their resignation to the King on 15 Wopke Hoekstra
January 2021 in response to a scandal relating to false allegations (2022–present)
of child welfare fraud by the Dutch tax authorities.[4][5][6] Rutte
remained in office through the 2021 election, leading the VVD to Preceded by Jan Peter
finish first for the fourth consecutive election.[7][8] After another Balkenende
record-length formation period, he began his fourth term as Prime
Leader of the People's Party for
Minister on 10 January 2022. Due to his ability to come out of Freedom and Democracy
political scandals with his reputation undamaged, Rutte has been
Incumbent
referred to as "Teflon Mark".[9] On 2 August 2022, he became
the longest-serving Prime Minister in Dutch history, overtaking Assumed office
Ruud Lubbers (1982–1994).[10][11] On 7 July 2023, Rutte 31 May 2006
announced his government's resignation after his coalition failed Preceded by Jozias van Aartsen
to agree on how to handle increasing migration.[12][13] His State Secretary for Education,
government will take on a caretaker role until the installation of Culture and Science
the next cabinet after the elections in Autumn 2023.[14] In office
17 June 2004 – 27 June 2006
Early life Prime Minister Jan Peter
Balkenende
Rutte was born in The Hague, in the province of South
Preceded by Annette Nijs
Holland,[15] in a Dutch Reformed family. He is the youngest
child of Izaäk Rutte (5 October 1909 – 22 April 1988), a Succeeded by Bruno Bruins
merchant, and his second wife, Hermina Cornelia Dilling (13 State Secretary for Social Affairs
November 1923 – 13 May 2020), a secretary. Izaäk Rutte worked and Employment
for a trading company; first as an importer in the Dutch East In office
Indies, later as a director in the Netherlands. His second wife was 22 July 2002 – 17 June 2004
a sister of his first wife, Petronella Hermanna Dilling (17 March
1910 – 20 July 1945), who died while she and he were interned Prime Minister Jan Peter
together in Tjideng, a prisoner of war camp in Batavia, now Balkenende
Jakarta, during World War II.[16][17] Rutte has seven siblings as a Preceded by Hans Hoogervorst
result of his father's two marriages. One of his elder brothers died Succeeded by Henk van Hoof
from AIDS in the 1980s. Rutte later described the deaths of his
brother and later his father as events that changed the course of Member of the House of
Representatives
his life.[18][19]
In office
Rutte attended the Maerlant Lyceum from 1979 until 1985,[20] 31 March 2021 – 10 January 2022
specialising in the arts. Although Rutte's original ambition was to In office
attend a conservatory and become a concert pianist,[21] he went 23 March 2017 – 26 October 2017
to study history at Leiden University instead, where he obtained
In office
an MA degree in 1992.[22] Rutte combined his studies with a
20 September 2012 – 5 November
position on the board of the Youth Organisation Freedom and
Democracy, the youth organisation of the VVD, of which he was 2012
the chair from 1988 to 1991.[23] In office
28 June 2006 – 14 October 2010
After his studies, Rutte entered the business world, working as a
In office
manager for Unilever (and its food subsidiary Calvé). Until 1997,
30 January 2003 – 27 May 2003
Rutte was part of the human resource department of Unilever, and
played a leading role in several reorganisations. Between 1997 Personal details
and 2000, Rutte was staff manager for Van den Bergh Nederland, Born 14 February 1967
a subsidiary of Unilever's. In 2000, Rutte became a member of The Hague,
the Corporate Human Resources Group, and in 2002, he became
Netherlands
human resource manager for IgloMora Groep, another subsidiary
of Unilever's.[24] Political party People's Party for
Freedom and
Between 1993 and 1997, Rutte was a member of the national Democracy
board of the VVD. Rutte also served as a member of the VVD Residences Catshuis (de jure)
candidate committee for the general election of 2002. Rutte was
elected as Member of Parliament in 2003. Benoordenhout,
unknown apartment
(de facto)
Political career
Education Leiden University
Rutte served as State Secretary at the Social Affairs and (BA, MA)
Employment Ministry from 22 July 2002 to 17 June 2004 in the Religion Protestantism
First and Second Balkenende cabinets. Rutte was responsible for (Dutch Protestant
fields including bijstand (municipal welfare) and
Church)
arbeidsomstandigheden (Occupational safety and health). After
the 2003 elections Rutte was briefly also a member of the House Signature
of Representatives, from 30 January to 27 May 2003.

In 2003, as State Secretary, Rutte advised municipalities to check, Website Official website (htt
exceptionally, Somali residents for social assistance fraud, after p://government.nl/m
some Somalis working in England were also found to receive inistries/az)
social assistance benefits in the Netherlands. A Somali man
entitled to benefits was stopped by social investigators and checked for fraud on the basis of his external
characteristics, after which he refused the investigators access to his home. The Municipal Executive
(College van burgemeester en wethouders) of Haarlem decided to withdraw the right of the man to social
benefits. He disagreed with this and his appeal was upheld by the administrative judge. The court ruled that
"an investigation aimed exclusively at persons of Somali descent is discriminatory" and contrary to the
Constitution because this distinction is "discrimination based on race". Rutte rejected the criticism and
stated that a change in the law would then be necessary to be able to combat targeted fraud.[25][26][27]

Rutte later served as State Secretary for Higher Education and Science, within the Education, Culture and
Science Ministry, replacing Annette Nijs, from 17 June 2004 to 27 June 2006, in the Second Balkenende
cabinet. In office, Rutte showed particular interest in making the Dutch higher education system more
competitive internationally, by trying to make it more market oriented (improving the position of students as
consumers in the market for education). Rutte would have been succeeded by former The Hague alderman
Bruno Bruins. Before Bruins could be sworn into office, the second Balkenende cabinet fell. In the
subsequently formed Third Balkenende cabinet Bruins succeeded Rutte as State secretary.

Rutte resigned from his position in government in June 2006 to return to the House of Representatives, and
he soon became the parliamentary leader of the VVD. Rutte became an important figure within the VVD
leadership. Rutte was campaign manager for the 2006 municipal elections.

Party leadership election

After the resignation of Jozias van Aartsen, the VVD having lost in the 2006 Dutch municipal election, the
party held an internal election for lijsttrekker, in which Rutte competed against Rita Verdonk and Jelleke
Veenendaal. On 31 May 2006, it was announced that Mark Rutte would be the next lijsttrekker of the
VVD. He was elected by 51.5% of party members. Rutte's candidacy was backed by the VVD leadership,
including the party board, and many prominent politicians such as Frank de Grave, former minister of
Defence, Ivo Opstelten, the mayor of Rotterdam and Ed Nijpels, the Queen's Commissioner of Friesland.
The Youth Organisation Freedom and Democracy, the VVD's youth wing, of which he had been chair, also
backed him. During the elections he promised "to make the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy a
party for everyone and not just of the elite". His youthful appearance has been likened to the successful
former leader of the Labour Party, Wouter Bos.
Rutte said that the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party was a group that "the People's Party for
Freedom and Democracy could do business with".[28] He had also stated that with the social security ideas
of the Labour Party, which he called too socialist, it was unlikely that the VVD would cooperate or form a
coalition after the elections.

2006 general election

For the 2006 general election, the VVD campaign with Rutte as leader did not get off to a good start; he
received criticism from within his own party.[29] Rutte was said to be overshadowed by his own party
members Rita Verdonk and Gerrit Zalm, as well as being unable to penetrate between Wouter Bos and Jan
Peter Balkenende, who were generally seen as the prime candidates to become the next Prime Minister. On
27 November, it became known that Rita Verdonk managed to obtain more votes than Mark Rutte; he
obtained 553,200 votes against Verdonk's 620,555.[29][30] After repeated criticisms by Verdonk on VVD
policy, Rutte expelled her from the party's parliamentary faction on 13 September 2007.[31]

2010 general election

In the 2010 general election, Rutte was once again the lijsttrekker for the VVD. It won 31 seats to become
the largest party in the House of Representatives for the first time ever.[32] A long period of negotiations
followed, with several personalities succeeding each other, being appointed by Queen Beatrix in order to
find out what coalition could be formed. Efforts to form a coalition between the VVD, CDA and PvdA
failed. Instead, the only possibility appeared to be a centre-right coalition of liberals and Christian
Democrats (CDA), with the outside support of the Party for Freedom (PVV), led by Geert Wilders.

Prime Minister of The Netherlands

Premiership of Mark Rutte
First term 14 October 2010 – present

After securing support for a Prime Minister Mark Rutte

coalition between the VVD Cabinet First Rutte cabinet
and CDA, Rutte was Second Rutte
appointed as formateur on cabinet
8 October 2010; Rutte
Third Rutte
announced his prospective
cabinet
cabinet, including Maxime
Verhagen from the CDA as Fourth Rutte
Rutte presenting his first cabinet Deputy Prime Minister. On cabinet
together with Deputy Prime Minister 14 October, Queen Beatrix Party People's Party for
Maxime Verhagen (CDA) and
formally invited Rutte to Freedom and
coalition partner Geert Wilders (PVV)
form a government, and Democracy
later that day, Rutte
presented his first cabinet Election 2010, 2012, 2017,
to Parliament. The government was confirmed in office by a 2021
majority of one, and Rutte was sworn in as Prime Minister of the Appointed by Willem-Alexander
Netherlands, becoming the first Liberal to serve in the role since of the Netherlands
Pieter Cort van der Linden in 1918.[32] He also became the
Seat Torentje
second-youngest Prime Minister in Dutch history, after Ruud
Lubbers.
After the victory at the 2011 provincial elections, the VVD secured Official website (https://www.govern
its status as the lead party within the government. In March 2012, ment.nl/ministries/ministry-of-gener
seeking to comply with European Union requirements to reduce al-affairs)
the nation's deficit, Rutte began talks with his coalition partners on
a budget which would cut 16 billion euros of spending. However, PVV leader Geert Wilders withdrew his
party's informal support from the government on 21 April, stating that the proposed budget would hurt
economic growth.[33] This led to the early collapse of the government, and Rutte submitted his resignation
to Queen Beatrix on the afternoon of 23 April.[34] His government had lasted for 558 days, making it one
of the shortest Dutch cabinets since World War II.[33]

Second term

Ahead of the 2012 general election, Rutte was named the VVD's lijsttrekker for the third time. At the
election in September, the VVD won an additional 10 seats, remaining the largest party in the House of
Representatives; the CDA and PVV saw their number of seats fall significantly.[35] The VVD quickly
negotiated a coalition agreement with the Labour Party, and on 5 November 2012, the Second Rutte
cabinet was confirmed by a vote in Parliament, seeing Rutte returned as Prime Minister of a VVD-PvdA
coalition government.

In 2014, The Hague held a Group of Seven special meeting after the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot
down in Ukraine with 193 Dutch nationals aboard. During the municipal elections of 2014, the VVD
finished third behind local parties and the CDA; at the European Parliament election the same year, it
finished fourth. At the 2015 Dutch provincial elections, however, the VVD remained the largest party in the
province's legislatures with about 15% of the vote, but lost 23 seats in the States-Provincial.

In April 2016, Rutte was appointed by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and President of
the World Bank Group Jim Yong Kim to the High-Level Panel on Water. Co-chaired by Mauritius
President Ameenah Gurib and Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto, the joint United Nations-World
Bank Group panel was set up to accelerate the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG
6).[36] That month also saw the 2016 Dutch Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement referendum,
which resulted in a rejection. In November 2016 the House of Representatives approved by 132 votes
against 18 a ban on the Islamic burqa in some public spaces including schools and hospitals, a bill
supported by the VVD.[37]

Rutte's second cabinet completed its full four-year term without collapsing or losing a vote of no
confidence, becoming the first cabinet to do so since the First Kok cabinet from 1994 to 1998.[38]

Third term

The VVD went into the 2017 general election with a small lead
over the PVV in most opinion polls. Rutte was judged to have
managed the 2017 Dutch–Turkish diplomatic incident well
according to similar polling. While the VVD lost 8 seats in the
general election, the PvdA lost 29, and these seats were split
between a number of other parties, leaving the VVD the largest
party in parliament for the third successive election. After holding
coalition discussions, Rutte negotiated a grand coalition with the Rutte with U.S. President Donald
CDA, D66 and CU; he presented his third cabinet on 26 October Trump in the Oval Office of the
White House on 18 July 2019
2017, and was sworn in as Prime Minister for a third term. The 225
days between the general election and the installation of the
government was the longest such period in Dutch history.

The coalition agreement's plan to abolish the 15% dividend tax

(providing the state €1.4 billion per year) proved highly unpopular,
as it had not been mentioned in any party's program, and it later
appeared that major Dutch companies like Shell and Unilever had
secretly been lobbying for that measure.[39]

In July 2018, Rutte became a topic in international news because of

what was considered "typical Dutch bluntness", by interrupting and
explicitly contradicting the American president Donald Trump
during a meeting with the press at the Oval Office in the White Rutte with Indonesian Minister of
House.[40][41] Public Works Basuki Hadimuljono
showing off their Nokia phones in
Rutte's third government provided materials to the Levant Front 2019.
rebel group in Syria.[42] In September 2018, the Dutch public
prosecution department declared the Levant Front to be a "criminal
organisation of terrorist intent", describing it as a "salafist and jihadistic" group that "strives for the setting
up of the caliphate".[43]

On 21 March 2018, the Dutch Intelligence and Security Services Act referendum was held. It resulted in a
rejection. At the 2019 provincial elections, Rutte's VVD suffered a blow following the victory of right-
wing populist newcomer Forum for Democracy (FvD).

During the negotiations for the COVID-19 recovery fund in the European Union, Rutte is considered the
unofficial leader of the Frugal Four,[44] demanding loans instead of grants and more conditions on them.

During a parliamentary debate on 9 September 2020, Rutte suggested that the EU could be dissolved and
re-formed without Poland and Hungary, as he perceives these countries' governments to be dismantling the
rule of law.[45][46][47]

On 15 January 2021, the third Rutte cabinet collectively resigned after publications of research around the
childcare subsidies scandal in the Netherlands.[48] Rutte offered his resignation to the King, accepting
responsibility for the scandal.[49]

Fourth term

Following the 2021 Dutch general election, Rutte's VVD party held 34 of 150 seats and was expected to
form a new coalition government.[50] After remaining caretaker Prime Minister for the duration of the
longest formation process in Dutch history, on 15 December 2021 he presented a coalition agreement with
D66, CDA and CU, the same combination as his previous government.[51]

A scandal during his fourth term was that it was found out that he had been wiping the majority of SMS
text messages of his phone for years, in violation of the archival law, personally judging which messages
were to be archived and which weren't.[52]

His excuse was that his phone memory filled up too quickly. This was not considered a plausible excuse by
other ministers.[53]
This was also in violation of his campaign promise and coalition accords that stated they wished to restore
peoples faith in politics, create a new governance culture and "improve the information provided to the
[second] house", that the archival law would be modernized and that information would be made available
faster.[54]

On 10 July 2023, Rutte announced his departure as political leader of the VVD.[55]

Honours
 Australia: Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia (9 October 2019) – For eminent
service to Australia's bilateral relationship with the Netherlands and his outstanding
leadership in response to the MH17 air disaster.[56]
 Belgium: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (28 November 2016).[57]
 France: Grand Officer of the Order of Legion of Honour (11 April 2023).[58]
 Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (20 December
2022).[59]

Personal life
Rutte is single.[15][60] He is a member of the Dutch Protestant Church.[61] As of 2021, Rutte still taught
social studies for two hours a week at the Johan de Witt College, a secondary school in The Hague.[22][62]
Rutte is known to be a big fan of the writing of Robert Caro, especially his 1974 book about Robert Moses,
The Power Broker.[63] He drives an old Saab.[64]

See also
List of international prime ministerial trips made by Mark Rutte

References
1. "Nieuwe verkiezingen vinden op zijn vroegst half november plaats" (https://www.nu.nl/val-ka
binet/6271468/nieuwe-verkiezingen-vinden-op-zijn-vroegst-half-november-plaats.html). NU
(in Dutch). 7 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
2. Boztas, Senay (10 July 2023). "Dutch PM Mark Rutte to leave politics after collapse of
government" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/10/dutch-pm-mark-rutte-to-leave-p
olitics-after-collapse-of-government). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.
org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved 10 July 2023.
3. "Mark Rutte: eerste liberale premier sinds 1918" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120526045
836/http://www.eenvandaag.nl/binnenland/36482/mark_rutte_eerste_liberale_premier_sinds
_1918) (in Dutch). eenvandaag.nl. 7 October 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.ee
nvandaag.nl/binnenland/36482/mark_rutte_eerste_liberale_premier_sinds_1918) on 26
May 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
4. "Dutch PM Rutte and his government quit over child welfare scandal" (https://www.aljazeera.
com/news/2021/1/15/dutch-pm-rutte-and-his-government-quit-over-child-welfare-scandal). Al
Jazeera. 15 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
5. "The buck stops here: Dutch govt quits over welfare scandal" (https://apnews.com/article/eur
ope-mark-rutte-cabinets-estonia-general-elections-b4532458837e77737908ab756fecd45d).
Associated Press. 15 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
 6. "Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte and his entire Cabinet resign over child welfare scandal"
(https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dutch-government-cabinet-mark-rutte-resign-child-welfare-
scandal/). www.cbsnews.com. 15 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
7. "Netherlands election: Mark Rutte claims fourth term with 'overwhelming' victory" (https://ww
w.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/17/netherlands-election-mark-rutte-on-course-to-win-four
th-term). TheGuardian.com. 18 March 2021.
8. "Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte and his entire Cabinet resign over child welfare scandal"
(https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dutch-government-cabinet-mark-rutte-resign-child-welfare-
scandal/). CBS News. 15 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
9. " 'Teflon' Mark Rutte set for fourth Dutch term after record-breaking talks" (https://www.thegua
rdian.com/world/2021/dec/14/teflon-mark-rutte-fourth-dutch-term-record-breaking-talks-gover
nment-coalition). TheGuardian.com. 14 December 2021.
10. Sterling, Toby (2 August 2022). "Mark Rutte becomes Netherlands' longest-serving prime
minister" (https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/mark-rutte-becomes-netherlands-longest-se
rving-prime-minister-2022-08-02/). Reuters. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
11. "Mark Rutte becomes longest serving Dutch prime minister" (https://www.dutchnews.nl/new
s/2022/08/mark-rutte-becomes-longest-serving-dutch-prime-minister/). DutchNews.nl. 1
August 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
12. "Mark Rutte resigns as Dutch PM amid migration dispute - National | Globalnews.ca" (https://
globalnews.ca/news/9818417/mark-rutte-resigns-dutch-pm-migration/). Global News.
Retrieved 7 July 2023.
13. Corder, Mike (7 July 2023). "Dutch premier resigns because of deadlock on thorny issue of
migration, paving way for new elections" (https://apnews.com/article/netherlands-migration-r
utte-government-0a52333c06947d689eb38a43a13ff7b1). APNews.com. Associated Press.
Retrieved 7 July 2023.
14. Moses, Claire; Dan Bilefsky (7 July 2023). "Dutch Government Collapses Over Plan to
Further Limit Immigration" (https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/07/world/europe/dutch-govern
ment-collapses.html). The New York Times. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
15. (in Dutch) Drs. M. (Mark) Rutte (http://www.parlement.com/id/vg9fgoprkxw3/m_mark_rutte),
Parlement & Politiek. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
16. Death of Mark Rutte's mother (https://www.abc.es/internacional/abci-primer-ministro-holande
s-respeta-confinamiento-y-no-despide-madre-enferma-202005261030_noticia.html)
17. Pedigree (http://leovankruining.synology.me/webtrees/individual.php?pid=I13171&ged=va
n%20Kruining)
18. "Rutte on Zomergasten: Wilders, multiculturalism and the 'last taboo' " (https://www.dutchne
ws.nl/news/2016/09/rutte-on-zomergasten-wilders-multiculturalism-and-the-last-taboo/). 5
September 2016.
19. "Mark Rutte: North's quiet rebel" (https://www.politico.eu/article/mark-rutte-quiet-rebel-of-the-
north-eu-netherlands/). 8 June 2018.
20. "Rutte opent Maerlant-Lyceum Den Haag" (https://www.hartvannederland.nl/top-nieuws/201
1/rutte-opent-maerlant-lyceum-den-haag/). Hart van Nederland. 16 February 2011.
Retrieved 10 June 2020.
21. "Rutte had pianoleraar kunnen zijn" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120311230152/http://ww
w.depers.nl/binnenland/515537/Rutte-had-pianoleraar-kunnen-zijn.html). De Pers. Archived
from the original (http://www.depers.nl/binnenland/515537/Rutte-had-pianoleraar-kunnen-zij
n.html) on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
22. "CV | Mark Rutte" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120320055239/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/
regering/het-kabinet/bewindspersonen/mark-rutte/cv). rijksoverheid.nl. Archived from the
original (http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/regering/het-kabinet/bewindspersonen/mark-rutte/cv) on
20 March 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
23. "Mark Rutte" (http://www.vvd.nl/mensen/7/mark-rutte) (in Dutch). VVD.
24. "Biografie – Mark Rutte" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120524121956/http://www.elsevier.n
l/web/10148524/Artikel/Mark-Rutte.htm). elsevier.nl. Archived from the original (http://www.el
sevier.nl/web/10148524/Artikel/Mark-Rutte.htm) on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
25. "Rutte: Veroordeling discriminatie onterecht" (http://www.elsevier.nl/web/10124079/Nieuws/
Politiek/Rutte-Veroordeling-discriminatie-onterecht.htm). Elsevier. 19 May 2007.
26. "Rutte zette aan tot discriminatie" (https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2007/05/21/rutte-zette-aan-tot-d
iscriminatie-11326918-a609570). NRC Handelsblad. 21 May 2007.
27. ECLI:NL:RBHAA:2007:BA5410 (https://deeplink.rechtspraak.nl/uitspraak?id=ECLI:NL:RBH
AA:2007:BA5410)
28. "CDA calls for longer working week" (http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2006/08/cda_c
alls_for_longer_working_w.php). dutchnews.nl. 18 August 2006.
29. (in Dutch) "Onvrede binnen VVD over Rutte," (http://www.ad.nl/ad/nl/1012/Nederland/article/
detail/2373232/2006/10/31/Onvrede-binnen-VVD-over-Rutte.dhtml) Algemeen Dagblad (31
October 2006). Retrieved 14 May 2014.
30. "Tension mounts as VVD waits for Verdonk's reaction to voters' support" (http://www.dutchne
ws.nl/news/archives/2006/11/tension_mounts_as_vvd_waits_fo.php). dutchnews.nl. 28
November 2006.
31. (in Dutch) Oranje, Joost and Guus Valk, "Kamp: VVD moet Rutte nu steunen," (http://vorige.n
rc.nl/binnenland/article1838911.ece) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2014051502032
5/http://vorige.nrc.nl/binnenland/article1838911.ece) 15 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine
NRC Handelsblad (15 September 2007). Retrieved 14 May 2014. Literal English translation:
"Verdonk was yesterday by Mark Rutte formally expelled from the VVD's parliamentary party
in the House of Representatives after she had again voiced criticism of the party in the
press." Dutch original: "Verdonk werd gisteren formeel door Mark Rutte uit de Tweede
Kamerfractie van de VVD gezet, nadat zij in de pers opnieuw kritiek had geuit op de fractie."
32. "Election 2010 – The Netherlands shifts to the right" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100613
040242/http://www.nrc.nl/international/election2010/article2561211.ece/The_Netherlands_s
hifts_to_the_right). NRC Handelsblad. 10 June 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.
nrc.nl/international/election2010/article2561211.ece/The_Netherlands_shifts_to_the_right)
on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
33. "Dutch government falls in budget crisis" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-178115
09). BBC News. 23 April 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
34. Gilbert Kreijger and Thomas Escritt (23 April 2012). "Dutch Prime Minister resigns in budget
cuts row" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dutch-politics-idUSBRE83M0PB20120423).
Reuters. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
35. "Volg de verkiezingen 2014 live" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120915030821/http://verkie
zingen.volkskrant.nl/uitslag/resultaten.html). De Volkskrant. Archived from the original (http
s://verkiezingen.volkskrant.nl/uitslag/resultaten.html) on 15 September 2012.
36. United Nations Secretary-General, World Bank Group President Appoint High-Level Panel
on Water (https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/sga1651.doc.htm) United Nations, a press
release of 21 April 2016.
37. The Netherlands votes for partial restrictions of the burqa in public space (https://www.indep
endent.co.uk/news/world/europe/dutch-burqa-veil-ban-holland-votes-for-partial-restrictions-s
ome-public-places-a7445656.html), independent.co.uk, 29 November 2016.
38. "Kabinet-Rutte II verslaat Lubbers III: langstzittende kabinet" (https://nos.nl/artikel/2188954-k
abinet-rutte-ii-verslaat-lubbers-iii-langstzittende-kabinet.html). NOS (in Dutch). 20 August
2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
39. Rutte: effect afschaffen dividendbelasting op bedridden niet bekend (https://www.rtlnieuws.n
l/geld-en-werk/rutte-effect-afschaffen-dividendbelasting-op-bedrijven-niet-bekend) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042904/https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/geld-en-werk/rutte-ef
fect-afschaffen-dividendbelasting-op-bedrijven-niet-bekend) 1 December 2017 at the
Wayback Machine (in Dutch), rtlnieuws.nl.
40. "Trump got a dose of Dutch bluntness from visiting prime minister" (https://www.washingtonp
ost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/07/03/trump-got-a-dose-of-dutch-bluntness-from-visiting-
prime-minister/). The Washington Post. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
41. Rutte interrupts Trump! 4 Things that happened at the Rutte – Trump meeting (https://dutchre
view.com/news/us/rutte-interrupts-trump-4-things-that-happened-at-the-rutte-trump-meeting/)
42. "Dutch govt under fire for Syria opposition support" (https://web.archive.org/web/201902010
13142/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/dutch-govt-under-fire-for-syria-opposition-sup
port/ar-BBN9CXc). MSN. 11 September 2018. Archived from the original (https://www.msn.c
om/en-us/news/world/dutch-govt-under-fire-for-syria-opposition-support/ar-BBN9CXc) on 1
February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
43. "Dutch funded 'jihadist' group in Syria, terror trial may now falter" (https://www.dutchnews.nl/
news/2018/09/dutch-funded-jihadist-group-in-syria-terror-trial-may-now-falter/). Dutch News.
11 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
44. Dodman, Benjamin (20 July 2020). "Dutch PM Mark Rutte, the thrifty europhile holding
Europe hostage" (https://www.france24.com/en/20200720-dutch-pm-mark-rutte-the-thrifty-eu
rophile-holding-europe-hostage). France 24. Reuters, AFP. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
45. "[Opinion] Could we found a new EU without Hungary and Poland?" (https://euobserver.co
m/opinion/149470). EUobserver. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
46. "The frugal blues: An underappreciated threat to the European project" (https://www.ecfr.eu/a
rticle/commentary_the_frugal_blues_an_underappreciated_threat_to_the_european_proj).
ECFR. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
47. "Plenaire verslagen" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210121212952/https://www.tweedekam
er.nl/kamerstukken/plenaire_verslagen/detail/7225f470-7ca6-42a0-8c84-bd2534dbb5a3).
www.tweedekamer.nl (in Dutch). 9 September 2020. Archived from the original (https://www.t
weedekamer.nl/kamerstukken/plenaire_verslagen/detail/7225f470-7ca6-42a0-8c84-bd2534
dbb5a3) on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2020. "Je moet gaan nadenken: kun
je een begroting maken via een intergouvernementeel verdrag of kun je nu een Europese
Unie oprichten zonder Hongarije en Polen?"
48. Erdbrink, Thomas (15 January 2021). "Government in Netherlands Resigns After Benefit
Scandal" (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/15/w
orld/europe/dutch-government-resignation-rutte-netherlands.html). The New York Times.
ISSN 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Archived from the original (http
s://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/15/world/europe/dutch-government-resignation-rutte-netherla
nds.html) on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
49. van den Berg, Stephanie (15 January 2021). "Dutch government resigns over childcare
subsidies scandal" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-netherlands-politics-resignation/dutch
-government-resigns-over-childcare-subsidies-scandal-idUSKBN29K1IO). Reuters.
Retrieved 15 January 2021.
50. "Dutch election: PM Mark Rutte claims victory and fourth term" (https://www.bbc.com/news/w
orld-europe-56436297). BBC News. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
51. "Coalition agreement presented today after record long formation process" (https://nltimes.nl/
2021/12/15/coalition-agreement-presented-today-record-long-formation-process). NL Times.
ANP. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
52. "Premier Rutte wiste jarenlang iedere dag zijn sms'jes" (https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-ac
htergrond/premier-rutte-wiste-jarenlang-iedere-dag-zijn-sms-jes~b47ba005/). de Volkskrant
(in Dutch). 18 May 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
53. "Rutte bepaalde zélf welke sms'jes belangrijk waren en welke niet - en dat wringt" (https://w
ww.nrc.nl/nieuws/2022/05/18/rutte-en-zijn-smsjes-deed-de-premier-iets-verkeerd-a412483
7). NRC (in Dutch). 18 May 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
54. "Rutte bepaalde zélf welke sms'jes belangrijk waren en welke niet - en dat wringt" (https://w
ww.nrc.nl/nieuws/2022/05/18/rutte-en-zijn-smsjes-deed-de-premier-iets-verkeerd-a412483
7). NRC (in Dutch). 18 May 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
55. "VVD-leider Mark Rutte stopt, kondigt vertrek uit politiek aan" (https://nos.nl/liveblog/248223
2-vvd-leider-mark-rutte-stopt-kondigt-vertrek-uit-politiek-aan#UPDATE-container-70594340).
nos.nl (in Dutch). 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
56. 2019-S8 (https://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-10/rutte_mark_-_gazette_c2019g00
903.pdf) – Honorary Companion (AC) in General Division (9 October 2019)
57. The Royal Correspondent (https://royalcorrespondent.com/2016/11/28/their-majesties-king-
willem-alexander-and-queen-maxima-of-the-netherlands-host-a-gala-state-banquet-2/)
58. PPE Agency (https://www.ppe-agency.com/preview.php?zoektype=2&id=332477&start=0&s
earch=11-04-2023%20Gala)
59. Quirinale website (https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/1578301)
60. "Ten things you didn't know about prime minister Mark Rutte" (http://www.dutchnews.nl/featu
res/2015/11/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-prime-minister-mark-rutte/). Dutch News. 3
November 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
61. "Rutte: Het geloof blijft een worsteling voor mij" (https://www.rd.nl/vandaag/politiek/rutte-het-
geloof-blijft-een-worsteling-voor-mij-1.247996). RD.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 30 October
2019.
62. "Mark Rutte als leraar: 'Hij is grappig, beetje streng en neemt nooit zijn telefoon op' " (https://
www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/nederland/artikel/390286/mark-rutte-als-leraar-hij-grappig-beetje-st
reng-en-neemt-nooit-zijn). RTL Nieuws (in Dutch). 8 October 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
63. "The Dutch Prime Minister Is a Big Fan of Robert Caro" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/1
5/nyregion/mark-rutte-robert-caro-robert-moses.html). The New York Times. 13 May 2016.
Retrieved 31 March 2017.
64. "Mark Rutte ( the prime minister of the Netherlands) Continues to Drive Saab" (https://www.s
aabplanet.com/mark-rutte-continues-to-drive-saab/). Saab Planet. 1 June 2020. Retrieved
1 June 2020.

External links
Mark Rutte (http://www.government.nl/government/members-of-cabinet/mark-rutte), official
government profile
Appearances (https://www.c-span.org/person/?64055) on C-SPAN

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Rutte&oldid=1165155124"