Digital Core Report

Reliance Imaging Study
Imaging & analysis of sample T1 4_5mm

Note: Sample number may be ambiguous: Noted as Sample 17 on label of core bottle, but Sample 4 on top of bottle
Client Confidential
The results, analyses and opinions contained within this report are based on materials and allied information supplied by the client and are based on
the best judgement of Digitalcore. However, Digitalcore assumes no responsibility nor makes any warranties or representations, as to the
productivity, operation or otherwise of any oil and gas asset in which such report is associated or relied upon. This report has been generated for
the exclusive and confidential use of the client.
CB10A-T1 Sample 4 (1392m)
‫‏‬
5mm miniplug section

Region from which
4mm miniplug was
extracted
Images of Sample 17 as-received

from Core Laboratories
2
CB10A-T1 Sample 4 (1392m) ‫‏‬- Tomogram X-Slice
Micro-CT Image of the

miniplug
Sample diameter: 5mm
Samples were imaged at
20483 (voxel size 3.2µm)‫‏‬
3
CB10A-T1 Sample 4 (1392m) - Segmented X-Slice‫‏‬
Segmented micro-CT image

of the miniplug
Porosity ( ), Clay ( ), Grain ( ),

High Density Mineral ( )‫‏‬ 4
CB10A-T1 Sample 4 (1392m) - Tomogram Y-Slice

miniplug
5
CB10A-T1 Sample 4 (1392m) - Segmented Y-Slice‫‏‬

of the miniplug

CB10A-T1 Sample 4 (1392m) - Tomogram Z-Slice

miniplug
7
CB10A-T1 Sample 4 (1392m) - Segmented Z-Slice‫‏‬
Segmented micro-CT
image of the miniplug
Porosity ( ), Clay ( ),
Grain ( ),
Sample 4 (1392m)‫‏‬Phase separation X-Slice
Porosity, Clay and Solid fraction results for 3D image: (~ 3.2µm per voxel)‫‏‬
Resolved Porosity : 16.8%
Clay Porosity (from 14.6% Clay Fraction)* : 4.5%
Total Porosity : 21.2%
Solid Fraction (including 2.5% high density mineral) : 78.8%
*Clay porosity is determined from SEM images (Resolution ~0.2micron) of similar rock types, where, on average, the clay matrix is determined to have ~30% porosity.
X-Slice from 3D tomogram Porosity ( ), Clay ( ), Grain ( ),

(Subset 3.2mm x 3.2mm)‫‏‬ High Density Mineral ( )‫‏‬ 9
Sample 4 (1392m)‫‏‬Phase separation Y-Slice
Y-Slice from 3D tomogram Porosity ( ), Clay ( ), Grain ( ),

Sample 4 (1392m)‫‏‬Phase separation Z-Slice
Z-Slice from 3D tomogram Porosity ( ), Clay ( ), Grain ( ),

Spanning cluster analysis of pore phase‫‏‬
X-slice Y-slice Z-slice
The Red indicates the 97% of the pore space that is connected within the sample and
the Blue areas show the porosity that are not connected, while the dark grey areas
represent clay and the white areas represent high density minerals.
12
Grain partition analysis - Tomogram Z-Slice

miniplug
13
Grain partition analysis - Grain partitioning

miniplug
14
Grain size distribution
15
Network statistics
Pore throat network‫‏‬
Blue spheres = Pores

Blue rods = Pore throats
Total number of pores = 35,418

Total number of throats = 95,985
Subset
Subset size = 2048 x 2048 x 190 voxels Isometric view
Subset number of pores = 4,545

Subset number of throats = 13,753
Subset
Top view
16
Network statistics
Total pore network‫‏‬
Non Volume Volume

Weighted Weighted
Total Pore Network Total Pore Network
Mean Mean
(±standard deviation) (±standard deviation)
Aspect Ratio 3.7± 3.0 3.9 ± 3.2
Coordination
Number 5.3 ± 3.3 5.3 ± 3.2
Pore Radius 18.2 ± 8.9 microns 19.1 ± 9.8 microns
Throat Radius 7.8 ± 5.5 microns 8.1 ± 6.1 microns 17

Network statistics
Aspect ratio distribution
Total number of pores = 35,418; Total number of throats = 95,985 18

Network statistics
Coordination number distribution

Network statistics
Pore radius distribution

Network statistics
Throat radius distribution

Petrophysical properties
Poro:Perm cross-plot‫‏‬
Direction Ø K (mD)
x 0.20 146
y 0.20 214
z 0.20 1336 22
Porosity:Formation factor cross-plot‫‏‬
Direction Ø F m
x 0.20 14 1.63
y 0.20 15 1.70
z 0.20 13 1.61 23
Petrophysical summary‫‏‬
Direction Ø K (mD) F m
x 0.20 146 14 1.63
y 0.20 214 15 1.70
z 0.20 1336 13 1.61
24
Resistivity index (RI)‫‏‬
25
Capillary pressure simulation‫‏‬
Assume mercury-air system – IFT~485 mN/m and ~180º

26
CB10A-T1 Sample 17 (1392m) - Segmented Z-Slice‫‏‬
Segmented micro-CT
20483 (voxel size 3.2 µm)
Segmented micro-CT
with‫‘‏‬cleaned’‫‏‬pores
20483 (voxel size 3.2 µm)
27
Direction Ø K (mD)
x 0.31 4460
y 0.31 4054
z 0.31 9259 28
Direction Ø F m
x 0.31 6 1.52
y 0.31 7 1.60
z 0.31 6 1.51 29
x 0.31 4460 6 1.52
y 0.31 4054 7 1.60
z 0.31 9259 6 1.51
30
Imaging & analysis of sample N1 5_5mm
Client Confidential
CB10A-N1 Sample 5 (1393.2m)‫‏‬
Region from which

5mm miniplug was
extracted
5mm Miniplug section
Images of Sample 5 obtained from

Core Laboratories
2
CB10A-N1 Sample 5 (1393.2m)‫‏‬- Tomogram X-Slice ‫‏‬

miniplug
3
CB10A-N1 Sample 5 (1393.2m)‫‏‬- Segmented X-Slice ‫‏‬
Segmented micro-CT
4
CB10A-N1 Sample 5 (1393.2m)‫‏‬- Tomogram Y-Slice

miniplug
5
CB10A-N1 Sample 5 (1393.2m)‫‏‬- Segmented Y-Slice ‫‏‬
Segmented micro-CT
6
CB10A-N1 Sample 5 (1393.2m)‫‏‬- Tomogram Z-Slice ‫‏‬

miniplug
7
CB10A-N1 Sample 5 (1393.2m)‫‏‬- Segmented Z-Slice ‫‏‬
Segmented micro-CT
8
Sample 5 (1393.2m)‫‏‬Phase separation X-Slice
Porosity, Clay and Solid fraction results for 3D image: (~2.8µm per voxel)‫‏‬

Sample 5 (1393.2m)‫‏‬Phase separation Y-Slice

Sample 5 (1393.2m)‫‏‬Phase separation Z-Slice

12
Grain partitioning
X-Slice Y-Slice Z-Slice
The colours represent individual grains, excluding clay and high intensity phases.
13
Grain size distribution‫‏‬
14
Network statistics


Subset

Subset
Top view
15
Network statistics
Non Volume Volume

Weighted Weighted
Mean Mean
Aspect Ratio 3.6 ± 3.2 3.7 ± 3.4
Coordination
Number 4.8 ± 3.2 4.9 ± 3.2
Pore Radius 17.4 ± 9.6 microns 18.5 ± 10.8 microns
Throat Radius 8.1 ± 6 microns 8.6 ± 6.8 microns 16

Network statistics

Network statistics

Network statistics

Direction Ø K (mD)
x 0.16 456
y 0.16 4819
z 0.16 404 20
Direction Ø F m
x 0.16 30 1.85
y 0.16 22 1.68
z 0.16 23 1.71 21
x 0.160 456 30 1.85
y 0.160 4819 22 1.68
z 0.160 404 23 1.71
22
23

24
SEM
Registration
Registered
SEM Z-Slice 25
25
SEM
Registration
Registered
Tomogram Z-Slice 26
26
SEM
Registration
Registered
Segmented Z-Slice 27
27
Imaging & analysis of sample T1 6_4mm
Client Confidential
CB10A-T1 Sample 6‫(‏‬1394m)
Region from which 4mm miniplug

was extracted
Images of the sample as-received

from Corelabs
2
CB10A-T1 Sample 6‫(‏‬1394m) Tomogram X-Slice

miniplug
Samples were imaged at 20483
(voxel size 2.6µm)‫‏‬
3
CB10A-T1 Sample 6‫(‏‬1394m) - Segmented X-Slice‫‏‬

of the miniplug

CB10A-T1 Sample 6‫(‏‬1394m) - Tomogram Y-Slice

miniplug
5
CB10A-T1 Sample 6‫(‏‬1394m) - Segmented Y-Slice‫‏‬

of the miniplug

CB10A-T1 Sample 6‫(‏‬1394m) - Tomogram Z-Slice

miniplug
7
CB10A-T1 Sample 6‫(‏‬1394m) - Segmented Z-Slice‫‏‬
Segmented micro-CT

Sample 6 (1394m)‫‏‬Phase separation X-Slice
*Clay porosity is determined from SEM images (Resolution ~0.2micron) of similar rock types, where, on average, the clay matrix is determined to have ~30% porosity. Given the attenuation
variation across the system, the clay fraction is under segmented

Sample 6 (1394m)‫‏‬Phase separation Y-Slice

Sample 6 (1394m)‫‏‬Phase separation Z-Slice


Z-Slice
X-Slice Y-Slice
12
Grain partition analysis - Tomogram Z-Slice

miniplug
13
Grain partition analysis - Grain partitioning

miniplug
20483 (voxel size 2.6 µm)‫‏‬
14
Grain size distribution
15
Network statistics


Subset

Subset
Top view
16
Network statistics
Non Volume Volume

Weighted Weighted
Mean Mean
Aspect Ratio 3.9 ± 3.6 4.1 ± 3.9
Coordination
4.5 ± 3.2 4.3 ± 3.1
Number
Pore Radius 14.9 ± 8.9 microns 16 ± 9.8 microns
Throat Radius 6.6 ± 5.7 microns 7.3 ± 6.6 microns

17
Network statistics

Network statistics

Network statistics

Network statistics
Throat radius distribution

Direction Ø K (mD)
x 0.16 44
y 0.16 44
z 0.16 22 22
Direction Ø F m
x 0.160 22 1.68
y 0.160 22 1.69
z 0.160 23 1.71 23
x 0.160 44 22 1.68
y 0.160 44 22 1.69
z 0.160 22 23 1.71
24
25
Simulation-Centrifuge
50 Simulation-MICP
Simulation-Fluid Injection
40
Pressure (psi)
30
20
10
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Saturation

26
3D visualisation
(Click to play)
27
Well N1
Samples
Depth Number Image1 Image2 Porosity/ K, F RI Grain/pore SEM Drainage 3D Comments

(m) Segmentation partitioning match Pc Viz
&
regist
ration
1393.2 5_5mm Y Y 16.1% 500- n=1.8 Y Y Y Y Good quality image
1000mD showing extensive clay
and porosity. Some
m=1.7- spherical calcite?
1.8 (lower attenuation)
and siderite? (higher
attenuation) regions.
1396 7_23m Y N N N N N N N Y Sidewall core. Imaged
m at 23mm. Only small
patch of potential pay.
Mostly clay rich.
1398.3 9_23m Y N 8.7% N N Y N N N Significant clay. Poorly
m connected porosity.
Grain partitioning
shows moderate
sorting.
1398.3 9_5mm Y N 10.1% N N Y N N N Subset of previous
#2 sample imaged at
higher resolution. Most
features prevalent at
lower resolution now
sharper, but similar
trend. Grain size trend
similar to larger sample
1401 11_23m Y N N N N N N N Y Sidewall core in 2
m pieces. One piece
exhibited clay rich
regions, regions with
significant siderite?,
cemented regions and
one small open region.
Results summary: Complete results are summarised in attached ppt files.
Sample 5, Depth = 1393.2m; Report in Sample5_5mm_1392.2.ppt.
5mm preserved piece used for imaging. Good image quality. Overall porosity measured at 16.3% for
subsample. Grain sizes poorly sorted. Poro:perm and F:phi shows broad trend illustrating
heterogeneity. SEM match and registration to 3D tomogram illustrates the high quality of the 3D
image data (Compare slides 26 & 27). Mineralogy can be probed if requested. 3D movie available.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure: (a) Slice from tomographic data. (b) Petrophysical data (c) Pores connected in 3D at 2 micron
resolution.
Sample 7, Depth = 1396m; Report in Sample7_23mm_1396.ppt.
23mm original sidewall plug sample imaged whole. Primarily shows clay rich regions with siderite?
inclusions. We do observe one small part of the plug that has open granular porosity. 3D image
created.
Figure: (left) Photograph of sidewall sample as received. (Right) Slice from 3D image. Upper right
shows silty region with high x-ray density (white) material; iron rich and probably siderite. Left side
exhibits open porosity and clearly connected pores, but some pore-filling by the silty/iron rich
material. Fractures are seen in the silty regions which may be due to coring/drying.
23 mm original sidewall plug sample imaged whole. Large grains are observed along with significant
clay and high density inclusions. Pore/grain analysis was undertaken on the sample. Porosity (non-
clay filled) is not connected.
Figure: (Left) Slice from tomographic data. (b) Partitioning of the quartz grains into varying grains in
3D (c) Network illustrating the connectivity of the clay +pore regions in 3D.
5mm subset of the original sidewall plug sample imaged at significantly higher resolution. Large
grains are observed along with significant clay and high density inclusions. Pore/grain analysis was
undertaken on the sample. Porosity is poorly connected and low porosity/permeabilities would
result. The majority of the porosity is grain contact and/or fracture porosity and may be artificially
induced as a result of coring/drying. Grain size distribution shows better sorting than the larger
sample. This indicates the heterogeneity at the grain scale within the sample volume.
(a) (b)
Figure: (Left) Slice from tomographic data with regions of connected porosity highlighted in red.
Although one can resolve the porosity at this higher resolution, the porosity is poorly connected. (b)
Partitioning of the quartz grains into varying grains in 3D. Grain size distribution similar to that
obtained on 1 inch plug.
Sample 11, Depth = 1401.0m; Report in Sample11_23mm_1401.0_Report.ppt.
23mm original sidewall plug sample imaged whole. Primarily shows clay-rich regions with siderite?
streaks. We do observe one small part of the plug that has open granular porosity. 3D image
visualisation created.
Figure: (left) Photograph of sidewall sample as received. (Right) Slice from 3D image. Top half shows
silty region with streaks of high x-ray density (white) material; iron rich and probably siderite. Bottom
half shows some regions of granular porosity with Fe-rich clay regions also.
Well T1
Samples
Depth Number Image1 Image2 Porosity/ K, F RI Grain/pore SEM Drainage 3D Comments

Segmentation partitioning match Pc Viz
&
regist
ration
1401.5 13 Y N 13.9% N N N N N N Only cuttings scale
samples available.
Good quality image
showing extensive
infilling by mud?. Piece
not representative. Not
considered for detailed
analysis.
1399.3 11 Y N 1.3% N N N N N N Only cuttings scale
samples available.
Imaged at 9mm scale.
Clay filled pores. Two
types of clay.
1394.0 6 Y N 15.3% 22-44 n~1.7 Y N N Y Image at 4mm
mD resolution shows
features well. Well
m=1.7 connected porosity.
Grain partitioning
shows moderate
sorting.
1392.0 4 Y N 21.2% 146- 1.8 Y N Y Y
1336mD
m~1.6-
1.7
1392.0 N N 31.4% 4.0-9.0 N N N N N
CLEAN clean Darcy
m~1.5-
1.6
Results summary: Complete results are summarised in attached ppt files.
Sample arrived in pieces within bottle. ~14 mm preserved piece used for imaging. Good image
quality. Grain sizes poorly sorted. Many pores filled and resolvable but significant fracturing. Porosity
filled with mud?
(a) (b) (c)

Figure: (a) Samples as received in the laboratory. (b) Small (~1 cc) subsample chosen for 3D imaging
(c) Slice through the 3D image showing poorly sorted grains, fracture porosity and pore-filling
material. The density is low so not iron-rich. Could be mud?
9mm original sidewall plug sample imaged whole. Primarily shows clay rich regions with siderite?
inclusions. Two types of pore-filling clays are observed. Not considered for further analysis.
Figure: (left) Photograph of sidewall sample as received; fine grained sand and silt in jar + cuttings
scale samples. (Middle) Sample used in imaging study. (Right) Slice from 3D image. Most porosity is
filled with clay with some high density (siderite? observed).
4mm sample chosen from jar of cuttings/grains that arrived at laboratory. Image is of very high
quality showing poor sorting of quartz grains, detrital clay, and significant intergranular porosity.
Grain and pore size distributions and connectivity analysed and petrophysical properties derived.
Figure: TOP ROW (Left) Photograph of sidewall sample as received; fine/medium grained sand and in
jar + cuttings scale samples. (Middle) Slice from tomographic data with (Right) regions of connected
porosity highlighted in red, disconnected porosity in blue, grains in light grey and clay as dark grey.
BOTTOM ROW (Left) Partitioning of the quartz grains into varying grains in 3D. (Middle and right)
Petrophysical properties derived from image data.
Sample , Depth = 1392.0m; Report in Sample4_5mm_1392.0_Report.ppt.
5mm subset of the original sidewall plug sample imaged at high resolution. Large grains are
observed along with significant clay and some high density inclusions. Porosity is well-connected.
Pore/grain analysis was undertaken on the sample.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure: (a) Sample with medium grains and some cutting scale remnants (probably clay-cemented
regions) as received from Corelab. (b) Slice from tomographic data of sample with (c) regions of
connected porosity highlighted in red. (d) Partitioning of the quartz grains into varying grains in 3D.
As the region of the core imaged may be a cemented detrital clay rich region which did not fall apart
and significant volumes of the sidewall core may not have been as clay-filled, one can conduct a
digital core analysis on a proposed “clean” region of the rock; the same sample now with no clay
present. We have also estimated the petrophysical properties at the “end points” of regions with
diagenetic clay-filled pores and a cleaner region andthese regions most probably existed in your
sample, but due to damage during transport they were not able to be imaged. In the digital world
we can construct the a, m, and n and permeability values under the two scenarios. We can look at
how behaviour at different depths may be correlated and the relationships between many
properties; e.g., grain size & perms, etc. The petrophysical response and petrographic data at
different depths can be compared. In the figure below we show k:phi and F:phi correlations for the
sample with clay present and a “digitally cleaned” version.
Fig: Upper row: F:phi and k:phi for actual imaged sample. Lower row: Equivalent data for clean
samples with clay removed and properties reanalysed.

Digital Core Report

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Digital Core Report

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Reliance Imaging Study

Imaging & analysis of sample T1 4_5mm

5mm miniplug section

Images of Sample 17 as-received

Micro-CT Image of the

Segmented micro-CT image

Porosity ( ), Clay ( ), Grain ( ),

Micro-CT Image of the

Segmented micro-CT image

Porosity ( ), Clay ( ), Grain ( ),

Micro-CT Image of the

X-Slice from 3D tomogram Porosity ( ), Clay ( ), Grain ( ),

Y-Slice from 3D tomogram Porosity ( ), Clay ( ), Grain ( ),

Z-Slice from 3D tomogram Porosity ( ), Clay ( ), Grain ( ),

X-slice Y-slice Z-slice

Micro-CT Image of the

Micro-CT Image of the

Blue spheres = Pores

Total number of pores = 35,418

Subset number of pores = 4,545

Non Volume Volume

Total Pore Network Total Pore Network

Aspect Ratio 3.7± 3.0 3.9 ± 3.2

Pore Radius 18.2 ± 8.9 microns 19.1 ± 9.8 microns

Throat Radius 7.8 ± 5.5 microns 8.1 ± 6.1 microns 17

Total number of pores = 35,418; Total number of throats = 95,985 18

Total number of pores = 35,418; Total number of throats = 95,985 19

Total number of pores = 35,418; Total number of throats = 95,985 20

Total number of pores = 35,418; Total number of throats = 95,985 21

Assume mercury-air system – IFT~485 mN/m and ~180º

Region from which

5mm Miniplug section

Images of Sample 5 obtained from

Micro-CT Image of the

Micro-CT Image of the

Micro-CT Image of the

X-Slice from 3D tomogram Porosity ( ), Clay ( ), Grain ( ),

Y-Slice from 3D tomogram Porosity ( ), Clay ( ), Grain ( ),

Z-Slice from 3D tomogram Porosity ( ), Clay ( ), Grain ( ),

X-slice Y-slice Z-slice

X-Slice Y-Slice Z-Slice

Blue spheres = Pores

Total number of pores = 29,916

Subset number of pores = 3,987

Non Volume Volume

Total Pore Network Total Pore Network

Aspect Ratio 3.6 ± 3.2 3.7 ± 3.4

Pore Radius 17.4 ± 9.6 microns 18.5 ± 10.8 microns

Throat Radius 8.1 ± 6 microns 8.6 ± 6.8 microns 16

Total number of pores = 29,916; Total number of throats = 71,894 17

Total number of pores = 29,916; Total number of throats = 71,894 18

Total number of pores = 29,916; Total number of throats = 71,894 19

Assume mercury-air system – IFT~485 mN/m and ~180º

Region from which 4mm miniplug

Images of the sample as-received

Micro-CT Image of the

Segmented micro-CT image

Porosity ( ), Clay ( ), Grain ( ),

Micro-CT Image of the

Segmented micro-CT image

Porosity ( ), Clay ( ), Grain ( ),

Micro-CT Image of the

Porosity ( ), Clay ( ), Grain ( ),