1) What are the various reasons for memory loss?

Dementia
-D/t Alcohol dementia/Wernicke’s
-Vascular dementia
-pseudodementia
Alzheimer's dementia
Head injury
Aging
Mild Cognitive Impairment
Drug abuse or overdose

2) Conditions associated with auditory hallucinations

Schizophrenia
Chronic alcoholism
bipolar disorder
substance abuse
PTSD
3) Conditions associated with visual hallucinations
Acute alcoholism
Psychosis (schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder)
Parkinson’s disease
lewy body dementia
Schizophrenia
Charles Bonnet syndrome
4) Conditions associated with tactile hallucinations
-Cocaine use
Schizophrenia
Lew body dementia
Alcohol withdrawal
5) What are the reasons for loss of smell?
Covid-19
Nasa polyps
Sinus infection
Nasal congestion
Brain injury to the smell center.
Aging
6) Afferent nerve and efferent nerve for light reflex?
Afferent -Optic nerve
Efferent -Oculomotor
7) There is reflex in one eye. But there is no reflex on other side. Which nerve was damaged?
CNIII (Oculomotor)
8) There is no reflex on both sides. Which nerve is damaged?
 CNII & III (Optic nerve & oculomotor)
9) What is the normal vision?

20/20 vision @ 20 feet

10) Names of Extra Ocular Muscles

11) The muscles supplied by 3rd nerve?levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, medial rectus,
inferior rectus,
12) The nerve supply of superior oblique muscle? Cranial nerve Iv Trochlear nerve
13) The nerve supply of lateral rectus muscle? Cranial nerve VI Abducens nerve
14) Actions of Medial Rectus and Lateral Rectus Muscles Convergence (Medial Rectus) Divergence
(Lateral Rectus)
15) Muscles involved in elevation of eyeballs Superior Rectus and Inferior oblique muscle
16) Muscles involved in depression of eyeballs Inferior Rectus and Inferior oblique muscle
17) Muscles required for adduction of eyeballs Medial Rectus Muscle
18) Muscles required for abduction of eye balls Lateral Rectus Muscle
19) Three branches of Trigeminal nerve
Ophthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular
20) Afferent and efferent nerves of Corneal reflex?
CNV: Trigeminal -sensory

CNVII: Facial-motor

21) Difference between UMN lesion and LMN Lesion of facial nerve?
UMN lesion- lesion before crossing facial nuclei.
LMN lesion-lesion after crossing pons (facial nuclei)
22) The sensory innervation of 7th nerve
Anterior 2/3 of tongue
23) The various examples of conductive deafness and sensorineural deafness
Conductive deafness- wax, otitis media and otitis externa
Sensorineural deafness- trauma and Neurofibromatosis, benign tumors of 8th nerve
24) How do you differentiate between conductive deafness and sensorineural deafness based on
Rinne’s test?
 NEGATIVE RINN’S TEST= BC BETTER THAN AIR CONDUCTION
25) How do you differentiate between conductive deafness and sensorineural deafness based on
Weber’s test?

Conductive deafness-sound towards the affected ear

Sensory neuron -sound away from affected ear

26) The difference between UMN lesions and LMN lesions of 12 th nerve
27) All muscles of tongue are supplied by 12 th nerve with an exception. Which muscle of the tongue
is not supplied by 12th nerve? Name the nerve which supply that muscle?
Palatoglossus muscle -supplied by Vagus nerve

28) The two tracts carry sensory information.

Spinothalamic tracts- Pain, touch, and temperature
Dorsal columns- vibration and proprioception
29) Various conditions or diseases causing sensory damage.
B12 deficiency
Trauma
Alcohol
Diabetes-peripheral neuropathy
MS
Isoniazide
30) The difference between UMN lesions and LMN lesions
UMN- Contralateral paralysis, spastic paralysis and brisk reflexes
LMN lesions- Ipsilateral paralysis and flaccid paralysis and absent reflexes
31) The root value of biceps, triceps, brachioradialis, patellar, Achilles reflexes

Biceps: C5/C6

Triceps: C6/C7

Brachioradialis: C5/C6

Patellar L2/L3/L4

Achilles: S1

Plantar response: L5/S1

32) The difference between Babinski positive and Babinski negative reflexes
Running a sharp instru. Along lateral border of the foot-
Extension of the big toe and fanning of other toes.
33) The importance of Romberg’s test. How do you differentiate the Romberg’s test having issues
when eyes are closed, and eyes are open?
 If patient falls down with eyes open – Cerebellar damage, If falls down with eyes close -
Cerebellar or Dorsal column damage,

34) What is the differential diagnosis?

35) What investigations would you like to do?