Complication

- Intestinal obstruction, appendicitis, peritonitis

NEMATODES – Morphology
- Unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical worms ● Adult worm usually cause no acute symptoms
with cylindrical bodies that are elongated ● In children:
- With complete digestive system–with mouth a. Intermittent colicky
and anus b. Loss of appetite
- Body covering: cuticle c. Abdominal distension
- Separate sexes: female longer d. Malnutrition
e. Impairment of growth, stunted growth
2 Types of Nematodes
Lips of Ascaris Lumbricoides
A. Intestinal Nematodes
- 3 lips are seen at the anterior end
1. Ascaris lumbricoides
- The margin of each lip is lined with minute
2. Enterobius vermicularis
teeth
3. Trichuris trichiura
4. Ancylostoma duodenale & Necator
americanus
5. Strongyloides stercoralis
6. Capillaria philippinensis

Blood and Tissue Nematodes

1. Wuchereria bancrofti & Brugia malayi
2. Trichinella Spiralis

Ascaris Lumbricoides
- Other name: Giant roundworm / Large
intestinal roundworm
Enterobius Vermicularis
Mode of Transmission - Other name: Pinworm / Seatworm
- Ingestion of eggs - 2~13 mm

Habitat Habitat
- Small intestine - Cecum of the large intestine, appendix, and
ascending colon
- Lay up to 15,000 eggs at night

Mode of Transmission
- Ingestion
- Autoinfection

Disease
- Pinworm infection or Enterobiasis
- Rarely causes any serious physical problems
except for the main symptom–severe rectal
itching

Diagnosis
Disease - Scotch tape test
- Ascariasis - Primary symptom: pruritus in perianal area
- Larvae migrate to lung – causes pneumonia - Risk factor: poverty, eating without washing
or asthma-like symptoms hands
 Disease
Trichuris Trichiura
- Strongyloidiasis / Cochin-china diarrhea
- Other name: Whipworm - Pneumonitis, in immunocompromised
disseminate to cause meningitis, peritonitis,
Source of Infection endocarditis
- Soil-transmitted helminths

Mode of Transmission Wuchereria Bancrofti & Brugia Malayi

- Ingestion
Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi
Portal of Entry
- Mouth 300 𝑥 10 μ𝑚 260 μ𝑚
Lie graceful curves Kinked (acute angles),
Habitat head space, short long overlapping, tail
- Large intestine – attached nuclei, countable nuclei +

Disease Mode of Transmission

- Trichuriasis - Mosquito bite
- Asymptomatic–heavy worm infection leads to - Infected Aedes, Culex, Anopheles, and
rectal prolapse due to irritation and straining Mansonia mosquitoes
during defecation
Disease
- Filariasis / Elephantiasis
Hookworm
- Repeated inflammatory episodes leads to
2 Types lymphatic obstruction and edema, fibrosis of
A. Necator Americanus / New World Hookworm legs / genitalia–harden, loss of elasticity
B. Ancylostoma Duodenale / Old World
Hookworm

● Present in moist soil

Mode of Transmission
- Both penetrate skin

Disease
Trichinella Spiralis
- Hookworm Infection
- Through blood, travels through lungs, trachea, - Common name: Muscle Worm
then swallowed - Smallest nematode parasite of humans (1.4 &
- Small Intestine: attach to the wall with their 1.6 mm long)
cutting plates (necator) or teeth (ancylostoma)
- Lead to pneumonia-like symptom; microcytic, Disease
hypochromic anemia - Trichinosis
- Larvae migration (intestine, blood, lymph,
muscle), and muscle invasion
Strongyloides Stercoralis - Causing myalgia
- Other name: Threadworm (1mm)
Capillaria Philippinensis
Mode of Transmission
- Skin penetration of larva and autoinfection - Other name: Pudoc worm
- Males: 2.3~3.2 mm
Habitat - Females: 2.5~4.3 mm
- Small intestine
Interesting Facts
- First discovered in 1963 in Northern Luzon,
Philippines
- Appearance in humans was sudden and
unexpected
○ Witch doctor hired to drive out curse
placed on people by River God

Mode of Transmission
- Ingestion of undercooked or raw freshwater
fish “bagsit”

Treatment
- Anthelmintics: Albendazole & Mebendazole