NOTRE DAME OF TRECE MARTIREZ

GRADE LEVEL:12 WEEK 1

SUBJECT: GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 3rd QUARTER
TOPIC: PLANT FORMS AND FUNCTIONS LESSON: 1

CONTENT STANDARD:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
Plant Organ Systems and their Functions
PERFORMANCE STANDARD:
The learners shall be able to:
Make a plant herbarium
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
compare the following processes in plants and animals: reproduction,
development, nutrition.

PLANT FORM AND FUNCTION

There are more than 350,000 known species of plants and more are to be discovered and
named in the years to come. Their fascinating morphology and their ability to regulate and maintain
homeostasis are being studied by botanists. In this lesson, you will learn the different plant systems and
function together to maintain the plant’s internal condition.
PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Plant growth, form seed germination to maturity, involves a combination of cellular responses
and molecular interaction. For instance, when you break the stem of kangkongto prepare sinigang, the
kangkong makes a snapping sound due to the turgidity of the plant’s cell from water uptake. As you can
see in Figure1.1, response of plant cell varies depending on the amount of water present in its
surrounding.
Figure 1.1 Hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic effect on plant cell.

So, how important is water to plants? Water is an essential requirement for plants’ survival. Water
uptake allows plants to metabolically utilize the chemical compounds and micronutrients obtained from
the surrounding soil. The presence of root hairs in some plants increases wherein nitrogen-fixing
bacteria establish a symbiosis with the plant to convert nitrogen gas to ammonia.
In some plants species, the shoot and root systems have developed a specialized function to
adapt to certain environmental condition. Ginger, locally known as luya, is a specialized stem known as
rhizome. Rhizomes serves as storage of starch and protein, which permit perennial growth. Prop roots
are also specialized plant parts that we see in mangroves or bakawan. These prop roots function to
anchor and support the mangrove on the regularly water-logged soil.
TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS
 NOTRE DAME OF TRECE MARTIREZ

The plant transports food, water, and minerals through its system using the xylem and the
phloem. These conducting tissues, when viewed as a cross section under the microscope, appear to be

a mass of cell, arranged side by side. Xylem vessels are composed of dead lignified cells connected end
to end. This allows the transport of water and minerals in an upward direction (Figure 1.2). Phloem is
composed of sieve tubes, which are closely associated with companion cells to facilitate movement of
materials across the cell cytoplasm (Figure 1.2). These tubes carry the products of photosynthesis in a
bidirectional movement to ensure supply of materials for the growth of buds, roots, and other plant
parts.
Figure 1.2. Cross section of xylem and phloem.

Both of these conducting tubes run across the plant structure. However, the arrangement of vascular
bundle varies depending on whether it is the stem, leaf, or root or if the plant is classified as monocot or
dicot (Figure 1.3).

Figure 1.3. Cross section of

monocot and dicot stem.

PLANT NUTRITION
When we talk about plant nutrition, we are referring to the supply and absorption of chemical
compounds for the growth and metabolism of plants. These chemical compounds for growth are known
as plant nutrients or essential elements. In order for higher plants to sustain their metabolic processes,
inorganic nutrients obtained from the environment via soil, air, and water. Classifying elements as
essential for plant growth is based in visual diagnosis, plant analysis, biochemical tests, and soil test. At
present, plant biologists are able to identify 17 elements as essential for plants namely, Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Boron, Calcium, Chlorine, Copper, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Molybdenium,
Nickel, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur and Zinc.
 NOTRE DAME OF TRECE MARTIREZ

GENERAL BIOLOGY LESSON: 1 WEEK 1

NAME: ___________________________________________
STRAND/SECTION: ______________________________ TEACHER:
____________________________

Performance Task 1
BUILDING A MINI-EXHIBIT OF PLANTS
DIRECTION: Create a plant herbarium specimen to preserve plant parts and its specialized structures.
Use the link(s) below to watch the video clip on how to do the plant herbarium. Use the Answer sheet
below for your answers. Place your end product in a long bond paper along with your answer sheet.
LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kEbCaTe8XM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWQhP5IAgWU
90o
REMINDERS DURING PLANT COLLECTION

● Make sure to include all the available plant parts (stem, leaves, and roots, including flowers and
fruits, if present). If the plant has delicate parts, it is practical to take the plant press in the field;
otherwise, a paper bag or plastic bag may be used.
● Note down the details about the plant and the place where it was collected. Take photos of the
plant and the environment where it was taken.

ACTIVITY WORKSHEET
PT#1 – BUILDING A MINI-EXHIBIT OF PLANTS

Name of Collector:
Collection Date:
Location (where you collected your plant):
Common name of the Specimen/Plant:
Scientific name of the Specimen/Plant:

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. What is the main aim of creating a herbarium specimen?
2. How is the plant herbarium connected on our lesson?