The Assessment of

Comprehensive and Functional

Results on Astigmatic Patients
by the 3rd Year Students in
Southwestern University
PHINMA
Nina Salinas, Rolgymade Sagmit, Tito John Isaac Tancinco, Carljee Tano, Cledy Teriote, Roselainee
Vicente, Nina Faye Yosores, Wayne Gocotano, Christine Villahermosa

DOPT 3-A
SOUTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY PHINMA
 Chapter I

Lars Peeters
Management | 2025
Introduction
 What is Astigmatism?
Is when an irregularly shaped cornea or lens that prevents
light from focusing properly on the retina

Astigmatic Normal
American Optometric Association (2018)

Football Basketball
Astigmatic Normal
 A Cylinder Power Meridian

Axis
Meridian
Medial Half Ellipsoid
Power Meridian

Axis
Meridian
Half Sphere

No Astigmatism
Foot Ball Shape

AM

PM
 National Eye Institute (2021)

Children

Adults

3 in 9 People is Astigmatic
 Department of Health (2023)

Astigmatic school-aged children

19.44%

Astigmatic adults aged 20 to 59 years old

25%
Department of Health (2023)

Symptoms:
-headaches, eyestrain
-squinting of eyes
-blurring of vision near and far
Aim

Tests:
Chief complaints
Visual acuity
Objective and subjective refraction
Retinoscopy
Keratometry
Slit lamp examination
Functional tests namely the 21 steps.
Statement of the problem
1. What is relationship demographic profile of the patient
in terms of:
1.1 Age
1.2 Educational Year Level
Statement of the problem
2. What are the patient’s chief complaints that attributes to
astigmatism in terms of:

2.1 Blurring of vision at far and near

2.2 Glare
2.3 Frontal headache
2.4 Squinting of the eye
Statement of the problem
3. The correlation among all of the patient's Comprehensive Tests
specifically:
3.1 Visual Acuity

4. The correlation among all of the patient’s functional tests namely:

4.1 Ophthalmometry
4.2 Subjective number 7
4.3 Retinoscopy
Statement of the problem
5. What is the relevance of the patient’s refractive
status to Astigmatism?

6. Is there a significant relationship between the patient’s

comprehensive and functional tests and their astigmatism
as examined by the 3rd year students in Southwestern
University PHINMA?
 Null Hypothesis

Ho1: There is no significant relationship among the

comprehensive and functional test results on
Overview
astigmatic patients done by the 3rd year students
in Southwestern University PHINMA.
Significance of the Study

The Clinician
Patients
The Future Clinicians
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE

 Age

A 40
s
ti 30
g
m
20
a
ti
10
s
m
0
0 5 15 25 35 45 55 65
Age
Chief Complaints Visual Acuity
Keratometer Jackson Cross
Cylinder
Retinoscope
Refractive Status
 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

Methodology

In this chapter, the methods utilized by

the researchers to collect and analyze
data are detailed are as follows:
Research Design

This study uses quantitative research for it

collects and analyses data obtained from online
books and journals as well as similar research
studies. The study uses descriptive design as it
assesses the comprehensive and functional tests
results of astigmatic patients.

Research Environment
This study was conducted at the College of Optometry
Department building situated inside the Main Campus
of Southwestern University-PHINMA (SWU-PHINMA)
located at Urgello St., Cebu City, Philippines.
 Research Subjects
The respondents of this study were the selected students aged 19-24 residing in
Cebu City, Cebu. The total patients having Astigmatism based on our clinical duty
were 18 patients.

19-24 y.o

18 patients
Research Instrument
The results that the clinicians collected from their patients' comprehensive and
functional test forms were utilized by the researchers.

Comperhensive Form Subjective Form 21 Steps Form

 CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS/INTERPRETATION

Educational level
24 y.o
5.6% Yr lvl age
10
10
20 y.o
22 y.o
16.7%
22.2%

7
7.5
P
x 21 y.o
s 5 50%
5

3
2.5

0
0
Gr12/19yo 1stYC/20 2ndYC/21 3rdYC/22 4th/24
Educational Level
Gender
M
27.8%

Gender No. %

Female 13 72.3

Male 5 27.7

TOTAL 18 100% F
72.2%
Chief complaints
BOV@F
20

15

10

0
BovF BovN FHA THA Squinting Glare
Comprehensive tests
Range of ophthalmometry
OD OS
10
18 Pxs
10 ATR
0% 44-45
39.1%
7.5
7
42-43
P 60.9%
x
s
5
5

WTR
2.5
2 100%

0
0 40-41 42-43 44-45 46-47

Keratometry Results
Range of ophthalmometry 17-Pxs

No. Px
6

P 4
4
x
s
3

22

0
0
0.00 - 0.50 cyl -0.75 - 1.25 cyl -1.50 - 2.25 cyl -2.50 cyl

Cylinder
Final Rx/Step#7
RS CHM SMA
5.6%
15
15 11.1%

13

P
10
x 10
s CMA
83.3%
7

5
5

0
0 SMA CMA CHA

RS
Astigmatism to myopia results of
Step #4 Retinoscopy
OD OS
66

M 4
4
y
o
3
p
e
s 2
2

00
0.00Cyl 0.25Cyl 0.50Cyl 0.75Cyl 1.00Cyl 1.25Cyl 1.50Cyl 1.75Cyl 2.00Cyl 2.25Cyl
Cylinder
Myopia to astigmatism of results
of Step #4 Retinoscopy
OD OS
15

12
A
s
t 10
9
i
g
6
P
5
x
s 3

0
0
+0.50sph -0.00 to -1.00sph -1.25 to -2.00sph -2.25 to -3.00sph > -3.25
Sphere
External Observation

Age External Observation OD OS

Conjunctiva Clear Clear

Cornea Transparent Transparent

Eyelids Intact Intact

Eyelashes Outward Outward

19-24

Sclera White White

Iris Brown Brown

Head Tilt Posture Normal/None Normal/None

External Observation
DISCUSSION

Group 5
Optomtery | 2023
 Relationship to Myopia and Astigmatism
OD OS OD OS
15 6

10 4

5
2

0
+0.50sph -0.00 to -1.00sph -1.25 to -2.00sph -2.25 to -3.00sph > -3.25 0
0.00Cyl 0.25Cyl 0.50Cyl 0.75Cyl 1.00Cyl 1.25Cyl 1.50Cyl 1.75Cyl 2.00Cyl 2.25Cyl
 CONCLUSION

Group 5
Optomtery | 2023
 Astigmatism is one of the most common refractive error
managed during clinical duty for 3rd year students. The
evaluation for comprehensive and functional tests for the 18
patients, only show that it can indicate a person who has
astigmatism. With regards to the different exams being
performed, there were several factors that could correlate
to their astigmatic conditions. Describing the relationship
and impacts of age and education levels with astigmatism,
addressing patients' chief complaints through subjective
and objective refraction, able to assess and classified the
level of astigmatism and dealing with patients' refractive
error, gathered patients' results with Ophthalmometry,
Subjective Refraction, and Retinoscopy.
Group 5
Optomtery | 2023
 Therefore, there is significant relationship among
the comprehensive and functional test results on
astigmatic patients done by the 3rd-year students
in Southwestern University-PHINMA.

Group 5
Optomtery | 2023
Thank You!
100

75

50

25

0
0 40 65