Index Table of contents

Development and Release of Coffee Berry Disease Resistant

Varieties to Specialty Coffee Producing Regions in Ethiopia

C. JEFUKA1, G. ADUGNA2, D. TEFERI1, A. ZERU3, S. BOGALE1, A. ADEM1

1
Jimma Agricultural Research Centre, PO Box 192 Jimma, Ethiopia
2
Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, Jimma University College
of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 307 Jimma, Ethiopia
3
Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute,
PO Box 1242 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

SUMMARY

Ethiopia is acknowledged for the production and supply of world renowned specialty coffees
among which Harar, Sidamo, and Yirgacheffe have been trademarked and licensed by a
number of local and international companies like Illy, Starbucks, Caribou and others. The
demand for these finest coffees has been tremendously increasing in the specialty market
although the crop yield is dwindled due mainly to major diseases like coffee berry disease
(CBD) and vascular wilt. With the objectives of developing disease resistant specialty coffee
varieties and boost the yield with their intrinsic cup quality, a multidisciplinary research
program (disease resistance, yield and quality) have been designed and implemented between
1997 and 2010. During these periods, a large number of mother coffee trees were selected
from Sidamo and Yirgacheffe/Gedeo (101), Wollega (361) and Hararghe (1013) and their
seedlings were planted out in a single tree progeny plot (6 – 10 tree) in the respective regions
to evaluate their reaction to diseases (CBD, wilt and leaf rust), yield and quality traits. Based
on three to four years data, thirteen to fifteen most promising selections were promoted to
verification trials and planted (20 - 150 trees/plot) in a randomized complete block design
with three replications at least in two farmers’ fields representing their respective original
environments. With regard to pathological parameters, attached berry test for CBD and
seedling inoculation tests for both CBD and wilt were employed to verify the resistance of all
the promising selections under field and growth room or greenhouse conditions. Based on the
results a total of the best eleven CBD resistant coffee varieties were officially approved for
production in the major specialty coffee growing areas of Ethiopia in 2010. These varieties
are designated as ‘Fayate’, ‘Odicha’ and ‘Koti’ for Sidamo/ Yirgacheffe, four varieties,
namely, ‘Haru-1’, ‘Challa’, ‘Sende’ and ‘Menesibu’ for Wollega/Ghimbi; and four varieties
‘Harusa’, ‘Mocha’, ‘Mechara-1’ and ‘Bultum’ for Hararghe areas. The overall mean
percentage of CBD infection on Wollega varieties varied from 11 to 15 in ABT in the fields;
while Harar varieties have shown less than 10% infection at Hararghe with contrasting values
between 13 and 45% at Jimma. The Sidamo/ Yirgacheffe varieties had the best performance
possessing moderate to high levels of double resistances to both CBD and CWD infections (<
11%). All of them demonstrated good yield and typical quality profiles of their origin like
‘fruity’, ‘floral’/’spicy’, and ‘mocha’ for Sidamo/Yirgacheffe, Wollega and Harar specialty
coffees, respectively. Above all, more than 15 million seeds and seedlings of these resistant
specialty coffee varieties have been distributed to coffee farmers in the regions.

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INTRODUCTION

The endowment of Ethiopia with diverse coffee types and agro-ecology allowed production of
high quality coffee (Coffea arabica L.) demanded by consumers. Production of specialty
coffee varieties adaptable to specific agro-ecological niches allows farmers to supply high
quality coffee at premium prices. The dynamic shift from traditional/commercial to specialty
market also reduces farmers vulnerability to slump in coffee prices and the encouraging prices
enhance quality coffee production efficiency (Wollni and Brümmer, 2012). The existence of
similar but distinctive inherent coffee quality profile across regions in Colombia has
differentiated geographic origins of specialty coffee (Oberthür et al., 2011). Nevertheless, so
far Ethiopian coffee quality profiles such as Harar, Sidamo, Yirgacheffe and Gimbi specialty
coffees known in the world market, trademarked and licensed by a number of local and
international companies have been produced using unimproved or low yielding land races that
are prone to various diseases. Coffee berry disease (CBD), coffee wilt disease (CWD) and
coffee leaf rust (CLR) caused by Colletotrichum kahawae, Gibberella (Fusarium) xylarioides
and Hemileia vastatrix, respectively, are the major ones. Development of coffee for multiple
disease resistance while maintaining the inherent physical and cup quality characteristics is
quite challenging unless at least supported by coffee quality profile mapping of each
locations. We are privileged in location specificity of Arabica coffee under defined agro-
ecology, growing demand for specialty coffee in the international market, and existence of
genetic diversity in major coffee growing areas to gear our coffee research system towards
specialty coffee variety development for each agro-ecological niche of the country.

The development of disease resistant specialty coffee varieties addressing quality issues was
started simultaneously in the four major regions, namely; Wollega/Ghimbi, Sidamo,
Yirgacheffe and Hararghe some 15 years back in Ethiopia. The coffee varieties were
originally selected and/or collected from farmers’ coffee fields in semiforest or garden
production systems and intensively evaluated and tested for their reaction to economically
important diseases in the country and assessed for yield potential and quality profiles in the
respective geographic areas. In this manuscript, the development and release of coffee berry
disease (CBD) resistant coffee varieties in specialty coffee producing regions of Ethiopia,
pertaining to pathological investigations are briefly reported.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Descriptions of the study sites

The laboratory and greenhouse/growth room studies were undertaken at Jimma Agricultural
Research Center (JARC) and the field studies were conducted in the Research Centers in the
respective geographic regions in west, south and eastern parts of Ethiopia (Table 1). JARC is
located 358 km away to southwest of the capital, laying at about 1750 m altitude receiving
almost year round rainfall amounting 1550 mm annual average, with 12.8 and 26.7 0C minima
and maxima temperatures, respectively. The field research activities were conducted at
different localities, namely, Haru and Mugi research stations for coffee growing areas of
Gimbi and Wollega; Awada and Wonago stations meant for developing Sidama/Yirgacheffe
specialty coffee profiles in the Southern Region. Mechara Research Center is destined for the
famous Harar coffee with ‘Moka’ flavour; segregate in the eastern escarpment adapted to
more marginal coffee growing region of the country. As opposed to the south, southwest and
western regions, coffee trees grow in areas characterized by erratic rainfall, high temperature,
on eroded soil but in highly managed garden system. Detailed descriptions of the study sites
are presented in Table 1.

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 Table 1. Descriptions of the study sites for developing specialty coffee varieties
in Ethiopia.

Temperature
Research Verificat Altitude Rain fall2 (0C) 2
Region Zone
center ion site (average) (mm)
Min Max
Jimma JARC/ Melko - 1750 1550 12.8 26.7
West Wollega Haru Erecha 1750 1727 16 27
Oromiya
West Wollega - Duchi 1800
Kelem Wollega Mugi Mugi 1550 1655
Sidama Awada Korkie 1740 1342 12.6 26.2
SNNPR1
Gedeo Wonago Konga 1850 - - -
Mechara Mechara 1750 1100 14 29
Oromiya East Hararghe
- Micheta 1815
1
Southern Nation Nationalities People’s Region; 2Data from nearest meteorological station,
= no data

Wollega Specialty Coffee Variety Development

A total of 361 coffee accessions collected from West Wollega in 1998 were established at
Haru Research Subcenter in July 1999 in simple lattice design with seven trees per plot at a
spacing of 2m x 2m. Of these, 81 promising coffee accessions were intensively tested under
field and growth room/ greenhouse conditions for CBD and CWD resistance. Among these,
based on three to five years data, thirteen promising coffee accessions were promoted and
planted out in three varying localities, Duchi, Erecha (1700 – 1800 m asl) and Mugi (1550 m
asl) in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications consisting of 40 to
60 trees per block to verify their resistance to CBD and other diseases and yield and quality
traits. Two CBD resistant varieties 74110 and 75227 were included as standard checks. All
the routine coffee management practices were uniformly applied accordingly.

Sidama/Gedeo Specialty Coffee Variety Development

A total of 101 coffee accessions (57) collected from Sidama in 1997 and (44) from Gedeo
areas in 1985 were planted at Awada (1740 m asl) and Wonago (1850 m asl) in variety trials
with 6 – 10 trees per plots with three to three to four replication in RCBD. After rigorous
testing under field and growth room conditions, 12 promising coffee selections and three
standard checks (1377, 744, 75227) were advanced to variety verification trials in two
localities at Korkie (Sidama zone) and Konga (Yirgacheffe, Gedeo zone) consisting of 66 to
75 trees per plot in RCBD with three replications in July 2004.

Harar Specialty Coffee Variety Development

A large number of coffee accessions (1013) were massively collected from major Hararghe
coffee growing areas in 1998 to save the endangered Harar coffee types owing to booming of
chat (Catha edulis) production and then the majority of most of them were well- established
at JARC/Melko in single plot with 10 trees per plot/accession. Among these, 60 accessions
were selected and then continuously evaluated for their resistance to major coffee diseases
both under field and glasshouse conditions since 2003. Fourteen accessions with promising
performances were selected and planted in two fields at Mechara and Micheta (West
Hararghe) in order to verify their performance in their original agroecology. The trials were
consisted of 150 trees per accession/plot in RCBD with three replications; and the coffee trees
were properly managed accordingly.
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Testing for Resistance to Coffee Berry Disease and Coffee Wilt Disease

The modified seedling hypocotyls inoculation technique was adopted for CBD resistance test
(Girma and Chala, 2009; Adugna et al., 2009). Four to six weeks old hypocotyls (soldier
stage) seedlings of each accession was inoculated by brushing the stem of each seedlings
using camel brush at spore concentration adjusted to 2 x 106 conidia/ml. The inoculated
seedlings were arranged on the bench in a growth room and covered with plastic sheet for 48
hours to maintain about 100% relative humidity and temperature adjusted to 21 – 22°C to
favor infection. After three weeks incubation, the number of infected seedlings per box were
scrutinized and recorded using 0 – 4 scales, and a disease index expressed as percentage of
CBD infection was computed for each cultivar per box (Van der Graaff, 1981; Tefesetewold,
1995; Adugna et al., 2009). The stem nicking procedure was employed in testing all the
promising accessions for resistance to coffee wilt disease at seedling stage in the greenhouse.
Each seedlings were inoculated with a conidial suspension of 2 x 106 per ml and the
cumulative percentages of dead seedlings and incubation periods (day) were used for analyses
(Adugna et al., 2009).

Besides, attached berry test (ABT) technique was used to verify the CBD resistance levels by
artificially inoculating expanding coffee berries on three primary branches selected from the
middle canopy layer of a sample coffee tree (3 – 5 trees/plot) in the fields. These branches
were inoculated after 5:00 PM by spraying 2 x 106 conidia/ml using manually pressurized
hand sprayer. Each inoculated branch was immediately covered with plastic sleeves misted
with water over night to favor infection and removed the next day before 8:00 AM. Three
weeks later, the number of healthy and CBD infected berries per branch were recorded to
calculate percentage berry infection. The percentages of rusted leaves and CBD infection per
tree were estimated visually.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Wollega Specialty Coffee Varieties

The results indicated that there were significant differences (p < 0.01) among the progenies of
Wollega coffee selections in their resistance to CBD in ABT in the field at Haru and the
overall mean CBD infection ranged between 1.8 (W265/98) to 88.9% (F-59, not shown) as
compared to the standard check 74110 (10.7%) (Table 2). Among the 13 promising selections
promoted to verification plots, all except W4/98, W105/98, W170/98 and W175/98
manifested consistently lower CBD severity (< 11%) at Duchi and Erecha, which was
comparable to the standard check 74110. Coffee selections W13/98, W33/98 and W66/98
showed lower CBD infection although higher disease was recorded on most of the selections
in seedling inoculation test in the growth room. Testing of these coffee selections for CWD
resistance showed significant differences in percent dead seedlings and incubation period that
varied from 0% (W196/98) to 92% (W92/98) and 31 to 139 days, respectively (Table 2).
Based on their overall consistent performances comparable to the standard CBD resistant
check 74110 both in the field and growth room results, four selections W66/98, W76/98,
W92/98 and 78/84 were approved and released in similar coffee growing areas of West
Wollega zone.

Sidama/ Yirgacheffe -Gedeo Specialty coffee varieties

The mean CBD infections among 1997 coffee selections varied from 10% (resistant check
75227) to 47.7% (9744) at Awada. Similarly those selections at Wonago showed CBD
infection ranging from 15.7 (75227) to 39.7 (85294) as compared to the released checks 744
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(22.6%) and 1377 (27.3%) (Table 3). Significantly lower level of CBD infection (0 - 10%)
were recorded on selections promoted to verification plots at Korkie in Sidama and Konga in
Yirgacheffe/Gedeo zones in visual assessment. The CBD seedling inoculation test also
showed significant differences ranging from 12.8 (741 resistant check) to 96% (370
susceptible check). Selections 971 (28 – 33%) and 85257 (51 – 56%) showed consistently
lower CBD severity in repeated hypocotyls inoculation tests while selection 974 demonstrated
slight variation across years. Similarly, significant differences were observed in mean percent
wilted seedlings varying from 2.9% (971) to 93.7% (979). Selections 971 and 974 showed
consistently low (<16%) seedling death in repeated inoculation tests for wilt resistance (Table
3). In addition, these selections showed comparatively lower level of CBD infection in ABT
(<35%) under field conditions and in seedling inoculation test (<47%) showing multiple
disease resistance nature. Adugna et al. (2008) also reported the existence of such kind of
resistance in Arabica coffee gremplasm collections. Visual score for CLR under field
condition at Awada and Wonago indicated acceptable level of rust infection, but warn its
future economic importance on selection 971 (upon its large scale cultivation) and 9722 (data
not shown).

Harar Specialty Coffee varieties

Among 60 coffee accessions that were intensively tested for CBD resistance in ABT, 14
accessions showed mean CBD infection between 1% and 50% in the progeny plot at JARC
(Melko). All these selections except H823/98 showed less than 16% CBD infection in ABT in
the verification plots at Mechara and Micheta. Selection H739/98 and H857/98 consistently
demonstrated lower (0 – 14%) CBD severity levels in repeated field inoculation tests in
progeny and verification plots. Selection H674/98 expressed lower level of CBD in
verification plot in Hararghe than in the progeny plot at Jimma (14 – 26%) (Table 4).
However, the coffee selections had exceptionally higher infection and inconsistent
performance in CBD under growth room condition than in the fields. There were also
differences among the selections varying from moderate to high susceptibility CWD but
H823/98 showed about 25% wilted seedlings which is better than the tolerant check Catimore
J21 (35%) (data not shown). Coffee leaf rust infection ranged from 7 to 54% in 2004 at
Jimma while few rusted leaves were observed in verification plots at Mechara and Micheta
that might be due to variation in rust pathogen populations across regions as reported by
Girma and Chala (2009); Adugna et al. (2009) and Jefuka et al. (2009).

In conclusion, based on the detailed analyses of the results of field evaluations and
greenhouse tests, eleven CBD resistant coffee varieties, some of which showed multiple
resistance, were developed and officially approved for production in the respective specialty
coffee producing regions of Ethiopia in 2010 (MoAR, 2010). These included four coffee
varieties designated as W66/98 ‘Haru-1’, W76/98 ‘Challa’, W92/98 ‘Sende’ and 78/84
‘Menesibu’ for Wollega/Ghimbi areas; three varieties namely; 971 ‘Fayate’, 974 ‘Odicha’
and 85257 ‘Koti’ for Sidamo/ Gedeo zones; and four varieties H674/98 ‘Harusa’, H739/98
‘Mocha’, H823/98 ‘Mechara-1’ and H857/98 ‘Bultum’ for Hararghe agroecologies. The
overall mean percentage of CBD infection on Wollega varieties varied from 11 to 15 in ABT
in the field (progeny and verification plots); while Harar varieties have shown less than 10%
infection in verification trials at Hararghe with contrastingly values ranging from 13% to 45%
in progeny plots at Jimma. The Sidamo/ Yirgacheffe coffee varieties (971 and 974) had the
best performance with moderate to high levels of multiple resistances to both CBD and CWD
infections (< 15%). These released resistant coffee varieties found to possess better yield and
typical quality profiles of their origin like ‘fruity’, ‘floral’/’spicy’, and ‘Mocha’ for
Sidamo/Yirgacheffe, Wollega and Harar specialty coffee, respectively. Above all, more than

640
15 million seeds and seedlings of these materials were distributed to coffee farmers in the
regions.

Table 2. The resistance of Wollega coffee selections to CBD in the progeny plot at Haru
and in verification plots at Duchi and Erecha and to CBD and CWD seedling
inoculation tests at JARC.

Haru Seedling Incubation

Coffee Seedling test
(2 years Duchi Erecha test for Period
Selection for CWD (%)
mean, %) CBD (%) (days)
W4/98 29.4 (32.3) 32.7 (34.62) 23.68 (29.29) 74.2 (59.6) 50.4 (45.3) 74.7
W6/98 14.1 (16.2) 15.98 (22.22) 7.56 (14.6) 87.4 (69.2) Nt Nt
W10/98 4.1 (10.6) 4.79 (9.85) 9.56 (19.82) 73.7 (59.2) 49.7 (45) 120.0
W13/98 18.7 (22.9) 9.04 (16.35) 4.4 (12.13) 60.9 (51.3) 84.5 (67) 66.7
W14/98 10.9 (14.9) 5.2 (12.2) 5.08 (14.27) 85.2 (67.5) 23.9 (29.2) 102.0
W33/98 4.0 (8.1) 7.6 (14.0) 13.17 (24.02) 25.6 (30.4) 59.2 (51.3) 83.7
W66/98 2.0 (5.6) 8.96 (17.2) 15.3 (23.45) 47.5 (43.6) 45.4 (42.3) 88.7
W76/98 8.0 (16) 5.26 (13.2) 6.26 (14.47) 49.8 (44.7) 88.3 (70.7) 83.3
W92/98 9.7 (14.5) 18.1 (25.2) 18.55 (27.49) 95.5 (78.2) 91.7 (80) 62.0
W105/98 22.3 (24.9) 7.3 (14.7) 8.75 (18.13) 83.6 (66.2) 30.2 (32.9) 65.0
W170/98 23.4 (27.6) 6.5 (14.3) 30.98 (37.13) 84 (66.6) 90.8 (72.6) 55.3
W175/98 32.5 (33.4) 2.96 (9.7) 7.77 (17.3) 62.8 (52.5) 54 (47.5) 108.0
W265/98 1.8 (6.2) 2.18 (8.4) 5.09 (12.3) 47.4 (43.5) 80.8 (64.4) 69.0
78/84 Nt 2.31 (8.7) 13.27 (23.2) 86.2 (68.5) 33.6 (34.8) 112.3
741101 10.7 (18.2) 5.35 (13.1) 28.4 (36.9) Nt 76 (61.8) 111.3
7411 Nt Nt Nt 8.4 (16.5) 8.9 (14.3) 31.3
7541 Nt Nt Nt 28.5 (32.2) Nt Nt
3702 Nt Nt Nt 100 (90) 48.9 (44.6) 139.0
N 15 15 15 84 81 81
Mean (41.2) (15.58) (21.6) (58.7) (55.5) 83.4
LSD (14.5) (10.06) (8.94) (7.9) (17.0) 44.5
CV (%) (30.6) (38.61) (24.71) (8.4) (19.0) 33.1
1
741, 7454, 74110, and 2370 CBD resistant and susceptible checks, respectively. Means in the
bracts were arcsine transformed values before analysis. Nt = Not tested.

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 Table 3. The performance of Sidama/Gedeo specialty coffee selections in reaction to
major coffee diseases at Awada and Wonago in Southern Ethiopia.

Attached berry test

Coffee Seedling inoculation tests (%) at Jimma
(2 years mean %)
Selection Wonago Awada CBD CWD IP (days)
85237 29.1 Nt 53.0 59.0 85.0
85257 26.3 Nt 51.3 40.3 90.0
85238 32.1 Nt 40.7 14.6 56.7
85259 21.8 Nt 23.3 57.1 76.0
85294 39.7 Nt 70.0 60.6 82.3
1377 b 27.3 Nt 62.0 Nt Nt
744 a 22.6 15.2 35.8 Nt Nt
75227 a 15.7 10.0 39.4 Nt Nt
741 a Nt Nt 20.9 Nt Nt
754 a Nt Nt 24.1 Nt Nt
971 Nt 30.0 32.2 4.35 57.0
974 Nt 32.9 46.8 15.41 90.0
979 Nt 41.4 46.6 93.94 85.0
9718 Nt 42.2 46.2 14.76 83.0
9722 Nt 42.6 37.3 49.1 85.0
9744 Nt 47.7 47.0 17.77 85.0
Catimor J21d Nt Nt Nt 40.32 81.0
SN 5e Nt Nt Nt 85.94 81.0
Mean 32.6 40.93 49.5 48.9 80.5
LSD (5%) 11.3 15.0 10.7 24.6 NS
CV (%) 30 32.4 11.9 29.9 25.8
Means in the brackets are actual values, a CBD resistant check; b CBD resistant released
variety; d,e CWD susceptible and resistant checks, respectively; Nt: not tested; NS: not
significantly different.

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 Table 4. The performance of Harar specialty coffee varieties in reaction to CBD in the
progeny plot at Jimma, verification plots at Mechara and Micheta, and to CBD under
laboratory condition at JARC.

Seedling test
Coffee Progeny plot (ABT, %) Verification plots (ABT, %)
(%)
CBD
Selection Jimma (2 years means) Mechara (2 years means) Micheta
(3years mean)
H618/98 3.6 (9.0) - 15.3 (22.5) 4.8 (10.3) - 15.2 (20.1) 2.2 (6.9) 42.7 - 91.8
H622/98 4.8 (10.4) - 50.4 (45.3) 3.6 (9.8) - 9.4 (14.3) Nt 66.6 - 93.5
H674/98 14.0 (20.6) - 26.5 (30.4) 4.1 (11.5) - 5.9 (13.7) 5.1 (12.7) 90.6 - 95.2
H739/98 0.0 (0.0) - 8.5 (15.2) 3.0 (9.6) - 13.4 (21.4) 1.8 (6.3) 71.6 - 83.3
H822/98 2.1 (4.9) - 10.1 (18.5) 4.1 (10.4) - 5.4 (12.6) 3.7 (10.9) 67.0 - 92.0
H823/98 9.6 (14.8) - 14 (21.8) 1.7 (7.3) - 31.6 (33.6) 2.3 (8.6) 72.7 - 85.3
H856/98 1.0 (3.3) - 9.4 (14.4) 0.6 (3.5) - 5.2 (12.2) 5.6 (9.8) 60.2 - 96.7
H857/98 3.8 (9.2) - 5.0 (10.5) 5.1 (12.5) - 14.9 (22.5) 1.8 (6.0) 82.8 - 92.0
H858/98 7.3 (14.7) - 39.8 (42.1) 11.5 (19.5) - 5.9 (36.7) 2.0 (4.7) 46.3 - 93.8
H915/98 0.0 (0.0) - 1.1 (3.5) 8.1 (13.2) - 10.5 (18.8) 3.9 (6.8 63.7 - 96.3
H929/98 1.7 (6.1) - 19.9 (21.8) 8.3 (14.4) - 15.5 (22.1) 1.7 (5.6) 70.9 - 74.4
H968/98 2.1 (4.9) - 15.7 (14.5) 0.0 (0.0) - 5.6 (12.8) 0.3 (1.9) 40.8 - 94.7
H980/98 0.9 (3.2) - 14.5 (21.3) 3.3 (10.1) - 9.7 (6.9) 3.2 (6.5) 73.8 - 82.4
H981/98 2.1 (4.85) - 4.0 (9.3) 4.0 (10.2) - 12.1 (20.3) 3.7 (11.1) 45.0 - 97.5
74110 a Nt 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0.0) 15.3
Mean 21.2 - 21.4 10.4 - 18.9 7.37 84.74 - 79.6
LSD (5%) 13.8 - 21.6 11.6 - 13.8 NS 12.29 - 15.8
CV (%) 39.9 - 62.3 43.8 – 66 72.7 8.96 - 14.0
a
Means in the brackets were arcsine transformed of actual values; CBD resistant varieties,
Nt: not tested; NS: not significant.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is axiomatic fact that the development and release of these coffee varieties came to reality
by concerted efforts of many individuals and institutions over such extended period of time.
We are very proud to acknowledge each and every one who directly or indirectly contributed
to the successful accomplishment of the mega research project- Coffee Landrace
Development Program implemented at JARC and other coffee research centers in Ethiopia.
We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Bayetta B., Dr Paulos D., Yacob E., Million A., Dr
Eshetu D. and other colleagues who synthesized and made untiring efforts in implementing
the program from inception to completion. We are so grateful to all the staffs of Coffee
Pathology (deserve naming Teame G/e., Sisay T., Mamo A., Teshome T., Biyadige K.,
Kemal, Kedir, Kemerudin and Wondimu are ‘the powerhouses’), Breeding and Genetics,
Processing and Quality Departments ‘the three pillars’ in particular and JARC and Research
Subcenters (Awada and Wonago, Haru and Mugi, and Mechara (Oromia Agricultural
Research Institute) in general. In addition, the farmers, extension agents (like Tadesse Wote
of Yirgacheffe) and experts without whom the collection and CBD resistant selections would
have been imaginary. The financial supports of the Ethio-Swiss Coffee Research Project and
European Union (EU) through Coffee Improvement Project (CIP –IV) are greatly
acknowledged.

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