ACCESS CONTROL AND ACCESS MANAGEMENT

- Implementation of access control is by police power and eminent domain

Eminent domain – power of local or state government agencies to take private property for
“public use” so long as the government pays “just compensation”.
Highway ramp – a short section of the highway that allows entrance or exit of vehicles.
Through traffic – vehicles which passes through an area or facility which does not stop or
originate there.
FULLY CONTROLLED ACCESS - preference is given to through traffic by providing access
connections by means of ramps with only selected public roads and by prohibiting crossings at
grade and direct private driveway connections.
PARTIALLY CONTROLLED ACCESS - some preference should be given to through traffic.
Access connections, which may be at-grade or grade-separated, are provided with selected public
roads and private driveways.
*the subject of access control is the through traffic and its movement.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ACCESS MANAGEMENT
1. Classify the road system by the primary function of each roadway
- FREEWAYS have fully controlled access therefore it is more concerned about the
through traffic and its movement
- LOCAL STREETS have little to no access management therefore they are more
concerned about the access to private property or driveways rather than through traffic
movement
- ARTERIAL AND COLLECTOR ROADS have a combination of both through traffic
movement and property access
2. Limit direct access to roads with higher functional classifications
3. Locate traffic signals to emphasize through traffic movements
4. Locate driveways and major entrances to minimize interference with traffic operations
5. Use curbed medians and locate median openings to manage access movements and
minimize conflicts
- medians are “center islands” that separate the two-way traffic and provides access to
some parts.
ACCESS CLASSIFICATIONS
- An access classification system defines the type and spacing of allowable access for each
class of road.
METHODS OF CONTROLLING ACCESS
- Land-use ordinances
- Geometric design
 A frontage road is a road parallel to the main road that gives access to the private or
commercial property by the road facility
- Driveway regulations
BENEFITS OF CONTROLLING ACCESS
 - Lessens the frequency and severity of road crashes.

THE PEDESTRIAN
GENERAL CONSIDERATION
- Pedestrians and their welfare in the facility must be in consideration in designing
highways whether the area is rural or urban
- Pedestrian facilities are sidewalks, crosswalks, traffic control features, curb cuts, and curb
ramps
MEASURES TO CONSIDER OLDER PEDESTRIANS AND MOTORISTS
- Simplify design by minimizing crossing widths and complexity of elements such as
channelization and separate turning lanes
- Assume lower walking speeds
- Use median as refuge island
- Provide enough lighting to areas with lots of pedestrians and information processing
- Improve the visibility of signs by increasing size of letters and retroreflectivity for those
with decreased visual acuity
- Enhance markings and delineation
- Increase redundancy of signs
REDUCTION OF PEDESTRIAN-VEHICULAR CONFLICTS
- Eliminate left and/or right turns
- Prohibit free-flow right-turn movements
- Prohibit right turn on red
- Convert from two-way to one-way street operation
- Provide separate signal phases for pedestrians
- Eliminate selected crosswalks
- Provide pedestrian grade separations
CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES
- Mobility impairments
- Visual impairments
- Developmental impairments
BICYCLE DESIGN FACILITIES
- Paved shoulders
- Wider outside traffic lanes (4.2 meters) if there are no shoulders
- Bicycle-compatible drainage grates
- Adjusting manhole covers to the grade
- Maintaining a smooth and clean riding surface
SAFETY
- Crashes has several elements
 Human element
 Vehicle element
 Highway element
ROADWAY DESIGN
- Reduction of points that takes a lot of time for decision-making
- Fully controlled access helps a reduce crashes
ROADSIDE DESIGN
- Traffic control devices
 It controls, guide, regulate, and inform
 Signals, markings, and barriers/channelizers (cones, etc.)
SAFETY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
1. planning studies
2. environmental study
3. funding process
4. final design
5. implementation