UHV Merged

UNIVERSAL HUMAN VALUES
MRS. SUVARNA R. BHAGWAT

COURSE OBJECTIVES
 Development of a holistic perspective based on self-exploration

about themselves (human being), family, society and
nature/existence.
 Understanding of the harmony in the human being, family, society

and nature/existence.
 Strengthening of self-reflection.
 Development of commitment and courage to act.

UNIVERSAL HUMAN VALUE
 Universal
 Human
 Value
VALUE
A person has a value.
An object has a value

VALUE
A person has a value. An object has a value
If one wants to know the origin of the term ‘VALUE’, it

may be stated very firmly that the term ‘VALUE’ comes
from the Latin word ‘VALERE’ which means ‘to be of
worth’.
Whereas, the concise Oxford Dictionary defines the term

VALUE’ as the ‘worth, desirability or utility of a thing’.
VALUE
A person has a value.
An object has a value
Somewhere, some other dictionary states that Value is

that which renders anything useful, worthy or estimable.
It is price, worth or importance of a thing’.
HUMAN VALUES
Human values are defined as those qualities/virtues

which help man to live in harmony with the world.
Can you name some values??

HUMAN VALUES
Human values are defined as those morals which help

man to live in harmony with the world.
Love, brotherhood
Respect for others, Honesty
Sincerity, Truthfulness
Non-violence, Gratitude
Tolerance, Sense of responsibility
Cooperation
HUMAN VALUES
• According to another theory, ‘VALUES’ stands for the

idea men live for.
• In the most elementary sense, value means whatever is

actually liked, prized, desired or enjoyed by anyone at
any time.
• It is the actual experience of enjoying desired object or

activity.
• Hence, Value is an existing realization of desire’.

HUMAN VALUES
“Values are socially approved desires and goals that are

internalized through the process of conditioning, learning
or socialization and aspirations.”
NATURE OF HUMAN VALUES
• Values are the very essence of human life.

• Values are essential for a fair and equitable community which
reflects our respect as well as responsibility for the global
environment.
• Values are cross-cultural and are essential for the
development of community and global citizenship.
• Value is a motivating force behind the individual’s thought,
emotion and action.
• Every value is reflected in a person’s reactions.
TYPES OF HUMAN VALUES
1. Personal Values:
The values that are prescribed by the individual alone,
irrespective of his or her social relationships, are termed as
personal values —
e.g. Dignity of Labour, Sensitivity, Cleanliness, Politeness,
Honesty, etc. are Personal Values.
2. Neighborly Values:
Unlike personal values, the practice of neighbourly values
necessitates the interaction of two or more persons. For instance,
one can exhibit his or her patience with oneself, but this
value is correctly actualized in the exercise of calmness and
tranquillity with another person or persons.
3. Community Values:
The values that entail the complexities of wider interactions
between groups of people are termed as community values. For
instance, treating all in a friendly and loving manner.
1.Theoretical Values:
Dominant interest in the discovery of truth.
2. Economic Values:
A characteristic interest in all that is useful in terms of money,
and that which is useful for the satisfaction of bona fide needs.
3. Aesthetic Values:
Places high ranking on beauty as an art.
4. Social Values:
Highest love for the people. The social man prizes other persons
as ends and is therefore himself kind, sympathetic and unselfish.
5. Political Values:
Main interest is to gain prestige and power.
6. Religious Values:
The highest value for a religious man may be called unity and
he seeks to comprehend the cosmos as a whole, to relate himself
to its embracing totality.
PURPOSE AND MOTIVATION FOR THE COURSE
 The core aspiration of every human being is prosperity and

sustained happiness. This can be achieved only by appreciating the
essences of values and Skills and this course enables to achieve
these values.
 It facilitates holistic growth by imparting holistic perspective
forms which is the basis of value based living in a natural way
facilitating holistic perception of harmony at all levels of existence.
 It enhances the idea of self-exploration and self-realization,
identifying the ‘I’ with the Body i.e. Sanyam and swasthya.
 It strengthens technological methods both at the level of
individual and at the level of society for harmony and eco-
friendly systems of humanity.
SELF-EXPLORATION–WHAT IS IT?
 Self exploration is knowing “Who you are?” and “What do

you want to be?”
 It is process of Self evolution through Self investigation.
 Self exploration is the process to find out what is valuable to
me by investigating within myself, what is right for me, true
for me, has to be judged within myself.
 We live with different things like - family, friends, air, soil,
water, trees, etc. and we want to understand our relationship
with all these.
 For this we need to start observing inside.
SELF-EXPLORATION–CONTENT
Content of Self-Exploration is finding answers to

fundamental questions of all human beings:
 The Desire/Goal: What is my (human) Desire/ Goal? What

do I really want in life, or what is the goal of human life?
 Program: What is my (human) program for fulfilling the

desire? How to fulfil it? What is the program to actualize the
above?
 In short, the above two questions cover the whole domain of human aspirations and
human endeavour. Thus, they form the content of self- exploration.
NATURAL ACCEPTANCE
 It is a mechanism of self exploration.

 Natural acceptance is process to understand ourself first.
 Natural acceptance implies unconditional and total acceptance
of the self, people and environment.
 It also refers to the absence of any exception from others.
 In other words, Natural acceptance is way to accept the good
things naturally. (and just ignore the bad or unwanted…….)
NATURAL ACCEPTANCE
 It also refers to the absence of any exception from others.

 Once we fully and truly commit ourself on the basis of natural
acceptance, we feel a holistic sense of inner harmony,
tranquility and fulfillment.
 Focus and learn everything that is good from others, but bring
it in, and in our own way absorb it; do not become others.
NATURAL ACCEPTANCE
 We can start checking and verifying this for ourselves.

 All of us have acceptance which are same, at a very deep and
basic level.
 Our assumptions and choices, our likes and dislikes
 may be different, but on some very basic and common issues
like need for happiness, trust, respect, prosperity, we are all
the same, all of us have the same basic acceptance.
OBSERVATIONS ABOUT NATURAL ACCEPTANCE
 Natural acceptance does not change with time.

 It remains invariant with time.
 For example, if we naturally accept trust or respect for some
one, it doesn’t change with age.
 We can try to verify this within our span of observation.
 It does not depend on the place.

 Whether we are in Pune or in your native place, we address
our natural acceptance, the answer would still be the same!
 It does not depend on our beliefs or past conditionings.

 We may be told frequently not to trust people of other
religions or castes, but is it naturally acceptable to us?
 No matter how deep our belief or past conditioning, as long as
we ask ourselves the question sincerely, as long as we refer
deep within ourselves, the answer will always bethe same.
 This natural acceptance is ‘constantly there’, something we

can refer to:
 Try this yourself:
 Think of cheating or exploiting someone. The moment you
think of this, you sense a contradiction within and feel
unhappy that very instant!
 It happens very quickly, and we may not notice it, but it does
happen! Similarly, the moment we think of disrespecting
someone, we become unhappy.
 The very thought is enough to cause a conflict, a strain within
us.
 This natural acceptance is ‘constantly there’, something we

can refer to:
 Try this yourself:
 Think of cheating or exploiting someone. The moment you
think of this, you sense a contradiction within and feel
unhappy that very instant!
 It happens very quickly, and we may not notice it, but it does
happen! Similarly, the moment we think of disrespecting
someone, we become unhappy.
 The very thought is enough to cause a conflict, a strain within
us.
SELF VERIFICATION
SELF-EXPLORATION–CONTENT
Content of Self-Exploration is finding answers to

fundamental questions of all human beings:
 The Desire/Goal: (What)

What is my (human) Desire/ Goal?
 Program: (How)
What is my (human) program for fulfilling the desire?
SELF-EXPLORATION - PROCESS
CONTINUOUS HAPPINESS
AND PROSPERITY
OUR BASIC ASPIRATIONS
SELF EXPLORATION
Make a list of “PHYSICAL things” that you want in life.
SELF EXPLORATION
Write down “Why do you want those particular things in
your life?”
ASPIRATION: AMBITION, GOAL, AIM
Good Fulfil family

Why Good Job Why Fair Salary Why
Marks Dreams
What is basic aspiration of yours behind all your wants?
Good Fulfil family

Good Job Fair Salary
Marks Dreams
This is
going to make me
happy
vTake any other want or desire and you will find the same thing.
vYou will find that each of your wants emerges from the basic aspiration to
be happy.
vThis can be verified by each one of you.

vThis implies that every human being is continuously trying to do things to
make him/her happy,
vEvery human being is capable of feeling this happiness in himself/herself
spontaneously.
vIt is intrinsic to all of us.
vWe are all working for it continuously in different ways as per the level of
our understanding.
vSometimes, we succeed, many times we don’t.
vBut we still keep trying throughout our life for happiness.
vWe do not want happiness in spurts, in intervals, but we want it continuously.
vWe do not want unhappiness even for a moment.

vThus we can conclude that happiness is a basic aspiration of all human

beings, and therefore, it becomes our prime purpose to gain the correct
understanding about it.
vHappy implies being free from contradictions, being in consonance with our
natural acceptance, being in harmony.
vIn addition to happiness, we also aspire for adequate fulfilment of our bodily needs,
i.e. the need for physical facilities.
vPhysical facilities are the material things we use to fulfil the needs of the body.
vWhen we have enough of physical facilities, it gives us the feeling of prosperity.
vWe want to have a continuity of this feeling too.
vNobody wants to feel deprived, even for a single moment.

vThus there are two basic aspirations of every human being:
……. continuous happiness and prosperity…….
vAll our the efforts go towards achieving these.
It is important to understand the correct meaning of these two terms now.

HAPPINESS
vCan you share some situations when you feel happy?

HAPPINESS
vYou will see that there is a set of feelings which you are able to accept effortlessly
and naturally.
vF = {Trust, Respect, Confidence, Healthy, Being Cared …..}
vYou can feel an element of harmony (both with others, and within yourself) which
you like.
HAPPINESS
vWe can thus understand Happiness as
v“The state/situation in which I live, if there is harmony/synergy in it, then I like

to be in that state or situation.”
vi.e. “To be in a state of liking is happiness.”

UNHAPPINESS
vCan you share some situations when you feel unhappy?

UNHAPPINESS
vYou will see that there is a set of feelings which you are NOT able to accept
effortlessly and naturally.
vF = {Failure, Disrespect, Lack of confidence, being doubtful, ……}
vThese are the states when there is lack of harmony, either within us or between us and
others.
UNHAPPINESS
vWe can thus understand Happiness as
v“The state/situation in which I live, if there is conflict/contradiction in it, then I

do not like to be in that state or situation.”
vi.e. “To be in a state of disliking is unhappiness”

HAPPINESS AND UNHAPPINESS
vIn terms of Harmony……
v“To be in a state of harmony is happiness.”
v“To be in a state of disharmony or contradiction is unhappiness”

PROSPERITY
vList the physical things that you feel are necessary for living…..
PROSPERITY
vSo we need physical things to take care of our body and these need to be catered to.
vWe need some physical things for our emotional, spiritual, intellectual well being also.
vWhen we are able to cater to the needs of the body adequately, we feel prosperous.
PROSPERITY
vProsperity: is the feeling of having or making available more than required physical
facilities.
vTo ascertain prosperity, two things are essential:
(a) Correct assessment of need for physical facilities
(b) The capability of making available more than required physical facilities (through
production).
PROSPERITY
(a) Correct assessment of need for physical facilities:
vWe must be able to quantify our physical needs.
vWe must identify “How much is enough”
vIf there is no limit, whatsoever be the availability with us, the feeling of prosperity
cannot be assured.
PROSPERITY
(b) The capability of making the required things available:
vSecondly, just assessing the need is not enough.
vWe need to be able to produce or make available more than the perceived need.
vIf we don’t have that ability, we do not feel prosperous.

WEALTH VS. PROSPERITY
vWealth is a physical thing.
It means having money, or having a lot of physical facilities, or both.
vProsperity is not a physical thing.
It is a feeling of having more than required physical facilities.
It is not just physical facilities.

vWe mostly fail to make this distinction.
Our basic aspiration is “feeling of Prosperity” and “not wealth”
vLet’s ask ourselves, “What is naturally acceptable to me?”:
Accumulating more and more wealth and still feeling deprived.
OR
Having requisite wealth and feeling prosperous.

vNot only do we want wealth, but we want to feel prosperous too.
In other words, our basic desire is to feel prosperous, and wealth is a means to that end.
In order to feel prosperous, we need to first decide how much wealth/ physical things is
needed, else it is like trying to fill water in a glass that has no bottom; the glass will
never be filled, howsoever, one may try.
PROGRAM TO FULFILL OUR
BASIC ASPIRATIONS
THREE PROPOSALS
v What are the things that we want in our life?
v What is their priority?
v What should be their priority?

LIST OF WANTS
The underlined terms

are ‘physical facilities’.
But, We have desires

which are other than
physical facilities too.
THREE PROPOSALS
v “Physical facilities are necessary for human beings”
v “Physical facilities are necessary for human beings and they are necessary for
animals.”
v “Physical facilities are necessary and complete for animals, while they are necessary
but not complete for humans”
IN CASE OF ANIMALS…….
v We see that animals need physical things to survive, mainly to take care of
v their body.
v Their basic aspirations are FOOD and SHELTER.
v Hence, we can see that as long as animals have physical things, they are largely fine.
They don’t desire other things like knowledge, or a peaceful animal society or
getting a good MBA!
IN CASE OF HUMAN BEING
v If given enough and free FOOD, CLOATHS & SHELTER……

v Would you be HAPPY and sit idle?
IN CASE OF HUMAN BEING
v Human have other needs, other plans, perhaps we think of going to a movie, or
reading a book, or go to college, or watch some TV, or spend time with family and
friends... the list is
v Thus, it is easy to see that while physical facilities are necessary for us human beings,
they are not complete by themselves to fulfil our needs.
v Our needs are more than just physical facilities; we need physical facilities, but
the need does not end there.
WE CAN CONCLUDE…..
v Hence, we can say for animals – “Physical facilities are necessary and complete”
v For humans – “Physical facilities are necessary but not complete”

“BESIDES PHYSICAL FACILITIES,
WE WANT RELATIONSHIP”
v Here we mean the relationship we have with

other people, or human beings…
v father, mother, brothers and sisters, our friends,
our teachers.
v We desire good relationships with all of them.
v When we have a problem in these relationships,

it troubles us, we are bothered by it.
MUTUAL FULFILMENT IN RELATIONSHIP
v If you had an argument with some one in your family or with you best friend……
v How do you feel?

v You find that the uneasy feeling stays with you for a long time, even after you
have stopped speaking to your friend and have physically moved away from him/her.
v You may keep thinking….. about it, may get angry or frustrated.
v You may keep thinking….. what may have gone wrong and how it could have been
avoided.
v It is something you don’t want in your relationship!!

v If you spend some good time with your family or friends….
v How do you feel??

v If you had a great time with family and friends…..
v Then too it stays with you, as a good feeling or a good memory.
v Thus, mutual fulfilment in human relationships is something we want…..

v We aspire for.
LIST OF WANTS
WEALTH OR PROSPERITY………??
v Just having wealth is not sufficient for prosperity.
v For ensuring feeling of prosperity, identification of need for physical facilities is
also essential, over and above having wealth.
v Further, feeling of prosperity will lead to sharing with the other, becoming an aid
by enriching the other.
v Deprivation will lead to exploiting the other.

ROLE OF NATURE
v We interact with nature for our various physical needs…..
v we can either exploit nature or enrich it.
v “What is naturally acceptable to you?

v Do you want to protect and enrich nature, or do you want to exploit it?”
ROLE OF NATURE
v We interact with nature for our various physical needs…..
v we can either exploit nature or enrich it.
v We want to enrich nature………We want to live in harmony with nature.

LIST OF WANTS
WHAT DO WE HAVE TODAY………??
v In terms of physical facilities…………
v “Do you feel prosperous?

v Do you feel like sharing whatever you have?
v Are you satisfied with your wealth today?
v Or do you want more?
v How much is this “more”?
v In terms of physical facilities…………..
v From thinking over these questions and our response to them, it becomes clear, and
increasingly so, that while we may have wealth, we are not able to feel prosperous.
v In terms of relationships…………
v Are you able to have such fulfilling relationships all the time today”?
v In terms of relationships…………..
v “Sometimes I have good relationships, sometimes I don’t.

v Or perhaps, mostly I have good relationships, and sometimes I don’t,” or vice-versa.
v This applies at different levels……….. Family, society, community….. Etc.
v There are also larger issues like wars, fights and killing, which are extreme forms
of problems in human relationships.
v It seems …… many of us have problem…….. on both these fronts:
v Relationships with humans:
v We are unable to have fulfilling relationships all the time: in family, outside
family, and as a society – in the world at large
v Physical Facilities:
v We want to feel prosperous, but end up working only for accumulation of wealth.
v We want to enrich nature, but are exploiting it, destroying it.
Not all……
But many of us….

RELATIONSHIP OR PHYSICAL FACILITY…..??
(1) Can we buy physical facilities???
(2) Can we buy GOOD relationships??

If we have ALL physical facilities but lack GOOD relationship….
What will happen in the family?

And if we have GOOD relationship in the family but lack physical facilities…..
What would be the state of the family?

What is more important??

What is more important??

But there is something which is more important than both of these……..
(1) Relationships: We largely focus on issues in a relationship rather than Harmony
(2) Physical facilities: We focus on accumulation rather than feeling of prosperity

प र स् पर पर ि
पू र ् णत ा
THREE CATEGORIES OF PEOPLE……….
1. Those that do not have physical facilities/wealth and feel unhappy and deprived
Thus, such people can be said to be ‘materially deficient, unhappy and deprived’
or ‘Sãdhan Viheen Dukhi Daridra’
v The short form for this can be written as: SVDD
2. Those that have physical facilities/wealth and feel unhappy and deprived!
Thus, such people can be said to be ‘materially affluent, but unhappy and
deprived’ or ‘Sãdhan Sampann Dukhi Daridra’
v The short form for this can be written as: SSDD
THREE CATEGORIES OF PEOPLE……….
Both these are states we don’t want to be in! We want to move from this to (verify this)
3. Having physical facilities and feeling happy and prosperous.

– Such people can be said to be materially affluent, happy and prosperous or
‘Sãdhan Sampann Sukhi Samridh’
v The short form for this can be written as: SSSS

THREE BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR HAPPINESS….
v Thus, we can conclude the following: We need to work for all three, and this is the
order in which we have to work:
1. Right Understanding 2. Relationship 3. Physical facilities
v Working with this order, we are able to ensure mutual fulfilment with human
beings and mutual prosperity with the rest of nature.
v Right understanding + Relationship = Mutual fulfilment
v Right understanding + Physical facilities = Mutual prosperity
v 1. Right Understanding 2. Relationship 3. Physical facilities

v It becomes clear to us that our state of happiness or unhappiness depends on the
above three aspects.
v If we have the ‘right understanding’, then we can be happy in ourselves and work
to, have fulfilling relationships with humans and mutual prosperity with nature.
v If we do not have the right understanding, then we have problems. Thus, our
happiness depends on the fulfilment of these three basic requirements.
1. For Right Understanding…..
v We need this in ourselves.
v Conclusion: We have to study ourselves
2. In order to ensure good Relationship….
v we have to study and understand people and our relationship with them.
v Conclusion: We have to study Family, and we have to study Society
3. In order to ensure right use of physical facilities…..
v we have to study nature, and our relationship with it.
v Conclusion: We have to study Nature/Existence
FOUR LEVELS OF LIVING
These can be called as the ‘levels of our living’.
We live in all these ‘levels’.
1. living in myself
2. living in family
3. living in society
4. living in nature/existence
1. Living in Myself:
v We all have desires, thoughts, beliefs, imaginations and choices.
v This is the first level of our living.
v We refer to this as (our) Self.
v This inner world (or ‘myself ’) co-exists with the body and together we refer to this
as a ‘human being’.
v Myself( = desires, thoughts, beliefs, imaginations and choices) + Body = Human
Being
2. Living in Family:
v All of us are born to our parents and this is the family we are born to.
v This is the first web of relationships for each one of us and subsequently we live
in more relationships that include our siblings, our friends and classmates,
teachers and others.
v These are the people we live with on a daily basis, and we call this ‘family’.
v There is a family beyond blood.
3. Living in Society:
v Our family is part of a larger group of people we live with where there are
interdependencies around food, clothing, housing, services, health, education,
justice etc.
v We live as a part of this human system.
v As we understand ourselves and our relationship with others in family, we also
understand the other in society, and are able to fulfil our relationship with them.
3. Living in Nature/Existence:
v We are on this earth: grass, plants and trees, birds, animals and other humans
v We live in this large eco-system called ‘nature’.
v Regardless of where we are, our village, town or city, is within this eco-system or
natural habitat.
v Our planet is surrounded by a larger system of planetary bodies and that
includes the moon, the sun and the infinite stars and planetary systems that
surround us. Our earth is a part of the solar system.
IMPORTANCE OF HARMONY AT ALL FOUR LEVELS
1. If you are feeling happy by your self but there is conflict between some other
family members….. How do you feel?
2. If its everything okay with your family but some problems in the rest of the
society….. How would you feel?
3. I everything is in harmony in your family and society but there are issues with
nature….. How would you feel?
v We may be okay within ourselves, but if the relationships in family are not okay, then we get
disturbed.
v Similarly there may not be problems in ourselves or in family, but if there are problems in society, it
disturbs us.
v We can also see that even if we are fine at the rest of the levels, if there are issues at the level of
nature, it bothers us and we are disturbed by it and want to do something about it.
v We can thus see that our state of happiness or unhappiness can be affected by
any one of these levels.
v Thus, in order to have happiness
and ensure its continuity, we need to
ensure harmony in all
states/situations we live in, which
means we need to understand all
these four levels of our living!
v If we ignore any of these levels, the
continuity of happiness at that level
v cannot be ensured!!
v We will further see that this harmony already exists; we don’t have to create it. We only have to
understand it to be in harmony.
v We can now complete the information in the content of Self-exploration as mentioned
v in previous chapter.
v Desire: What is my basic aspiration?
- Continuous happiness and prosperity
v Program: What is the process of fulfilling this basic aspiration?
- Understanding and being in harmony at all levels of my living
(myself, family, society and nature/existence)
UNDERSTANDING HUMAN AS “I” AND
“BODY’
HOW ARE YOU??
HOW ARE YOU??
vI am fine.
vI am happy.
vI am content.
vI am bored.
vI am tired.
vI am messed up.
vI am seek.
“WHO” PERFORMS THE ACTIVITIES……??
v Who brushes teeth every morning?
v Who do exercises?
v Who drink milk?
v Who goes for a walk?
BODY or “I”
WHO PERFORMS THE ACTIVITIES……??
v From brushing our teeth or taking a bath to studying, eating or playing
v We consciously choose, decide and perform an activity with the
appropriate knowledge.
v It is ‘I’ who is performing these activities by using BODY as an
instrument.
v It is not the body that chooses, decides and performs these activities –
without MY consent or participation.
v We use our bodies to perform such activities – and the choice, the
decision and the manner in which to perform these activities – are all
done by aliveness (‘Jïvana’) identifying itself as ‘I’.
“I” AND “BODY” COEXISTS…..
v The Human Being is the co-existence of ‘I’ and the Body.

v There is exchange of information between the two.
v We can differentiate them in terms of the needs, activities and the
types of these two entities.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN “I” AND “BODY”
v Nature of Needs:
v The needs of the body are FOOD, SHELTER, CLOTHs …..
v physical in nature,
v The needs of the self (‘I’) are trust, respect, happiness ……
v not physical in nature – like, etc.
v This is one primary distinction we can make, between the Self (‘I’) and the Body, in
terms of their needs: these are fundamentally different.
v Will you eat your favorite FOOD all the day?
v Do we need warm cloths in summer season?
v If I have a luxurious bungalow, will you sit inside it all the time?
v If you are having a Lamborghini, will you never ever get down from it?
v Do I want to be happy only sometimes, or all the time?
v Do I want respect in relationship only sometimes, or all the time?
v Do I want acceptance in relationship all the time, or only sometimes?
v We can hence see that be it food, clothing, shelter, or instruments, these are
needed only for some amount of time, or we can say that the need for physical
facilities of the Body is temporary in time – it is not continuous.
v But needs of “I” are continuous in time.

v I don’t want to be respected in the morning and it is okay if somebody insults me
in the evening.
v As far as physical facilities are considered , they are necessary in the beginning,
but if we keep consuming, it becomes intolerable with the passage of time.
v We can only THINK of having UNLIMITED physical facilities, but if we try and
consume, or have too much of physical facilities, it only ends up becoming
a problem for us!
v This applies to every physical facility. You may like a specific type of car, but if I
gift you a hundred such cars, it will only be a trouble for you!
v If a feeling is naturally acceptable, I want it continuously.
v If not acceptable, I do not want it at any moment.
v Our feelings are qualitative. Either they are there or they are not.
v Thus, not only are the needs of ‘I’ are qualitative (they are not quantifiable), but
we also want them continuously.
v On the other hand, when it comes to the Body, the needs are quantitative, and we
can’t have them continuously, or do not need them continuously!
NEEDS ARE FULFILLED BY
v “I” needs continuous HAPPINESS (sukha)…… that can be only ensured by ……
Right Understanding and Right Feelings,
v “Body” needs for physical facilities (suvidhã)……. those are ensured by

appropriate physio-chemical things.
v The way to ensure the two kinds of needs is completely different.
v Who wants to go for a movie, once the LOCKDOWN is over?
v You have to go with your ज ा न ी द ु श् म न .....

v You have to go with your ज ा न ी द ु श् म न .....
v Lack of RIGHT FEELINGs………No good vibes....

v Okay, I will let you go with your good friend……
v But in a Single Screen theater……

v But you keep thinking about Why Single Screen Theater….. It should have been a
Multiplex…..
v But you keep thinking about Why Single Screen Theater….. It should have been a
Multiplex…..
v LACK of RIGHT UNDERSTANDING…….. No good vibes

v The need of the Self ('I') for happiness is fulfilled by
right understanding (How much is enough)
right feelings (Good relationships),
v While the need of the Body is fulfilled by physical facilities.

v The way to ensure the two kinds of needs is completely different.
v I may have lots of physical facilities, but if I lack the right understanding, I will not
be happy.
v Similarly, we may be living together amidst lots of wealth but if we do not have
right feelings for each other, the happiness in living together is not ensured.
Right
understanding
(How much is
enough)
Right feelings
(Good relationships)
v Having physical facilities ensures the fulfillment of the need of the Body – it does
not address the need of ‘I’ – of happiness, trust, respect, etc.
v It thus becomes clear, once again, that we need to ensure all three:
v 1) Right Understanding 2) Relationship 3) Physical facilities for the human being.
v We need to fulfil the need of both: of ‘I’ and of “Body”

v i.e happiness (sukha) and physical facilities (suvidhã).
v One cannot replace the other.
v A common mistake today is that we mix these two sets of needs: happiness
(sukha) for
v ‘I’ and physical facilities (suvidhã) for the Body.
v We assume that “All we need is physical facilities (suvidhã), and that it will
automatically ensure happiness (sukha)”
v While the reality is that we need both: since one is the need of the Body , and the
v other is the need of ‘I’.
v We hence need to work for both-happiness (sukha) in ‘I’ and physical facilities
(suvidhã) for the Body.
v The programs for the two are also different.
v Working for one will not ensure the other, i.e. only working for happiness in ‘I’
cannot ensure physical facilities for the Body, and only working for physical
facilities cannot ensure happiness in ‘I’.
vMisunderstandings
Respect is a need of ‘I’, it cannot be ensured by putting clothes on the Body.
The continuous need for respect cannot be fulfilled by temporary and limited clothes.
v List down the activities you do in a day……
v Understanding the Activities in the Self and the Activities in the Body
If we look at the variety of activities that we are engaged in commonly - we see that
we can put them in three categories:
• l Activities that are going on in the Self
• l Activities that are going on in the Body
• l Activities involving both the Self and the Body
The decisions, and choices are made
in ‘I’, and these are carried out
via the Body.
v Activities of recognition and fulfilment by Body
v We saw that breathing, heart-beats, digestion, etc. were activities in the body.
v But there are two more activities of body…. known as ‘recognition and fulfilment’
v In fact, the mutual interaction between any two material entities can be
understood as ‘recognition and fulfilment’ of their relationship.
v Activities of recognition and fulfilment by Body
v Example: When you are thirsty and drink water, the body absorbs the water to the
extent needed and uses for the nourishment of the various organs. We see here
that the water has a definite relation with the Body.
v We thus say that the Body ‘recognizes’ its relation with water, and ‘fulfils’ it.
v Thus body recognizes its need of ‘water’ and also fulfills it.
v We are using the terms ‘recognition and fulfilment’ in this sense here.
v Activities of I …. ‘recognizing’, ’fulfilling’, + ‘assuming’, ‘knowing’.
v When it comes to the Self (Jïvana or ‘I’), which is a sentient entity; a conscious
entity; we will see that in addition to ‘recognizing and fulfilling’, there is also the
activity of ‘assuming’ and that of ‘knowing’.
v In fact, recognizing and fulfilling in case of human beings will depend upon
knowing and/or assuming.
v Lets understand …… ‘assuming’
v Lets understand …… ‘assuming’
v Your eyes are cloed…..

v And a needle is pricked into your body.
v What will happen? If the needle is sharp, it will go inside.
v If it is blunt, it will not.

v The Body has a definite relation to the needle, which it recognizes and fulfils.
When you assumed that the person with the needle is a doctor and is here to help you,
you allow him/her to prick it in (your ‘recognition’ and ‘fulfilment’)
whereas,
if you assumed that the person is here to harm you, you resisted him/her (your
‘recognition’ and ‘fulfilment’ has now changed).
Thus, we can see that in the case of ‘I’, the recognizing and fulfilling
changes based on the assumption.
v Activities of Body ….. ‘recognizing’, ’fulfilling’
v Activities of I …. ‘recognizing’, ’fulfilling’, + ‘assuming’ ‘knowing’.
v In the Body, recognizing and fulfilling are definite; there is no ‘assuming’.
v l In ‘I’, recognizing and fulfilling depends on assuming.
v As the assumption changes, recognizing and fulfilling changes.
v If “I” assumes that the person piercing the needle is a Doctor, then it will assist
other wise it will resist.
v Assuming, recognizing and fulfilling are activities that we all do, irrespective of
whether we are aware of it or not.
v Activities of “I”
v Step 1
v We assume – ‘mãnanã’
v We all make assumptions.
v Example:
If you see a person coming towards you, and if you have assumed that that
person is your friend, then you will l probably give a smile, but if you have assumed
that the person is not your friend you will respond differently.
v Step 2
v We recognize – ‘pahachãnanã’.
v We all recognize things today, we recognize a variety of things.
v Like, we recognize water, our parents, friends, etc.
v We call this activity ‘recognizing’ or ‘pahachãnanã’.
v The recognizing in ‘I’ depends on assuming.
v Step 3
v We fulfill – nirvãha - karanã
v We fulfil – once we recognize water, we take it, when we recognize a friend, we
greet him/her, when we see a wounded dog, we try and help it.
v This response that follows recognition is called the activity of ‘fulfilling’ or nirvãha-
karanã. The fulfilment depends on the recognition.
v Assuming, recognizing and fulfilling are activities that we all do, irrespective of
whether we are aware of it or not.
v But there is still one more activity that “I” performs …..
v Knowing means ‘to have the right understanding – ‘jãnanã’.
v Knowing happens through our self exploration and natural acceptance.
v Knowing means the understanding of harmony at all levels of our living.
v As a result of knowing, we understand reality, as it is.
v This activity is called “knowing” or ‘jãnanã’.
v In short , remember that Knowing (‘jãnanã’) MEANS accepted naturally

v Thus, in case of human beings, we can conclude that if assuming is based on
knowledge which is CORRECT, then recognition will be CORRECT and fulfilment will
be CORRECT. If assuming is not based on knowledge, then things may go WORNG.
I co-exist with the Body. ‘I’ and my Body keep exchanging information.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN ACTIVITIES OF
“I” AND “BODY”
v Activities involving only the Self are sentient activities.
v Example: Selecting, thinking, desiring, etc.
v Are these activities periodic OR continuous in Nature?????
v Activities involving only the Body are the ‘material’ activities.

v Example: Breathing, blood circulation, digestion, respiration etc.
v Are these activities continuous OR temporary?
DISTINCTION BETWEEN ACTIVITIES OF
“I” AND “BODY”
v Activities involving both ‘I’ and the Body are those where a conscious effort from I
v and an activity in the Body, both are involved.
v Conscious efforts from “I” + An Activity in the body
v Such activities generally involve our sense organs; or our work organs which are
conducted by ‘I’ on the Body.
v (a) Listening is an example where ‘I’ and a sense organ – the ears are involved,
v (b) Walking is an example where ‘I’ and a work-organ – the legs are involved.
UNDERSTANDING THE BODY AS AN INSTRUMENT OF “I”
Here are some proposals, that we are going to verify………..
v I am the conscious entity; the body is the material entity, an instrument.

v Whenever we talk about consciousness, we say “I am……… (Clever, sad,
bored etc.) ”
v Whenever we talk about body, we say “MY body is …………. Fit, health, tired
etc.
v Just like “MY pen is blue”, “MY BIKE gives good Average”
v “I” want to live. I am the one that wants to live (that is why ‘I’ is called Jïvana).
v The Body is my instrument.
v Not only am I in co-existence with the Body, but the Body also works like my
instrument.
v “I” am the one who takes decisions and the body acts accordingly.
v Just like when you handle the controls of your car or bike………
v Need of “I” is only ===> Continuous Happiness

v But Needs are “Body” are materialistic (Basic + Others)
v Take an example……
v You are reading……. Activities involved are seeing, understanding
v Watching a movie……. Activities involved are seeing, listening, enjoying
v Dancing ……. Activities involved are moving hands & legs in rythem,
listening, enjoying
HARMONY IN THE SELF ('I')
UNDERSTANDING MYSELF
LETS KNOW THE ACTIVITIES IN THE SELF ('I')
Two categories
of attributes
(1) Power श
क् त ी
(2) Activity
क् र ि य
ा
THE POWER IS ‘DESIRE’, AND THE ACTIVITY IS
‘IMAGING’.
v Self or “I” has capacity to desire something.
v Lets assume that you ‘desire to have big house and gain respect through it.
v Based on this desire, you start ‘imaging’.
v The house will have rooms and a verandah, it will have a porch in the front,
there will be a kitchen garden on the backside, it will have floors and you will
stay on the top most floor and keep renters on the ground floor, etc.
THE POWER IS ‘THOUGHT’, AND THE ACTIVITY IS
‘ANALYZING’
v The activity of analyzing means breaking
down the image into various parts, or, “to Parking
open it up” Respect Two floors
space
v Here the image of ‘wanting respect from

the house’ is split into many parts - this is Big house verandah Renters
called analysing.
Big
v When I have an image in me of myself 6 rooms ……
Balcony
being a house-owner, it is a single image,
b u t af te r a n a l ys i n g , we ca n s e e i t s
different parts.
THE POWER IS ‘EXPECTATION’, AND THE ACTIVITY
IS ‘SELECTING/TASTING’.
v Now that we have worked out the details of the house, we go about
choosing the size, colour etc, of the rooms: what the dimensions and
layout of the rooms will be – will it be rectangular, oval or, square, what
will the colour of the house will be- will it be yellow, white or creamy
colour, etc.– this is called selecting/tasting.
v The selecting/ tasting is with the expectation of fulfilling our desire,
with the expectation of happiness.
IS ‘SELECTING/ TASTING’
v ‘tasting’ = the general sense of distinguishing the pleasantness or unpleasantness
v For example, we decide (Selecting) which motorcycle to buy based on an
v earlier assumption (Taste) of which motorcycle looks better. (In advertisement…)
v We decide which movie to watch (Selecting) based on our prior experience of the
actor (Taste).
v All the time, throughout the day, every day, we are constantly engaged in the
v activity of selecting and tasting, i.e. we are constantly “expecting” (आश ा व ा द ).
IS ‘SELECTING/ TASTING’.
v We can thus each see that this selecting and tasting is going on in us continuously,
through the day, all the time.
v A Selection is always made in order to fulfil a Taste we already have in us about
something being favorable or unfavorable.
v The activity here is “selecting/tasting” (Chayana / asvãdana), and the capacity for
that activity, or its power, is called “expectation” ( Ãs ã ).
v We can also see that Selecting and Tasting are complimentary.
v For example, based on a Selection, our taste changes, then the next selection we
make is with this changed taste, which may again change our taste .
v Example ……. Selection of mobile phone handset
v It is important to note that Selecting/Tasting happens in the Self (‘I’), or in

v your Self (‘I’), and not in the Body!
v Example: Showroom of Mobile phone [Apple…………Samsung…………..OPPO]
v Example: Buffet dinner [Salad……. Puri…….RasMalai]
v The activity of Selecting/Tasting is the basic level via which the Self ('I') interacts
with the Body.
v All the inputs/information from the Body are passed on to ‘I’ via Tasting, while all
v directives to the Body from ‘I’ (like lifting the hand) are from the activity of
Selecting. This will give you a better idea of the co-existence between you (‘I’) and
the body!
HOW THE ACTIVITIES IN “I” ARE RELATED?
Two categories
of attributes
(1) Power श
क् त ी
(2) Activity
क् र ि य
ा
HOW ACTIVITIES IN “I” ARE RELATED?
v For example,
v When we see a car we may like it.(Taste in ‘I’ from information obtained via ‘eyes’ in
the Body); this is Selecting/Tasting or (activity #5),
v l Based on this we start Thinking about the car (activity #4), and
v l It slowly forms an image in us as we “leading a good life” by using a car, and in this
v way, “a good life by having a car” becomes a desire in us (activity #3).
WHAT CAN BE PROBLEM???
v From outside (From Body) to Inside (to Self) v From outside (From Body) to Inside (to Self)
v ‘I’ receives sensations from the Body and this v We may see a car (Taste in ‘I’ from information
is tasted in ‘I’ (activity #5) . obtained via ‘eyes’ in the Body);
v Based on this taste, thoughts coul d be v l Based on this we start Thinking about the car
triggered (activity #4), and (activity #4), and
v Based on these thoughts, desires may be set v l It slowly forms an image in us as we “leading
(activity #3). a good life” by using a car, and in this way, “a
v A desire may be set in me through the above good life by having a car” becomes a desire in
process. us (activity #3).
FLOW OF INFORMATION FROM BODY TO “I”
FLOW OF INFORMATION FROM “I” TO BODY
v Can Information flow from inside (“self”) to outside (“Body”)
v Going back to the example of the car:
v we now have the desire of “a good life via the car” in us (activity #3)
v we go about fulfilling this desire for a good life, which means we start thinking
about how to get the car, how much money it would take, how we can have that
money, etc. (activity #4)
v Based on that we make selections (activity #5) and actually choose the car, its shape,
colour etc. and then end up buying it.
IMAGINATION = DESIRES + THOUGHTS+ EXPECTATIONS
THE ACTIVITIES IN “I” ARE CONTINUOUS
WE CANT START OR STOP ACTIVITIES IN “I”
v We also find that we do not have to ‘start’ these activities of analyzing, or selecting/
v tasting or imaging. Neither can we “stop” them.
v ‘I was going to the exam, and that song kept repeating itself in me, it was so
distracting!’ – These situations happen in all of us ! – There is ‘something’ going on
in us, and it is continuous.
v These activities affect us.
v We shall now see what effect these activities have on our state of being and how we
can resolve this issue, in the coming sections.
WHAT CAN BE PROBLEM?
v It can be problematic if ………… Desires, thoughts and expectations are being set by
pre-conditionings or sensations.
v Example of preconditioning:
v You then condition the animal to pair the bell with food which causes salivation.
v Similarly, many of us associate “Greatness” with a bike.
PROBLEM BECAUSE OF PRECONDITIONING
v Desires set on the basis of pre-conditioning:
Pre-conditioned means, we have assumed something about it on the basis of prevailing notion
about it.
We have not self-verified the desire in our own right.
v Solution:
Well, the simple answer is, unless you verify your desires, you may not even know whether they
are yours!
You may end up spending an entire lifetime accumulating desires that are not yours, and in
running about trying to fulfil them!
v Expectations set on the basis of sensation:
v In the example of the bike in the earlier section, suppose you had seen the bike, and
not associated it with “greatness”; rather, you only liked the way it ‘looked’ – then
this is based on the sensation. That is, the looks alone of the bike, the ‘taste’ of the
bike is what is appealing, and there is no notion of greatness associated with it as in
the previous case.
v This is an example of ‘expectation being set on the basis of sensations’.
Feeling of
greatness is
associated with
Car
Decisions are made based

on physical properties of
things
PRECONDITIONED DESIRES LEADS TO CONFLICTS
IN “I”
v Desires are in conflict
v Example: You want to become a great man, but have both desires: to be great by having a very large,
fashionable house, for which you might have to use the wrong means, and at the same time, be great by
having the trust of the people with you, by not cheating them.
v Thoughts are in conflict
v l Example: You are designing the rooms in your house and feel on the one hand that it must look better
than your neighbor's house, and on the other hand, it should be like a house you saw in some magazine.
v Expectations are in conflict
v l Example: You are not able to decide the colours of the walls in the house – whether it should be bright,
or whether it should be dull.
PROBLEMS DUE TO THESE PRE-CONDITIONED DESIRES,
THOUGHTS AND SELECTIONS:
v Wavering aspirations:
v Since our desires are being set on the basis of pre-conditionings and are inputs from the
outside. Thoughts are in conflict
v Our desires thus keep shifting, because their source is ‘outside’ and these pre-conditioned
desires may come from what we read, see, hear, from media, friends, society, etc..
v Lack of confidence:
v Since our desires are shaky, we are not sure about them, and don’t know what it is that we
ultimately want. As a result, we lack self–confidence, in the true sense.
v Our confidence seems relative i.e. we keep comparing ourselves with others in order to
v feel confident.
v Unhappiness/ Conflict:
v Since our desires, thoughts and expectations are in conflict, it becomes the cause for our
unhappiness, leading to stress and tension.
v Moreover, such desires will also be in conflict with our natural acceptance, thus guaranteeing
our own unhappiness.
v Lack of qualitative improvement in us:
v This is because, we get conditioned to ignore the need of the ‘I’ and focus largely on fulfilling
the needs of the body. As a result, we live with
v a sense of lack of fulfilment. We are doing many things, accumulating a lot, progressing on
v paper, but we don’t feel that we have improved, that we have become better.
v State of resignation:
v Many of us try to understand the meaning of life, and our place and purpose in the scheme of
things, as we seek solutions to the problems that concern us, be it social problems, or
environmental problems, or regarding the purpose of life.
v To sum up, if our desires, thoughts and expectations are based on pre-conditionings,
we are generally in a state of great confusion.
SOLUTION ………….. NATURAL ACCEPTANCE
v The solution is to start verifying our desires, thoughts and expectations on the basis of our
natural acceptance.
v It is invariant and unchanging.
v As we start verifying our desires, thoughts and expectations, if we find that they come
from pre-conditioning or from sensation and they are something we don’t really want, they
get dropped by themselves.
v On the other hand, if we find them naturally acceptable, then we know they are right for us.
SOLUTION ………….. NATURAL ACCEPTANCE
We can thus see that living on
the basis of pre-conditioning or
sensation means being in a
state of being decided by the
other or outside, i.e. enslaved
(partantratã).
Whereas, we want to be in the

state of self-organization, of
being decided by our own self,
in our own right (‘svantratã’).
THE ACCESSING OF NATURAL ACCEPTANCE
RESOLVE THIS SITUATION.
v Our natural acceptance allow us to right understanding of harmony in each level.
v l When we have the right understanding, we are able to see our “true nature”.
v Our desires thus start getting set on the basis of this right understanding –
instead of being driven by pre-conditioning/sensations.
v Since our natural acceptance or right understanding is based on “reality”, our desires, thoughts
and selections get aligned. This puts us at ease.
v We are no longer struggling or are in conflict at the various levels of our living.
v This leads to harmony within, and in our living: with the body, family, society and
nature/existence.
WE NEED TO ACTIVATE …REALIZATION & UNDERSTANDING
The ‘natural acceptance’ we have been discussing so far may initially seem to be somewhat vague.
But, as we continue to keep asking ourselves the question of “whether this is naturally acceptable to me?”,
we are able to access our natural acceptance.
This process of accessing our natural acceptance ultimately leads to realization and understanding.
PROBLEM: OUR ACTIVITIES OF [1] REALIZATION AND [2]
UNDERSTANDING ARE INACTIVE
1) We are unaware of these activities.

2) As a result, operating on the basis of pre-conditioning and sensations.
i.e. we are operating only at the levels of [3] Desire, [4] Thought and [5] Expectation today.
3) This is not sufficient for us, as human beings. We thus need to operate at the levels [1] Realization and [2]
Understanding as the basis on which [3], [4] and [5] get definite.
RESULT OF REALIZATION AND UNDERSTANDING –
LIVING WITH DEFINITENESS
, we are unaware of them. As a
result, we are not able to
operate on our own right
and keep operating on the basis
of pre-conditioning and
sensations. i.e. we are operating
only at the levels of [3] Desire,
[4] Thought and [5] Expectation
today. This is not sufficient
for us, as human beings. We
thus need to operate at the
levels [1] Realization and [2]
Understanding as the basis on
LETS GO BACK TO SELF EXPLORATION…..
We started a dialogue
between ‘What I am’ and ‘What
I really want to be’.
We found that what we really

want to be is our natural
acceptance.
‘What we are’ is living with pre-

conditioned desires, thoughts
and expectations.
SELF ORGANIZATION…..
When we oprate at the
level of NA we are ‘self-
organized’
and
when we operate only on
the basis of our pre-
conditioned imagination
or our pre-conditioned
Desires, Thoughts and
Selections, we are not
self organized.
THE ACCESSING OF NATURAL ACCEPTANCE
RESOLVE THIS SITUATION.
v Today we largely operate on the basis of
v Sensations from the Body, or
v Pre-conditioning (Mãnyatã)
This is the cause for our conflicts and contradictions, i.e. our being enslaved or ‘partantra’
v We have to start referring to our Natural Acceptance,
v i.e. we have to start operating on the basis of Realization & Understanding at levels 1 & 2.
TO ENSURE HARMONY IN THE SELF (‘I’)
THEREFORE IS A FOUR STEP PROCESS
1. Becoming aware that human is the co-existence of ‘I’ and the Body.
2. Becoming aware that the Body is only an instrument of ‘I’.

‘I’ is the seer, doer and enjoyer.
3. Becoming aware of the activities of Desire, Thoughts and Expectation

and pass each of these desires, thoughts and expectations, through your natural acceptance.
TO ENSURE HARMONY IN THE SELF (‘I’)
THEREFORE IS A FOUR STEP PROCESS
4. Understand the harmony at all levels of our existence – by verifying the proposals
being placed at the level of our natural acceptance.
This leads to realization and understanding, which in turn becomes the basis for Desire, Thoughts and
Expectation this leads to harmony in ‘I’ in continuity.

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UNIVERSAL HUMAN VALUES

MRS. SUVARNA R. BHAGWAT

 Development of a holistic perspective based on self-exploration

 Understanding of the harmony in the human being, family, society

 Development of commitment and courage to act.

A person has a value.

An object has a value

A person has a value. An object has a value

If one wants to know the origin of the term ‘VALUE’, it

Whereas, the concise Oxford Dictionary defines the term

A person has a value.

An object has a value

Somewhere, some other dictionary states that Value is

Human values are defined as those qualities/virtues

Can you name some values??

Human values are defined as those morals which help

• According to another theory, ‘VALUES’ stands for the

• In the most elementary sense, value means whatever is

• It is the actual experience of enjoying desired object or

• Hence, Value is an existing realization of desire’.

“Values are socially approved desires and goals that are

• Values are the very essence of human life.

 The core aspiration of every human being is prosperity and

 Self exploration is knowing “Who you are?” and “What do

Content of Self-Exploration is finding answers to

 The Desire/Goal: What is my (human) Desire/ Goal? What

 Program: What is my (human) program for fulfilling the

 It is a mechanism of self exploration.

 It also refers to the absence of any exception from others.

 We can start checking and verifying this for ourselves.

 Natural acceptance does not change with time.

 It does not depend on the place.

 It does not depend on our beliefs or past conditionings.

 This natural acceptance is ‘constantly there’, something we

 This natural acceptance is ‘constantly there’, something we

Content of Self-Exploration is finding answers to

 The Desire/Goal: (What)

Good Fulfil family

Good Fulfil family

vThis can be verified by each one of you.

vWe do not want happiness in spurts, in intervals, but we want it continuously.

vWe do not want unhappiness even for a moment.

vThus we can conclude that happiness is a basic aspiration of all human

i.e. the need for physical facilities.

vWhen we have enough of physical facilities, it gives us the feeling of prosperity.

vWe want to have a continuity of this feeling too.

vNobody wants to feel deprived, even for a single moment.

vThus there are two basic aspirations of every human being:

……. continuous happiness and prosperity…….

vAll our the efforts go towards achieving these.

It is important to understand the correct meaning of these two terms now.

vCan you share some situations when you feel happy?

vF = {Trust, Respect, Confidence, Healthy, Being Cared …..}

vWe can thus understand Happiness as

v“The state/situation in which I live, if there is harmony/synergy in it, then I like

vi.e. “To be in a state of liking is happiness.”

vCan you share some situations when you feel unhappy?

vF = {Failure, Disrespect, Lack of confidence, being doubtful, ……}

vWe can thus understand Happiness as

v“The state/situation in which I live, if there is conflict/contradiction in it, then I

vi.e. “To be in a state of disliking is unhappiness”

vIn terms of Harmony……

v“To be in a state of harmony is happiness.”

v“To be in a state of disharmony or contradiction is unhappiness”