Me419 Ppe STPP

ME419: STPP Components
In 1882, Thomas Edison built the first central power station in New York. The first coal-
fired steam generators provided low-pressure saturated or slightly superheated steam
for steam engines driving the DC dynamos.
The first modern steam turbine was developed by Sir Charles A. Parsons in 1884. This
turbine was used for lighting an exhibition in Newcastle, England and produced merely
7.5 KW of energy.
Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 1 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Fuel Supply and Handling System Cooling Tower and Water Body
Furnace Super Heater
Boiler or Steam Generator Economizer
Steam Turbine Air Pre-heater
Condenser Water Treatment Facility


ME419: Coal Fired STPP Layout

ME419: Fuels of STPP
Fuels mainly used in STPP are Coal (solid), Diesel/HFO (liquid),

and Natural Gas (gaseous)
Other less common types of fuels are: Blast Furnace Gas, Coke
Oven Gas, Bagasse, Bio Gas, Saw-mill wood dust, Rice husk, etc.
Heat from Nuclear Reactors also are used in NPPs

ME419: Fuels of STPP
About of a half of global electricity production comes from coal
Coal: Type of coal, Rank of Coal

ME419: STPP Advantages
Advantages of Steam Power Plants :

 Fuel used is relatively cheaper.
 Space required is less compared to hydro power plants.

 A portion of steam can be used as process steam for various
industries.
 They can be overloaded up to 20% without difficulty.
 Cost of electric power generation and its initial cost is less
compared to diesel plants.
 Can be located near the load centre conveniently thus reduces the
transmission line cost and loss of energy in transmission lines.

ME419: STPP Disadvantages
Disadvantages of Steam Power Plants :

 Operation and maintenance cost is high.
 Time needed for erection of plant is high before it is put to
operation.
 Large quantity of water is needed.
 Coal and ash handling poses a serious problem.
 The part load efficiency is low.
 Pollution causes health problems to workers and habitants
near the thermal power plant.

ME419: STPP Cycle
Pump – Isentropic compression (4 – 5)

Boiler – Isothermal heat addition (5 - 1 - 2)
Turbine – Isentropic expansion (2 – 3)
Condenser – Isothermal heat rejection (3 – 4)

ME419: STPP Cycle
Effect of Boiler Pressure on Cycle Efficiency
1
ME419: STPP with Superheating
Superheated Steam: Higher Temperature, Same Pressure

 Higher Heat Content, Less Amount of Steam Needed
 Dry Steam, No Water Particles, Less Turbine Erosion
 Increased Plant Efficiency
C-Steel: 510°C, Mo-Steel: 570°C, Cr-SS: 650°C Superheated
1
ME419: STPP Cycle With Reheat

ME419: STPP Cycle with Regeneration
CLOSED
FWH
OPEN
FEED
WATER
HEATER

ME419: STPP Cycle With Reheat
Sub-critical boilers produce steam less than 22
MPa pressure and 374C temperature. Super
Critical (SC) boilers produce steam at the range of
24 MPa and 565C, while Ultra Super Critical
(USC) boilers generate steam above 28 MPa and
620C. Super Critical and Ultra Super Critical boilers
have 3-5% higher efficiency than Sub-Critical boilers
and eventually generate less pollution but require
better temperature with standing materials, which
are only available recently.

ME419: Handling of Coal in STPP
Coal Delivery
Unloading
Preparation
Transfer
Out Door Storage
Covered Storage
Inplant Handling
Weighing
Furnace Firing

Coal Delivery
Unloading Lift Trucks, Cranes, Uploading Towers, Buckets
Preparation Breakers, Crushers, Driers, Magnetic Separator
Transfer Belt, Screw, Bucket Elevators, Flight Conveyors, Skip Hoist
Out Door Storage Bulldozers, Scrapers, Cranes, Buckets
Covered Storage Bins, Bunkers, Gates, Valves
Inplant Handling Belt Conveyor, Bucket Elevator, Mono Rails
Weighing Weigh Bridge, Scales, Coal Meters, Samples
Furnace Firing


Skip Hoist


ME419: Coal Fired STPP
Bangladesh China Power
Company (BCPCL), is a
50:50 joint venture
between China National
Machinery Import and
Export (CMC) and
Bangladesh’s state-
owned North-West
Power Generation
Company (NWPGCL).
Payra Steam Power Plant is a 2 x 660 = 1,320

MW Coal-fired thermal power plant at
Dhankhali, Patuakhali.

Payra Power Plant will comprise of:  2 x Ultra-Supercritical
Pulverised Coal-fired
single reheat boilers of
1,965 t/h capacity.
 2 x Single-axle Eight-
Stage 660MW Steam
Turbines.
 2 x Water-Hydrogen
Cooled Generators.
 32 FD Cooling Towers of
4,800m³/h capacity.
 One 275m high Chimney.

Payra power plant uses water from the nearby
Andhamanik River for Cooling, Coal Handling,  Coal requirement 4.12
Ash Handling, and Steam Generation. Million tonnes per year.
Rampal Power Plant will comprise of:  2 x Supercritical
Pulverised Coal-fired
single reheat boilers of
1,708 t/h capacity.
 2 x 660MW Steam
Turbines.
 Coal requirement 3.73

Million tonnes per year.
Bangladesh-India Friendship
Power Company (BIFPCL),
Rampal Steam Power Plant is a 2 x 660 = is a 50:50 joint venture
1,320 MW Coal-Fired Thermal Power Plant at between the BPDB and
Rampal, Bagerhat, Khulna. National Thermal Power
Corporation (NTPC) of India.

Matarbari Power Plant will comprise of:
 2 x Ultra-Supercritical
Coal-fired boilers.
 2 x 600MW Steam
Turbines.
 Coal requirement 3.73

Million tonnes per year.
Project is mostly funded

Matarbari Steam Power Plant is a 2 x 600 = by Japan International Co-
1,200 MW Coal-Fired Thermal Power Plant at operation Agency (JICA)
Matarbari, Cox’s Bazar. Expected to be
Operation in 2024.
ME419: STPP Cooling Towers
A cooling tower is an artificial device used to cool the hot

cooling water coming out of condenser effectively, using a
much smaller land area. It is a semi enclosed device made
of steel or concrete structure and corrugated surfaces,
trough or baffles are provided inside the tower for uniform
distribution and better atomization of water in the tower.
Wet cooling towers dissipate heat rejected by the plant to

the environment by:
 Addition of sensible heat to the air
 Evaporation of a portion of the recirculation water
itself

WET and DRY Cooling Towers

There are two main types of cooling towers:
Open-circuit cooling towers (also referred to
as wet cooling towers), where process water
directly contacts with the ambient air;
Closed-circuit cooling towers, or dry coolers,

involve no direct contact between the
ambient air and the fluid being cooled.

Schematic of Once-Through (Open-Loop)

Circulating Water System

The Circulating Water System
Spray ponds – rely upon winds that blow across the
ponds and cool fine sprays of water by evaporation
Spray canals – are like spray ponds except that the

water is sprayed into large droplets so that drift loss is
reduced, but at a lower mass-transfer rate and hence
lower cooling efficiency
Cooling lakes – are areas in which the water is cooled

naturally by evaporation and radiation

Schematic of a Closed-Loop
Circulating Water System

A cooling tower's performance parameters are specified by

Approach – defined as the difference between the exit temperature of
cooling water and the wet-bulb temperature of the ambient air.
The cooling range – defined as the difference in temperatures of the
incoming warm water and the exiting cooling water (eg. 6 - 10 C).
The cooling efficiency – defined as the ratio of the actual cooling of
water to the maximum cooling possible.
Cooling Tower  Type of Draft – Forced/ Induced/ Natural
Specifications  Type of Flow – Counter/ Cross
Open Loop/ Closed Loop
 Water Cooling Capacity – m3/h, g/h
 Water Cooling Range – Degree Centigrade
 Air Handling Capacity – m3/h
 Sump/Basin Capacity – m3/gallon
 Number of Modules – Single/ Multi
 Material – Galvanized Steel, Stainless Steel
Fiberglass Reinforced Polyester (FRP)
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Concrete
 Operating Weight – For Load Design
 Motor/Drive Capacity – Maximum kW/hp
 Power Supply – Voltage, 1/3 Phase, Frequency
 Ambient Conditions - DBT and RH range of air.

Forced draft wet cooling towers (height: 34 meters) and natural draft
wet cooling tower (height: 122 meters) in Westfalen, Germany.

Natural Draft Wet cooling Hyperboloid Towers

at Didcot Power Station, UK
Advantages:
 No air fans are required so power cost
and auxiliary equipments are totally
eliminated.
 Hyperbolic structure creates its own
draught assuring efficient operation
even when there is no wind.
 Operation and maintenance cost are
reduced.
 Ground fogging is avoided in hyperbolic
towers.
Disadvantages:
 Its initial cost is considerably high.
 Its performance varies with the changes
in DBT and RH of air.
Natural Draft, Wet Type, Hyperbolic
Shaped Cooling Tower
FORCED DRAFT COOLING TOWER IN POWER PLANTS

CROSS FLOW
COOLING TOWER
COUNTER FLOW
COOLING TOWER

Induced and Forced Draft Cooling Towers

ME419: STPP Condenser

The primary functions of the condensing plant are:

 To provide the lowest economic heat rejection temperature for the
steam cycle
 To convert the exhaust steam to water for reuse in the feed cycle
 To collect the useful residual heat from the drains of the turbine
feed water heating plant, and other auxiliaries


Elements of a Steam Condensing Plant:
1. Condenser: It is a closed vessel is which steam is condensed. The
steam gives up heat energy to coolant (which is water) during the
process of condensation.
2. Condensate Pump: It is a pump, which removes condensate (i.e.
condensed steam) from the condenser to the hot well.
3. Hot Well: It is a sump between the condenser and boiler, which
receives condensate pumped by the condensate pump.
4. Boiler Feed Pump: It is a pump, which pumps the condensate from the
hot well to the , boiler. This is done by increasing the pressure of
condensate above the boiler pressure.
5. Air Extraction Pump: It is a pump which extracts (i.e. removes) air
from the condenser.
6. Cooling Tower: It is a tower used for cooling the water which is
discharged from the condenser.
7. Cooling Water Pump: It is a pump, which circulates the cooling water
through the condenser.

Types of Steam Condenser
Following are the two main types of steam condenser:
Direct-Contact Condensers (mixing type condensers)
• Spray Condenser
• Jet Condensers
• Parallel flow jet condenser
• Counter flow or Low-level jet condenser
• Barometric or High-level jet condenser
• Ejector Condenser
Surface Condensers (non-mixing type condensers)
• Downflow surface condenser
• Central flow condenser
• Regenerative condenser
• Evaporative condenser

Direct-Contact Type : Spray Condensers
In a spray condenser, the

cooling water is sprayed into
the steam which by mixing SJAE: Steam-Jet
Air Ejectors
directly with cold water gets
condensed.
Part of the condensate,

equal to the turbine exhaust
flow, is sent back to the plant
as feed water.

Direct-Contact Type : Jet Condensers
In jet condensers, there is direct contact between the cooling water and the
steam that is to be condensed. Steam escapes with the cooling water and the
recovery of the condensate is done for re-use.

Direct-Contact Type : Jet Condensers
An ejector condenser, cooling water
enters at the top of the condenser
and it is passed through a series of
convergent nozzles. There is a
pressure drop at the throat of the
nozzle. The reduction in pressure
draws exhaust steam into the nozzle
through a non-return valve. Steam is
mixed with water and condensed. In
diverging cones, the kinetic energy is
partly converted into pressure
energy. The pressure obtained is
higher than atmospheric pressure
and this forces the condensate to the
hot well.

Non-Mixing Type : Surface Condensers
Surface condensers shell-and-
tube heat exchangers and are
mostly used in power plants.
Typically they have very large
surface area for heat transfer.
For the convenience of cleaning

and maintenance, cooling water
flows through the tubes and
steam condenses outside the
tubes.
• Downflow surface condenser

• Central flow condenser
• Regenerative condenser
• Evaporative condenser

In Down Flow Condensers the exhaust

steam travels downwards with cooling
water flowing through the tubes in a 2-
pass setup (entering in one direction
lower half and exiting out in the opposite
direction in the upper half).
In Central Flow Surface condensers steam

enters around the shell’s circumference.
The condensate flows radially towards the
center of tube bundle.

Inverted Flow Type: This type of condenser has the air suction
at the top; the steam after entering at the bottom rises up and
then again flows down to the bottom of the condenser, by
following a path near the outer surface of the condenser. The
condensate extraction pump is at the bottom.
Regenerative Type: This type is applied to condensers

adopting a regenerative method of heating of the condensate.
After leaving the tube nest, the condensate is passed through
the entering exhaust steam from the steam turbine thus
raising the temperature of the condensate, for use as feed
water for the boiler.

Non-Mixing Type : Evaporative Condensers
 Evaporative condenser is used when the supply
of cooling water is limited, evaporating the
circulating water under small partial pressure
can reduce its quantity required for condensing
the steam.
 The exhaust steam from steam turbine enters
at the top of a series of finned pipes outside of
which a film of cold water is falling. At the
same time, a stream of air rotates above the
water film, causing rapid evaporation of some
of the cooled water.
 The coolant pump draws water from a cooling
pond and forces it to a horizontal header. The
header is provided with a number of spray
nozzles.
 A portion of cooling water is evaporated as it
flows over the finned tubes. The remaining
water drips back to the cooling pond.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Jet Condensers:
Advantages
• Intimate mixing of steam and cooling water.
• Quantity of cooling water required is less.
• Simple equipment and cost are low.
• Less space is required.
• The cooling water pump is not needed in the low-level jet
condenser. Condensate extraction pump is not needed for high
level and ejector condensers.
Disadvantages
• Condensate is wasted.
• The cooling water should be clean and free from harmful
impurities,
• In low-level jet condensers, the engine may remain flooded, if
condensate extraction pump fails.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Surface Condensers
Advantages
• The maximum vacuum can be attained and it gives the
highest thermal efficiency.
• Any type of cooling water can be used.
• Water supply is not affected by a drop in vacuum.
• The condensate can be reused in the boiler for raising steam.
Disadvantages
• It is heavier in construction
• It requires more space for its erection
• Capital running and maintenance costs are considerably
higher.

Temperature profile in a condenser

Pressure in the Condensers
The circulating cooling water temperature being low enough, it creates a low
back pressure (even partial vacuum) for the turbine to exhaust to. This
pressure is equal to the saturation pressure that corresponds to the
condensing steam temperature, which is a function of the cooling water
temperature. Since the enthalpy drop and hence turbine work, per unit
pressure drop is much greater at low pressure than the high pressure end of
the turbine, lower the pressure, the greater are the effects. An average
improvement of the condenser vacuum by 0.35 inches Hg or 12 mBar will
improve the thermal efficiency of the plant by around 3 – 3.5%.
In addition to the condenser satisfying the primary functions, its design

must also be capable of meeting the following objectives:
 To provide the turbine with the most economic back pressure
consistent with the seasonal variations in cooling water temperature or
the heat sink temperature of the system.
 To effectively prevent chemical contamination of the condensate either
from cooling water leakage or from inadequate steam space gas
removal and condensate de-aeration.


ME419: STPP Configuration
Layout of Condenser, CFWH and Deaerator in STPP

ME419: STPP Deaerator
• Air may leak into the condenser shell through flanges, or
sometimes comes along with steam which has leaked into the
exhaust end of the turbine along the shaft.
• The dissolved air in the feed water enters into the boiler, which
in turn enters into the condenser with exhaust steam.
• This air affects the condenser performance badly because of
the following reasons:
– It reduces the heat transfer considerably.
– It reduces the condenser vacuum and increases the
turbine exhaust pressure thus reducing the turbine output.
– It will increase the rate of corrosion.

Purpose of De-Aeration
 Remove non-condensable gases (eg. O2, CO2) from
boiler feed water, to reduce corrosion.
 Increase the temperature of makeup water as it enters
the system.
 Increase the temperature of condensate prior to it
entering the boiler, so less thermal shock.
 Provide a storage capacity of treated feed water.

There are two common deaerator designs, the spray type and tray
type (also known as the spray-tray type). A variation of the spray
type is the spray-scrubber type.
Spray Type Tray Type

 The process of deaeration may occur mechanically or
chemically.
 Deaerators provide the mechanical solution whilst chemicals
provide the chemical solution.
 A typical deaerator will remove almost all dissolved oxygen
and CO2, with the remainder being removed by oxygen
scavengers (sodium sulphite, hydrazine etc.) and
CO2 scavengers (neutralizing amines, bicarbonate etc.).
 Most deaerators are designed to reduce dissolved oxygen
levels to 0.05 cc/l (7 ppb), with oxygen scavengers removing
the remainder.




ME419: Feed Water Heaters
 Regenerative feed water heaters (FWH) are always
used in steam power plants to improve the cycle
efficiency.
 They raise the temperature of the feed water before
it enters the economiser.
 Two types of FWH are generally used: open FWH
and closed FWH – both of them are used in power
plants.
 Open FWH acts as a deaerator.
 In large power plants, multiple closed FWH and
one open FWH are generally used.

ME419: Feed Water Heaters
The aim of feed heater design is to provide a heat
exchanger that will raise the temperature of the
incoming feed water to a specified outlet temperature,
whilst drawing a predetermined amount of steam from
the turbine cycle.
There are four groups of heat exchangers used in the
feed system to fulfill this function:
• High pressure feed water heaters
• De-aerator heaters
• Low pressure feed water tubed heaters
• Low pressure feed water direct contact heaters

ME419: Closed FWH
Closed FWH are Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
– They are basically small condensers which operate at higher
pressures than the main condenser.
– The temperature rise in each heater and economizer is equal for
maximum cycle efficiency.
– Thus the heaters receive bled steam from the turbine at pressures
determined roughly by equal temperature rise from the condenser to
the boiler saturation temperature.

ME419: Closed FWH
Closed FWH with Drains

Cascaded Backwards

ME419: Closed FWH
Closed FWH with Drains

Pumped Forward

ME419: Closed FWH
Temperature
Path Length
Diagram for
a three-zone
CFWH

ME419: Closed FWH

ME419: Closed FWH

ME419: Closed FWH

ME419: Water Treatment at STPP
Water Systems at STPP

Makeup Water Treatment Plant Chemical Dosing System
Condenser Polishing Plant Effluent Treatment Plant

ME419: Condensate Polishing
Condensate polishers are resin-based ion exchange systems that are
commonly used in power plant condensate systems to remove dissolved
contaminants (chlorides and silica) and suspended contaminants (iron or
copper oxide particulates). Condensate polishing typically involves ion
exchange technology for the removal of trace dissolved minerals and
suspended matter.

ME419: Combined Heat & Power
The two types of steam turbines most widely used are the backpressure
and the extraction-condensing types. The choice between backpressure
turbine and extraction-condensing turbine depends mainly on the
quantities of power and heat, quality of heat, and economic factors. The
extraction points of steam from the turbine could be more than one,
depending on the temperature levels of heat required by the processes.

ME419: Back Pressure Turbine
 Back-pressure steam turbines or non-condensing turbines are most

widely used for process steam applications. Process steam can be
produced by back-pressure steam turbines, which also generate
mechanical work (or electrical energy).
 Back-pressure turbines expand the live steam supplied by the boiler to

the pressure at which the steam is required for the process. A regulating
valve controls the exhaust pressure to suit the needs of the process
steam pressure. Back-pressure turbines are commonly found
at refineries, district heating units, pulp and paper plants,
and desalination facilities where large amounts of low-pressure process
steam are needed.
 A back pressure Turbine is the best suitable option for Cogeneration or

Energy Conservation. It reduces the grid dependency without hampering
the process with a very marginal increment in fuel cost.

ME419: Balance of Plant
Balance of plant (BOP) is a term generally refer to all the supporting components
and auxiliary systems of a power plant needed to deliver the energy, other than
the mechanical and electrical power generating system itself. A BoP power plant
system is comprised of both electrical and mechanical devices.
Typical Electrical BoP components:

Power Transformers – Used to step up or down the voltage to required levels to
keep the plant running efficiently.
Auxiliary Transformers – Work alongside the power transformers to supply power
to the various auxiliary equipment of the power plant during normal operation.
Circuit Breakers – Automatic power cut-off/switching devices used for over current
and short-circuit protection in power plants.
Switchgear – Similar in function to circuit breakers, the switchgear is a combination
of switching devices, fuses, and circuit breakers.
Surge Arresters – Surge arresters are devices used to provide overvoltage
protection in power plants
Electrical Busbars – Busbars (typically copper bars) transmit electrical energy from
the generating section to step-up transformers.
7
Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 5 Combined Cycle Power Plant
ME419: Balance of Plant
Typical Mechanical BoP components:
Fuel Gas Conditioning Systems – Fuel gas conditioning systems are designed
to remove solids, liquids, and aerosols from fuel gas.
Pressure Reduction Systems – Designed to reduce gas pipeline pressure safely
and accurately to meet the gas turbine maximum inlet pressure.
NOx Reduction Packages – NOx Reduction is accomplished by injecting
anhydrous or aqueous ammonia into the combustion turbine exhaust, then
across a catalyst bed to convert NOx to nitrogen and water vapor.
Nitrogen Generation Packages – Nitrogen is used for seal gas, vessel purging,
and other utility applications. Nitrogen generation packages are designed to
deliver continuous supply of 95% – 99.95% pure nitrogen gas.
Fire protection systems – Fire protection systems prevent and respond to
accidental combustion in generating equipment like the combustion cans of
the turbines. When a fire is detected, the system immediately sounds an
alarm, trips the plant, and initiates procedures to extinguish it
Compressed air systems – Provide a continuous supply of compressed to
operate pumps, pneumatic valves, guide vanes, and other equipment in the
power plant. This may a also be used for processes like purging and cleaning.
7
Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 6 Combined Cycle Power Plant

Me419 Ppe STPP

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ME419: STPP Components

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 1 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 2 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 3 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 4 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Fuels mainly used in STPP are Coal (solid), Diesel/HFO (liquid),

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 5 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 6 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Advantages of Steam Power Plants :

 Space required is less compared to hydro power plants.

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 7 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Disadvantages of Steam Power Plants :

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 8 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Pump – Isentropic compression (4 – 5)

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 9 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Effect of Boiler Pressure on Cycle Efficiency

Superheated Steam: Higher Temperature, Same Pressure

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 12 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 13 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 14 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Out Door Storage

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 15 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Unloading Lift Trucks, Cranes, Uploading Towers, Buckets

Preparation Breakers, Crushers, Driers, Magnetic Separator

Transfer Belt, Screw, Bucket Elevators, Flight Conveyors, Skip Hoist

Out Door Storage Bulldozers, Scrapers, Cranes, Buckets

Covered Storage Bins, Bunkers, Gates, Valves

Inplant Handling Belt Conveyor, Bucket Elevator, Mono Rails

Weighing Weigh Bridge, Scales, Coal Meters, Samples

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 16 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 17 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 18 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 19 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Payra Steam Power Plant is a 2 x 660 = 1,320

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 20 Steam Turbine Power Plants

 One 275m high Chimney.

 One 220m high Chimney.

 Coal requirement 3.73

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 22 Steam Turbine Power Plants

 One 275m high Chimney.

 Coal requirement 3.73

Project is mostly funded

A cooling tower is an artificial device used to cool the hot

Wet cooling towers dissipate heat rejected by the plant to

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 24 Steam Turbine Power Plants

WET and DRY Cooling Towers

Closed-circuit cooling towers, or dry coolers,

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 25 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Schematic of Once-Through (Open-Loop)

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 26 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Spray canals – are like spray ponds except that the

Cooling lakes – are areas in which the water is cooled

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 27 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 28 Steam Turbine Power Plants

A cooling tower's performance parameters are specified by

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 30 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 31 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Natural Draft Wet cooling Hyperboloid Towers

FORCED DRAFT COOLING TOWER IN POWER PLANTS

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 34 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Jan 2023, Dr. Md. Ehsan 35 Steam Turbine Power Plants

Induced and Forced Draft Cooling Towers