CIVILISATION US

09/01/23

 American exceptionalism
- Theory according to which America is qualitatively different from other nations
- “America has a mission”
- The American dream

How it all started

 Pre Columbian time period

 Hypothesis : crossed the Bering, gradual migration, 10000 to 40000 years ago

 Re thinking early humans

- White stands national; park
- Between 21000 and 23000
- Settlement : 13000 and 40000
- Diff cultures and languages

PALEO-INDIAN
 Food was abundant
 Human pop grew = hunter-gathered , constant move
 Astonishing variety of culture and language groups
 Main ireas : southwest, great plains and eastern woodlands

 Southwest
 Agriculture developed
 Faming and permanent villages= economics, religious and political centers

 Great plains

 Hunters with extensive hunting grounds

 Semi-nomadic communities
 Farmed corn and gathered

 Eastern woodland

 From Mississippi river to Atlantic seacoast

 Mostly hunter gathered
 Extensive trading network
 Farming in miss

Indigenous society and culture

 Extensive variation but shared social and cultural traits

 Based on nuclear family in kinship groups = matrilineal
 Right to use land did not imply permanent possession

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 Men: hunted , traded , made, war and were tribal leaders

 Women : cared for children gathered food , cultivated crops
 Believed nature held spiritual powers

The European view on pre Columbian American

 As garden of eden corrupted by arrival of Europeans

 Notion of idyllic place
 People were one with nature
 Native cultures and history stopped with the beginning of colonization or is now
entirely geared towards survival
 Denies native people their own history
 Separates modern times and native history
 Gives a romantic and nostaligic vision of colonization

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How it all started

 European expansion and motives

- Europe through invasion and trade: renaissance and fueled long term expansion
- Asian markets and growing trade
- Accelerated nationalism and military administration = powerful nation-states
- Oct 12th 1492: Columbus landed in modern day Bahamas, Caribbean islands

 The “new world “

- Not a new world to Indeginous communities
- Arrival of Europeans: centuries of violence and biological terror
- Misnamed “Indians” : native Americans , Indeginous people, first nation (Canada)

 Which empires?
- The Spanish – the conquistadores
- The French: new France , fur trade
- The Dutch in new Amsterdam which in 1664 would become new York later
- The British, mainly on the East coast

 Pop evolution
- 1610 : 350
- 1650: 50000
- 1680 : 151500
- 1700 : 260000 settlers
- 1750 : 1 171 000
- By 1770 : 2 150 000 people lives and worked in the GB 13th

 The first British colonies

- Mid Atlantic seaboard
- Virginia = virgin queen
- Commercial enterprise and solution to england’s problem with poverty and crime
- Joint-stock companies : funded by stock sales

 The first settlement

- Chesapeake region = the first attempt British settlement

 Roanoke <3
- Sir Walter Raleigh
- 1584: 1st expedition failed
- 1587: 110 ppl led by John White
- White sailed black
- 1590: when he came back the 115 settlers has disappeared
- Only clue : the word “Croatoan”

 Support from James

- 1603 James I became king

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- Boost economy plus serious population surplus plus expand empire

- London and Plymouth companies = royal charter to set up colonies in virginia
1603
- Joint stock colonies: forerunner of modern corporation
- Individuals bought stock = hopes of profit
- Virginia company of Plymouth : failed at Sagadahoc (Maine) 1607

The first successes : Jamestown Plymouth and the Massachussets

 Jamestown 1607

- 1606 : three ships sent to the Chesapeake bay

- 1607: may 105 settlers at Jamestown near Chesapeake bay Virginia
- The Powhatan led by Wahumsenacawh
- Daughter Amonute AKA Pocahontas
- 1609: the starving time = they turn to eat dog cats and rats
- 500 = 60 (end 1610)
- 1611 : Capt. Argall kidnaps Pocahontas
- 1614 : christened and married to John rolfe
- Pocahontas died at 21
- Tobacco commerce
- 1618 London company institute “headright system” : indentured servants
- 1619 : 1st African slaves
- 1622 : Openchankanaugh attacks
- 1624 : king JAMES dissolves Virginia company = a royal colony
- 1625 : 1 218/ 8000

 New discoveries
- Excavation
- 2013: physical evidence of cannibalism on Jamestown
- 2015 : discovery of a grave with four bodies and a catholic silver box

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23/01/23

 The puritans in the American colonies

- Puritans fleeing religious persecution in England
- Puritan= wanted to purify the church of catholic influence
- Ideas of john Calvin = Calvinists
- Puritans in favor of parliament
- Severed themselves from Anglican church

 Plymouth colonie (1620)

- 1608 william bradford and 35 separatists left for holland
- Back to England to negociate with virginia company = a charter
- Sailed for virginia but landed in cape cod
- 1620 arrived on board the Mayflower
- 112 passengers , including 3 pregnant women
- Became known as pilgrim

 Mayflower compact
- Contract
- Agreement between settlers of new Plymouth
- Aboard ship nov. 21 1620
- Covenant/ contract : community tied by common laws ans government
- Affirm allegiance to king James I
- For order and survival
- Freedom of religion

 Plymouth : a separatist colony

- Repay Virginia company : fur, fish and lumber
- 1st winter : starvation and disease ( scurvy and pneumonia)
- 50% settlers died (78% of the women died)
- William Bradford wrote this on his diary

 Plymouth : separatist puritans

- Help and trade w. Wampanoag
- Aided by Squanto
- Cultural barriers and conflicts
- More settlers 1630 = more tension
- Wanted new arrivals to adhere to religious beliefs
- Not focused on entrepreneurial spirit
- Quest for religious freedom strong principle of USA
- Linked with American folklore: thanksgiving
- Lost right to self-govern = merged with massachussets Bay colony in 1691

 Massachussets Bay colony

- By 1629, a prosperous Puritan named john Winthrop applied for a royal charter
through his business the massachussetts Bay company to establish a model “godly
community” of puritans in northem america
- in 1630 a total of 17 ships with 1000 colonists Winthrop included arrived

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- Very rigid society

- Rich and poor were divided

 John Winthrop 1588-1649

- From a well-off family
- Studied law
- Was a social activist
-
 Puritan belief and standards
- Adam and eve’s sin had damned most people for all eternity
- Jesus christ had been sent to earth to save particular people known as the elect
- Need to behave as exemplary a manner as possible
- Predestination
- Strong work ethic
- Literacy and education
- Community effort (as opposed to individualism)
- Man’s inherent sinfulness
- God’s omnipotence
- Wilderness as the devil’s province
- Puritans saw nature as god’s creation but nevertheless considered the native
americans as savages

 Reverend john Winthrop “city upon a hill”

- A model of Christian charity
- Onboard the Arbella
- “For we must considerer that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all
people are upon us”

 A model of Christian charity

- Colonists in covenant with god and with each other
- Divine mission to build a “citty upon a hill”
- With the “eyes of all people” on them
- Orinciples drawn from scripture to build W’s reasoning
- Exceptionalism : the puritans are the elect
- Charity : they will give to each other and the community
- Community : love , unity and charity

 A mixed legacy
- A visionary utopian ?
- Or a social rectionnary ( a person who is opposed to political or social change or
new ideas)?

 Impact on American values and beliefs

- Education (established Havard college in 1635)
- Community values
- Independence and hardships for freedom
- Industry, hard work, duty to country
- Belief I parliamentary power

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- Sense of justice
- Idea of the American dream : new path can be forged , alongside new goals
- Believed in witches and power of Satan

 Contemporary use of concept

- On 9 january president-elect john F kennedy returned the phrase to prominence

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30/01/23

 The true story of thanksgiving

Manipulating history
 many myths alive still today : ex. Pilgrim fathers the 1 st to north America
 myths of harmonious colonization : symbol to togetherness decided by A.
Lincoln in 1863
 to attract people , they reinvented their own history

 Conclusion :
- Spaniards in south and central America
- French in north America and the Caribbean
- Dutch= commerce
- France and Spain = Christianize the natives
- English colonies = trade and quickly settlement
- Help from indigenous communities essential

 Example of final exam question

 Mini essay= short structured answer to questions : illustrated by specific details,
numbers, dates
 Link different similarities and differences
 Evoke motives and bias (cultural,economic, religious)
 What were joint-stock companies? What were their role and impact on English
colonial settlement in north America
 Compare and contrast the English settlement at jamestown with that at Massachusetts
Bay

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THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF COLONIES AND THEIR ECONOMY

 new economic models: mercantilism corporation and capitalism

- Mercantilism:
 16th-18th promoted governmental regulation of a nation’s economy to augment
state power
 nation, not individual= principal actor
 Goal= increase nation’s wealth
 trade from colonies led to be a monopoly of the mother country
Augment nation’s economy at the expense
 extracted wealth from foreign land

- Merchants:
 Merchants joined forces = formed chartered companies = corporations
 Merchants aid from king
 each corporation got charter from king = monopoly on particular region
 goal = to make money
 corporate colonies were venture in capitalism
 economic system = production and distribution of goods are privately or
corporately owned and Dvped
 governance, economy and social structures in 17th century
 three British colonial regions: the new England colonies, the middle colonies
and the Southern colonies
 three types of colonies: royal: chartered or proprietary
 impact of geography and climate
3 different regions and economies : the new England colonies , the middle
colonies and the southern colonies

 3 types of colonies : royal colonies

 ruled by officials responsible to and appointed by the sovereign of England
 administered by a royal governor and council that was appointed by the English
crown
 had representative assembly elected by the people
- New hampshire= north Carolina
- New York = south Carolina
- New jersey= Georgia
- Virginia

 Charter colonies
 A charter = written document from the king that bestowed certain rights, franchises
or privileges

Charter colonies were written contracts between the British king and the Americans colonists
defining the share each should have in the government and were not to be changed without
the consent of both parties

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- Connecticut : Massachusetts
- Rhode island

 Proprietary colonies
 proprietary colonies were territories granted by the english crown to one or more
proprietors who had full governing rights
 allowed quick settlement at proprietor’s expense
 used by crown to settle a debt or bestow a favor
 proprietary colonies were run under a colonial charter agreement, which was
reviewed by the ruling monarch
- Maryland
- Pennsylvania
- Delaware

 The new England colonies

 1620-1691: much independence from Britain
 by 1690s: each colony still retained much control through two vehicles:
o Central government (government and bicameral legislature)
o Local government town meetings
 Hilly and mountainous, river and forests
 coldest: long harsh winters
 fish, whales, trees and furs
 society: hierarchial, homogeneous and structured around religious belief and
values (Calvinist religions)
 4 groups : small farmers, craftsmen and merchants , servants and native americans

 Their economy:
 small, family run farms
 self-sufficient families who lived in clustered town dwellings= strong vital
communities
 small town surrounded by adjacent fields
 division of labor
 little need for servants or slaves
 manufacturing and exporting their natural resources
 (fish, cattle, timber)

 The middle colonies :

 the middle colonies experienced diverse settlement:
- New York was settled by the dutch
- Delaware by the sweds
- New jersey and Pennsylvania by the English
 by the 1660, the English divided their territory into three chartered colonies : new
York, new jersey and Pennsylvania
 Delaware was an unchartered colony until it became a state in 1776
 diapo

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06/02/23
 The middle colonies
- Geography: flat land with rich boil
- Navigable waters
- Climate middler
- Resources: timber, fur and rich farmland
- Society : multicultural and diverse
- Small settlements = growth of small town run by county governments
- Somewhat equal for white men
- Diverse in religious beliefs

 The middle colonies : their economy

- Commercial enterprises with small farmers growing diversified crops and
craftsmen and merchants providing many services and resources
- Manufacturing which included iron ore products, tools; kettles ; nails and plows
- Trade that included exported agricultural products and natural resources and
imported European manufactured goods

 The southern colonies

- Virginia was a charter/corporate colony governed by a royal charter
- Virginia company complete control over colonial governance until 1624
- Maryland was a proprietary colony which gave its catholic owners, the calverts
(lords Baltimore) the right to appoint all governors and to control the government
- North and south Carolina and Georgia were royal colonies which gave the king
absolute power to appoint all governors and their councils
- Geography : river and oceans ports, rich coastal plains
- Climate warmest: longest growing season
- Society : biracial
- Unequal: social, economic and political inequality
- Minority of free men and women =majority of indentured servant and slaves

 The southern colonies : their economy

- Single crop economy , profitable single crop farms growing tobacco, indigo , rice,
hemp, and later on ,cotton
- Plantations owners, small landowners
- Rural areas with sparse settlements
- Export of agricultural goods

- Slave labor : the quest for huge profits which depended upon a constant source of
cheap diapo

 An economy based on the slave trade

- This advertisement = 1760 in Charleston (south Carolina
- “arrived from the windward and rice coast = Sierra Leone ,Liberia, cote d’Ivoire,
Ghana, Togo and Benin
-  meant they knew how to grow and harvest rice
 The 13 colonies

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 Characterized by diversity
- Racial diversity
- Cultural diversity
- National diversity
- Religious diversity
- Socio-economic diversity
- Political diversity
- Geographical diversity

UNFREE LABOR
 Unfree labor def:
- And individual is forced to work, usually to pay his/her passage across the
Atlantic
- He/she could sign a contract ( of indenture, apprenticeship or redemption) that
engages his/her freedom for a certain amount of time = submitted to the control of
a master
- Slavery is also part of unfree labor = for a lifetime and not initial agreement

 Indentured servitude: basics

- System developed in Virginia by the Virginia company of London from 1618
onwards
- Taken up by Maryland ( 1634)
- To attract settlers and a huge workforce to satisfy the appetite of the tobacco
plantation economy of the Chesapeake
-  the headright system
- An individual would sign a contract with a planter for a set amount of time (3 to 7
years generally)
- (lien updago indentured servitude basics )
- The servants would agree to serve (work for, generally cultivating tobacco) his
master
- In exchange the master would agree to provide food and lodging to his servant
(his own house and plantation most of the time)
- At the end of the contract the ex servant could start his own plantation and
become a free settler with the help of freedom dues given diapo

 typical freedom dues

- a few barrels of corn, a suit of clothes and a 50 acres track and land

 indentured servitude : origins

- 2 possibles inspirations for the virginia company of London
o Husbandry : children would be sent on farms to work for one year for a
farmer and live with him and his family  agriculturzl work, proximitu
wiyh his family
o Apprenticeship: children would be attracked by contract to a craftsman
who would in return for his work “teach him the trade” at the end of the 3-
4 years contract the children should be able to start their own trade
 contract attachment for several years starts one’s own trade

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 Indentured servants: profile

- Mostly men
- Young men,sometimes children(they already have skills )
- No family ties
- Generally from a poor background
- Those who were skilled would be indentured for shorter terms

 Indentured servants : the job

- Clearing the woods
- Burning the land and planting tobacco plants then in the fall cutting the leaves ,
drying them and putting them into barrels
- Tending corn sometimes a little orchard

 Realities of servitude in 17th century Chesapeake

- Most servants DID NOT SIGN A CONTRACT/ spiriting
 custom the country
- Only 40% survived their contract  high mortality rate due to epidemics, new
climate and food , harsh living conditions ; native Americans attacks
- Unwilling colonist= orphanages , prisoners

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Unfree labor

 Realities of indentured servitude

- Servants could complain for ill treatment in county courts but most would not 
fear of their master
- Punished if ran away robbed fornicated married secretly or insulted their master
- Flogging plus lengthening of their term

 Indentured servants: perspectives

- Sign another contract of indentured
- Become a seasonal worker
- Emigrate within the colony
- Emigrate to another colony
- Very few went back to England or Ireland

Indentured servant: scope and numbers

- Between 70000 and 105000 servants during the 17th century

- Mostly English but also irish, german, French, dutch
- Represented more than half of the Chesapeake pop
- By 1720 depending on the counties slavery had nearly replaced indentured
servitude

 Servants/ slaves transition

- Bacon’s rebellion and endangered social classes
- Not enough servants coming in  working conditions became worth and worth,
- No real trigger : opportunities had planters replace their servants with slaves as the
slaves trade expended

 Bacon’s rebellion by virginia settlers 1676-1677

- Led by Nathaniel Bacon against colonial Governor William Berkeley
- All classes and ethnic groups chased the governor out of Jamestown and burnt the town
- Alliance of indentured servants and Africans = Virginia slaves codes of 1705 regulating
interaction betw. Slaves and citizen + greater control over growing slave pop

 Slavery : def
- A few natives Americans and Africans, beginning of the 17th century
- First laws regulating slavery : diapo
- Africans were kidnapped; delivered to the Europeans
- Before 1672 private merchants

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- After 1672 creation of the royal African company which monopolizes the trade for
50 years
- 1705: first slaves code in Virginia (apart from the west indies)
- Slaves were in that condition for life
- The condition of the mother determined that of the child
- Slaves were private property
- Slaves did not have rights
- Masters could do whatever they wanted to them
- Except extreme punishment which led to death of slave

 Translation slave trade 16th -17th

- 12 million Africans shipped across the Atlantic
- 400 years

 The middle passage

- Harsh conditions: overcrowding of the ships
- High mortality rate: around 12%
- Slaves were chained to avoid suicides or mutinies
- They were naked
- Lack of food and drink
- Long journey
- From late 15th to late 19th century : 12,4 million individuals transported, 1,8
million died during the middle passage

 Living conditions: upon arrival

- Inspection and auction (enchères)

 Living condition : life in the plantation

- When sold, families could be separated
- The slave had no belongings
- He/she was expected to work in the plantation
- Slaves would have to cook for themselves

 Living condition: urban slavery

- Slavery not only in plantation also in colony of New York, slaves circulated in an
urban environment
- Masters had less slaves usually one or two
- Tasks: kitchen, laundry, orchard (vergers), stables

 Resistance to slavery
- Individual and/or collective
- Attacks of slave ships
- Suicide
- Abortion
- Running away
- Fomenting rebellions
-  slave revolts

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 Concluding words and numbers

- 1776 there were more than half a million slaves in colonial America
- Slavery began in 1619 until 1865
- Slaves most numerous in southern colonies
- Slaves were acquired and treated like personal property = chattel slavery
- Slavery shaped colonization of America
- With massacre of native americans, darkest chapter of Europeans- american
history
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 Migration in north America

- Known as a land of immigrants
- Notion essential to American identity
- Immigrants settled the country developed agriculture industry and infrastructure,
- Advanced its politics and culture
- History of tensions in link with immigration

 Migration : scale
- 1492-1820
o Approx. 2.6 million Europeans immigrated to the Americas
o Almost 9 million enslaved africans
o A little less than 50% were British
- Annual rates of immigration
o Before 1580: 2.000
o 1650 :8.000
o 18th and early 19th centuries: between 13000 and 14000

 Migration different phases

- 1492-1640: dominated by Spanish and Portuguese emigrants
- 1440-1760: drastic increase = 1.3 million settlers
- Many british ; French; swiss and german settlers arrived under labor contracts
- 1760-1820: once again dominated by free settlers
- Witnessed an enormous surge of british migrant
- Dramatic increase in forced migrated of enslaved African

 What triggered such a huge influx of immigrants?

- PROFIT , through the development of tobacco and sugar

 Colonial immgration : 1607-1776

- Where did they come from ?
o 17th century : mainly english but also irish, dutch, French Huguenots and
german immigrants
o 18th century : scotch-irish (250000), African (forced 140000) germans
(200000)
- Where did they go ?
o New England puritans were not really willing to welcome immigrants
o The middle colonies wre eager to welcome new workers for manufactures
mainly
o The southern colonies needed a huge workforce for its plantation economy

Thomas paine in common sense the us = a nation of nation

 Migration into new England

- Trois quart were not members of the puritan church but puritan belief
characterized the group
- Literate, moving as families all ages experienced in self-government and business

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 Profile of immigrants
- Gentlemen, government officials merchants, servants, craftsmen ; soldier,
pianters, and farmers
- Indentured servants (British) engagés (French) and redemptioners (germans)
- Convicts and political prisoners : 129000 bound immigrants
- Sent from Britain (1615) to alleviate England’s large criminal pop

 Occupational profile of immigrants

- Tenants and farmers
- Bourgeois
- Lesser gentry , professional men and artisans-merchant, factor , teachers , doctors,
priest , clergymen , accountants, ministers , weavers, smith , carpenters
- Free immigrants tended to be older than bouded immigrants
- Free immigrants more likely to arrive with family

 A regional phenomenon
- French migrants : from the west coast (acadians from poitiers region)
- 17th most migrant leaving England came from London , the southeast, east Anglia
and the west country
- 18th fro northem England , ulster , southern Ireland , the western district of the
- Diapo

 Why did they leave ?

- Push factors : bad economic conditions , religious persecution
- Pull factors : perspective of economic opportunities , religious freedom
landownership and profit
- Diapo

 However ..

… this massive arrival of Europeans and Africans sealed the fate of the original peoples of
America the native America

 A few concluding thoughts

- Plantation colonies absorbed the great majority of white and black (enslaved)
migration
- Immigration from Europe an Africa = transfer of a massive work force
- Arrived free or unfree (under contract or slaves)
- Cheap white labor crucial to early development of colonial economies
- Betw. 1492-1820 : 25% + were servants , convicts and prisoners
- The turned toward slavery
- = immigration : acrucial part of colonial America
- Motivated by “a better future” and a new lifestyle (religious , freedom, economic
opportunity, new social groups…)

Examples of mini essay question

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 What was mercantilism and how did it shape the relationship betw the british colonies
and England ?
 How did the puritans beliefs and objectives shape their settlement ?
 What were the consequences of the slave trad in the british colonies ,

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06/03/23
Exemples of mini essay

 How did the puritan’s beliefs and objectives shape their settlement ?
- Separatist puritan : experience in self government
- Religious freedom but also life punctuated by Puritan belief
- Strong hard-working and skilled colony : successful first permanent colony
- Turned toward survival and profit
- Will to be an example to the world : the city upon the hill
- Affected who came to the colony : puritan beliefs and lifestyle

Native amercans

 Before the Europeans arrived

- Numbers : pop of pre-contact America = 8 to 112 million
- Less than 6 million in 1650
- Massive loss of pop post-europeans contact
 disease , conflicts and wars human trafficking
 William M denevan American geographer “the discovery of america was followed
by possible the greatest demographic disaster in the history of the world”
- North America continent marked by diversity
- Langauges ; pre- contact northem America was home to more than 50 language
families comprising betx 300 and 500 languages
 huge diversity more than in Europe

 Organization
- Some were formers
o Established intercropping , AKA companion planting
o Three sister crops: corn , beans and squash (courge)
- Other peoples were seminomadic, relied on hunting and fishing
- Developed tecnic to preserve food : smoked
- Native americans would only kill aniamls for sustenance
- And use all parts of the animal
- Big difference with hunting for sports and mass killings of animals for buy by
Europeans

 Social organization
- The Jesuit brébeuf says : diapo
- Feast, dances, discussion  high sociability
- Community diapo

 Dwellings

 Political organization

- Political leaders and spiritual leaders

- Leaders rise in response to a particular (war, epidemics or tension )
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- Followed common law established by the community = a form of democracy

- Family based communities
- Could organize into nations or confederacies in times of need
- All members of communities helped rear the children
- Children belonged to and inherited through the mother’s community

 Cross-cultural diapo

 Diversity of interractions

- Some natives americans were farmers , others hunters and gatherers

- = Impact on interaction with Europeans

At times , cooperation and trade then hostility and war

- Diverse geaographic and cultural backgrounds
- Diversity of interaction because of Europeans also :
- French trade in furs
- Spanish conquistadors in exploitation of ressources and slavery

 American Indian interactions

- Contact relationships based on exchange of goods
- Help from native communities Christians believed they needed to be “saved”
- As English pop grew , so did tension
- As colonists move inward , they infringe upon the American Indian territory =
wars and destruction

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 Manifest destiny
- Manifest destiny coined by
- American writer john L o’sullivan in 1845
- 19th century diapo

 The main elements of manifest destiny

- Security
- Virtuous government
- National mission/divine ordination

 Representing the other : native americans: diapo

 Diversity in representation and stereotyping
- The barbaric cannibal
- The blood thirsty savage
- The child of nature
- The pagan
- The noble savage : and idealized concept of uncivilized man
- The primitive race
- The disappearing race : social Darwinism

 Other justification for colonization

- Doctrine of discovery
- Inferiorizing discourse : religious , culture, civilization , progress and race
- Diverse discourse of the “Indian” but always motivated by European or euro-
american needs and wants : conversation profit , expansion
- Some representation more “positive”
- First-hand accounts of the lives of native americans
- Philosophical noble savage
- Pagan who needs to be converted
- Good, naïve and innocent Indian = to promote colonization (peaceful and in need
of “civilizing”

 Native American today

- About 22% of our country’s 5,2 million natiave Americans live on tribal lands
- “574 indian tribes”
- 326 federal reservation
- Reservations are sovereign
- However living condition on most reservations have been cited as “comparable to
third world”
- 28,2% American Indian pop living below the federal poverty line
- Reaching 38% to 63% on reservations
- The average life expectancy for native americans still trails that of other American
by almost 5 years
- Diapo

 Conclusion

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- Great diversity in language , culture , lifestyle , architecture

- Native americans and their ways of life greatly impacted by European
colonization
- Dramatic decrease in pop
- Attacks on life ,lands , culture , lifestyle and humanity
- Dramatic and traumatic impact of colonization still felt today
- Native culture still numerous and vibrant

Religion and toleration

 Importance of religion
- Religion was central to community life in the American colonies :
o Spread the news
o Meeting points
o Socialization
- Morality
o Friendly relationship
o Charity
o No sins
-  social order
- Push and pull factor for migration from Europe to the colonies
- Fled persecution
- Established highly religious communities
- Turned around religion and religious practices
- Justification for colonization : converting the natives
- Chrsitian v. “savage” : justified territorial expansion and wars
- Most colonies tried to enforce religious observance  laws
- Attends service and pay taxes
- 8/13 colonies : official churches
- British colonies : restriction against catholics
- Btw. 1680 and 1760 anglicanism and congregationalism ( Calvinist protestant
churcges = puritans)
- Proptestant dem$nominations : batptists , Methodists, quakers, unitarians and
many more sometimes reffered to as “dissenters”
- New  diapo
- Anglican-american parish stretched btx 60 and 100 miles
- Often very sparsely populated
- 17th c. : chronic shortage of clergymen
- Religious life : irregular for most
- With arrival of many new Christian denomination : many colonies applied some
degree of religious tolerance

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 Threats
-astrology
- Alchemy
- precursors to science
- forms of “witchcraft”

 Fear of witchcraft and witch hunts

- Was not something particular to the colonies
- Was imprted from the old world
- Betw. 1427 and 1782 : 300000 to 600000 people executed
- 25% of those tried were executed
- Brutal centuries of feminicide (70-85%)

 A favourable atmosphere
- Systematic oppression of women
- The uses of fear in politics
- The uses of fear in religion
- The role of public accusers
- Conspiracy theories
- Concept of the “other” in society

 Religious competition
- Catholicism vs Protestantism
- Believers could make a choice = competition
- Which religion would protect believers best against the devil
- When and where confessional competition , as measured by confessional warfare,
was more intense, witch trial activity was more intense too
- The craze reached its peak betw. Around 1555 and 1650

 How to recognize a witch ?

- Witches were mostly women, a bit different or outsiders
- Beared the mark of the devil
- They would assemble, lay with the devil, dance together and use magic to harm
people
- Whatever was unexplainable could potentially be attributed to the action of a
witch
- Women who did not marry or socialize
- Who led “liberal” lives

 The infamous salem witchtrial 1692-1693

- Massachussets bay colony founded by puritans in 1630
- The city upon a hill theory : stern work ethic and rifid religious rules
- Purge churches of vestiges of catholics practices
- Cleanse culture of sinful practices
- Belived all humans were innately sinful
- Believed god would triumph over evil

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- Wilderness was home to witches satan monstruous events and miracles

 Most notorious case of mass hysteria

- Swt become a myth
- 19th c. American historiography
- This part of history erased
- Political rhetoric and popular culture : dangers of isolationism and religious
extremism and scapegoating
- Attempts to explain the hysteria
- Superstition , excessive devotion collective poisoning

 Timeline
- Jan 1692: “the afflicted girl”= fits and seizures
- Accused sarah good , sarah osburn and a slave named Tituba (confessed)
- Many more accusation = spread to neighboring villages
- Everyone could be accused , the rich and the poor = created terror
- By end 1692 = 200 ppl accused (78% women) and jailed
- 19 ppl hung (14 women) and 1 crushed to death
- Oct.1692 salem court dismissed (es governor’s wife accused)
- Mat 1693 = superior court of judicature ended the trials and execution

 Causes of the salem witch hunt

- Religious isolationism and extremism
- New arrivals : non puritans = merchant, french
- Internal disputes
- Epidemics and cold winter
- Economic crisis
- Class and social division
- Religious controversy
- Threats from native americans
- Personal revenge
- Atmosphere of fear and terror
- Psychological hysteria
- Justice system favored repentance over truth

 New England
- Congregationalist meetinghouse for church services in every town
- 1750 boston , a pop of 15000 = 18 churches
- Newborns were baptized by the church
- Church attendance rose to 70 percent of adults

 Puritans
- Predominately puritans (exception of rhode island)
- Strict religious lives
- Leaders and official derived their authority from divine guidance
- Those who did not attends services= a potential threat to social order
- Congrefational churches typically owned no property
- Minister played no official role in town or colony governments

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 Dissenters
- Anne Hutchinson and roger William
- Outspoken criticism of puritanism
- Exiled
- Whipped Baptists
- Cropping the ears of quakers
- Official persecution at its peak btw. 1659 and 1661 =MB’s PURITAN
MAGISTRATES HUNG 4 QUAKER MISSIONARIES
- TO proselytize change their religious beliefs

 The tolerztion act 1689

- Passed by the English parliament in 1689
- Quakers and other denomination the right to build churches and to conduct public
worship in the colonies
- Still discrimination but no legal punishment

 Mixture of religions
- Quakers
- Catholics
- Lutherans
- Jews
- Baptists
- Anglicans

 Offivial religion
- Portion of tax revenue = support parish and priest
- Laws obliging all to attend Anglican public worship
- Official established church of e gland
- As opposed to virginia in the Carolinas, new York , new jersey and Delaware,
Anglican never made up a majority
- Maryland and religious toleration (1649) founded by catholics
- Quakers founded Pennsylvania = strong belief religious tolerance diapo

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 One mini essay 400 words

- Determine which elements answer the question : choose most pertinent elements and
draw out your argument and illustration
- Link info together
- A short and clear introduction = reuse the terms of the questions and establish the context
and the main argumeny of your answer
- Main body = address the question and give specific argument and illustrations 2 or 3
main idea
- Use transition and link words= link the info together
- Briefly conclude = summarize your arguments (+ opening – only relevant)

 Grading scale
- English language = grammar, syntax overall understandbility
- Overall structure = intro, transition and link words, logically structured argument +
conclusion
- Content = specific and clear arguments, all baked up with illustration and examples
- Critical analysis = analyzing and presenting trends in a objective manner (don’t gice your
point of view)


 Religious revival
- 1730 s-1740
- Iniciated by George whitefiled -tour of America
- Jonathan Edward “siner in the hands of an angry god”
- =religious fervor
-  the great awakening
-  a shared national religious experience (had fallen asleep= needed to be
awakened)

 What was the great awakening ?

- Religious revival movement that began in new England
- Revivalism stressed individual religious exp. Rather than church leaders as
intermediary with god

 The first great awakening

- Massive open air sermons
- Attended by as many as 15000 people
- Movement challenged clerical elites
- Focused on individual sinfulness and salvation through personal conversation =
today’s “born again”
- Emotional transformation if reject sinful past

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- Appealed to the poor, the uneducated, and some slaves and native americans
- Movement based on reason and logic , appealed to individuals

 The first great awakening : the effects

- Increase in religion diversity
- Unifed colonist throughout the colonies (one of the cause of American revolution)
- Challenged traditional sources of authority
- Followers of the great awakening (new light) said anyone could be converted and
“born again” (not clergy’s decision)
- Sought to christianize all of north America
- Contributed to sense of equality

 Towards revolution
- The great awakening = participation in the revolutionary effort
- Awakeners organized , mobilized and petitioned = political experience
- Challenged and rejected clerical and colonial authority
- Objections to brtitish rules in the colonies
- Separation of church and state
- Protestant rationalism remained dominant religious force in colonial leaders

 Rationalism , part of the enlightenment

- Rationalism focused on the ethical espects of religion
- Denied many “superstitious” aspects of the Christian liturgy
- No human institution -religious or civi- could claim divine authority
-  humans had reason ( common sense) to tell the diff btw right and wrong
- Teaching of the enlightenment
o Emphasis on reason
o Humans posses “natural light” john locke
o Purpose of government to protect those rights
o Criticism of absolute monarchy (Montesquieu)
o Valued the study of nature (franklin and Jefferson)
 1760s two pronged attack on England
- Criticism of religious intervention in colonies
- Claim that

Crimes and punishments

 What was the law ?

- Common law of England : set of customs, tradition nd sentences to trials in the
past
- A subject v. an alien (foreigner)
- Naturalization/ denizenship (obtain certain rights)
- Citizenship not given to anybody lightly
- The English were protected by the common law

 Common law
- Access to landownership
- Access to suffrage

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- Habeas corpus (against unlawful detention or imprisonment)

- Respect diapo

 What about in the colonies

- Adam smith : all subject to the king
- Usually set in charters
- Been born in the kingdom or have at least one English parents
- Naturalization rules , very strict in england less strict in the colonies
- Servant as born

 Indentured servant
- Could be protected by the law
- But during their indenture
- Could not own land, marry, have children , trade or move freely
- Reality of facts
- Could complaint to the court
- But faire trial ?
-  a twofold citizenship

 What about women ?

- Full subjects but could not own land in their own name in England
-  could sometimes in the colonies

 What about slaves

- Not considered as subjects = considered as objetcs
- Some christened at the beginning of the 17th century , became free black  but
problematique diapo
- Sherriff
- Judge (justice of the peace)
- Court of appeal
- County court
- Religious courts (in new England for ex)
- --< people tried in conformity with practices in England and the common law

 Criminal justice in colonial America

- Common law of england supposedly
- Transfer and transformato of common law
- No established courts of justice or legal paractioners
- No distinctive
- Diapo
-

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Crimes and punishment

 Every day crimes

- Colonists should attend church or be punished
- Sin was punishable
- Lying and idleness genrale lewdness and bad behavior
- Diapo

 Public shaming
- Punishment aimed to rehabilitate
- Punishment physical and publicy inflicted
- Most common whipping and fines
- Other shaming penalties : branding ,cutting of ears, displaying symbols
- Banishment and excommunication more extreme punishment
- Colonial courts linked with church

 Justice for vengeance

- Shame and shaming
- Punishment almost always public

 Conclusion
- Colonial local justice (religious) rules and English common l w
- Differed from colony to colony
- Common physical punishment = severe and public
- Some groups more likely to be tried and punished
- Close ties betw. Religious rules and colonial law
- Violence pervaded all aspects of colonial life
- Justice central to colonial America = avoid chaos
- = a stronger and fixed justice system created after independence

The birth of the united states of America

 Steps towards revolution

- The great awakening and protestant rationalism
- Colonists enjoyed certain freedoms and independence
- Impact of the French and Indian wars
- British v. American theory of representation
- Taxes and repressive acts by Britain
- Economic boycotts
- Violent conflicts

 The story so far

- European nations competing with each other
o World ressources , military strength and political superiority
- French and Indian wars 1754-1763

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o French and native americans allies v. Britain and native American allies
- B. national debt doubled
- Expected americans to help pay for protection
- B.troops stationed in colonies
- B. wanted more control over colonies

 Tension build betw? Colonies and Britain

- 1763: the procalamtion of 1563 : king forbids settlement west of Appalachian
mountains
- 1764 : sugar act
o Attempt to raise income from colonies
o England harasses tarders to catch smugglers

“no taxation without representation”= tyranny

- Committees of correspondence gather to oppose new taxes

- 1765 : stamp act : all documents, newspapers, pamphlets and books taxed
- 1765: quartering act : colllonists must provide housing and supplies for british
troops
- 1766: stamp act repealed
- 1767 : declaratory acts and Townshend diapo
- 1770: boston massacre (angry mob, british soldiers fire = 5 dead)
- 1773 : boston tea party – sons of liberty dump English tea harbor in protest of
taxes
- 1774 : coercive (intolerable) acts
o Close boston harbor
o Cancel colony charter governments
o Force colonists to house british soldiers

 Daughter of liberty
- Female association formed 1765 yo protest taxes
- Prodced cloh to boycott british goods
- Helped in war effort

 1st continental congress

- Oct. 1774 : 56 COLONIAL DELEGATES FROM ALL colonies meet to discuss
tensions in Philadelphia
- Included G. Washington , patick henry, john jay , john adams and sam adams
- Wrote “decaration of rights” to king George III
- Told lilitia to prepare for war if needed
- Boycotted british goods

 King George III’s response

- Refused to allow American colonists representation in parliament
- Didn’t respond to official diapo

 The shot heard around the world

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- April 1775 : british troops sent to recover colonist weapons at concord

massachussetts
- Minutemen were waiting for british =battle at Lexington , then diapo

 2nd continental congress may 1775

- Appointed G. Washington commander of continental army
- Militia becaome official army
- Decided to afficialmyseparate from Britain
- Thomas Jefferson selected to write the doc : the declaration of independence

 Common sense jan. 10 1776

- Thomas paine, English man living in Philadelphia
- Sold 150000 copies first months
- Simple and direct style : appealed to everyman’s logic and common sense
- Rejected the monarchy , king George III a “royale brute”
- Showed the unbalanced, unequal relationship btw. Britain and colonies
- Time to secede and gain independence
- For republicalism = elected representatives
-  rejecting the british model
-  creation of national serment

 Declaration of independence
 Diapo suite

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