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Sheet metal forming processes and die design pdf download. What is sheet metal forming. What is metal sheet. How to install sheet metal.

Figure 1a The flat pattern requires prediction of how the material will behave as it is bent. Kerf is the air gap left behind by the cutting tool. Punching requires a kerf width that is equal to the material thickness.A reader recently asked for guidance in using 3-D CAD for designing sheet metal parts. To summarize this month’s recommendation:
Understand how the sheet metal gets bent. We offer a few bending equipment details that might not be familiar to those outside the fab shop: Some sheet metal designs can be built only with a folding machine. Many sheet metal designs can be bent only with a press brake. Further, some sheet metal creations can be fabricated only by stamping or
coining with dedicated tooling in a stamping press. Folding machines, also known as folding brakes, box brakes, and pan brakes, clamp the sheet metal workpiece on a stationary bed and swing the skirt of the brake—like a leaf on a hinge—to create the bent flange. Folders are more common in the architectural, ornamental, and ducting trades.
“Bending up and down, no flipping required,” The FABRICATOR, July 2008, has additional information on folding technology. Here is a CAD tip: Check with the fab shop to verify that machinery is available to produce the intended design.

Regardless of the machinery used, sheet metal has characteristics during bending that will be evident in the final product: Sheet metal stretches when it bends.

It can crack instead of stretch depending upon several variables, including the tooling applied and the direction of the micrograin of the material. Unless dedicated tooling is used, the inside radius is likely to vary from batch to batch or from shop to shop. It often is adjusted to compensate for variations in the flat blank. Sheet metal has memory and
must be over-bent to achieve the desired—unrestrained—bend angle. Flat Layouts for Sheet Metal Tooling A flat layout, shown in Figure 1a, is the prediction of what the finished part, shown in Figure 1b, looks like before it is bent. Designers of sheet metal parts should care greatly about their flat layouts. At the same time, designers should
understand that fabricators will adjust the flat layout to satisfy immediate circumstances, such as available tooling, machinery, and material. Flat layout planning on the part of the designer can lead to better design of kerf cuts when planning interior tabs and flanges. The designed width of the kerf cut is likely to dictate whether the part can be
stamped, laser-cut, or punched/nibbled from the sheet stock. Here’s a CAD tip: The default kerf width is equal to the material thickness. This tip is important for punched parts. Smaller kerf widths, as small as the cutting orifice, are practical for laser- cut or waterjet-cut parts. An accurate flat layout helps with material planning and cost estimating.
Material planning allows for the prediction of the economic order quantity (EOQ) as described in Part II of this series. An example nest of flat parts is shown in Figure 1c. On one hand, flat layouts are usually a button-click in 3-D CAD—very easy.
On the other hand, accurate flat layouts are more challenging to produce. The tooling used in the brake has a large impact on the way the material stretches as it is bent. Variations in the material thickness and speed of the machinery change how the workpiece will react with tooling.Here’s another CAD tip: In the unusual situation where the
accuracy of the flat layout is critical to the design and function of the product, the CAD jockey must be well-informed regarding the specific fabrication process. Figure 1b This example part has interior tabs, overlapping corners, and bend relief cuts. Its flat pattern is shown in Figure 1a. In the majority of projects, it is sufficient for the CAD jockey to
simply verify that the design will unfold. Applying the same bend deduction/allowance as the fab shop is good practice but is not required for good design. Don’t Tolerate Crazy Tolerances As good design practice, set the tolerances in the finished/folded design using your understanding of where variation is likely to occur as the workpiece goes
through various manufacturing stages. Each piece of equipment used—to cut or to bend, as examples—contributes variation in the workpiece. Flat parts coming off of lasers or nibblers are usually consistent within ±0.004 in. Precision brakes typically repeat within ±0.004 in. As a general recommendation, ±0.005 in. runs right at the limit of precision
flat sheet metal in a job shop environment. For bent sheet metal, variation in the raw material thickness increases the recommended precision to ±0.010 in. per bend. Layout Method for Sheet Metal “Sheet metal stretches when it bends” is an oversimplification.
Upon close examination of the bends, we find that the sheet metal stretches on the outer surface and that the inside surface seems to shrink. “The basics of applying bend functions” (The FABRICATOR, November 2012) by Steve Benson explains it in detail. If all of the inside depth measurements of the flanges are summed, then a bend allowance must
be used to prestretch the flat stock so it shrinks into final size. Conversely, if all of the outside measurements are summed, then the bend deduction must be used to preshrink the flat stock. This is the traditional method used in the fab shop for calculating flat layouts. A CAD jockey could, or probably should, use the fab shop’s calculation values so
that the flat layout is ready for manufacturing. As mentioned in Part II, this is easily standardized in CAD by using a gauge table when setting up the base flange. The gauge table can cross-reference the fab shop’s bend deductions into K-factors for the 3-D CAD system. Design Guide No. 1: Focus on Sheet Metal Flange Depth In the fab shop, the V-die
width in the press brake limits the size of the flange that can be bent. During bending, the sheet metal must bridge fully across the V die (see Figure 2). The V die is usually selected to be 5x to 8x the workpiece thickness. Brittle materials may require V dies in the 8x to 12x range. “Finding the perfect die opening” (The FABRICATOR, February 2013)
details how such tooling is selected. If the V-die width is 5x material thickness, then roughly 6x material thickness will be required to safely bridge the die. The upper tool splits that in half, and as a result, 3x material thickness is the recommended minimum flange size for air bending on a press brake. A smaller V results in creating a bend radius that
more closely matches the upper tool’s radius.

This is due to increasing the pressure of the tooling on the sheet stock. Wider dies make gentler bends because of mechanical advantage. Increased pressure also increases the mars on the workpiece.
These appear as burnished and embossed lines that run parallel to the flange length. Figure 1c The flat pattern is used for nesting several copies of the same part onto a blank sheet of raw material. This is useful for cost estimating and for predicting the economic order quantity. While a general rule for minimum inside flange depth is 3x the
workpiece thickness, a folding machine does not have this V-die tooling, so shorter flange depths can be formed with a folder as compared to an air-bending press brake. Here’s a design for manufacturability (DFM) tip: Consult with your fab shop to verify that it has the capability to manufacture the desired bend radius. Design Guide No. 2: An Inside
Look at the Sheet Metal Bend Radius The fab shop probably will adjust the tooling setup to compensate for variation in the flat workpiece. Any change to the tooling selection, such as V-die width or the top tool’s radius, changes the way that the flat workpiece shrinks/stretches. If the 3-D design starts with the inside radius set to about the same value
as the thickness, then the fab shop has many options in terms of tooling and setup. This could translate into less scrap and less time in production. That means money. As a technique for making a flat blank form into an accurate finished product, selecting a wider V die allows an undersized workpiece to form up into a larger overall part. To some
degree, a larger radius in the upper tool improves the strength of the final bend as well. As the bend radius gets smaller, the strain in the workpiece increases. When the material’s fatigue point is exceeded, cracks form. Brittle metal, such as aluminum, generally requires a larger bend radius than ductile material like cold-rolled steel.

For example, 6061-T6 aluminum is very difficult to bend. It requires an inside bend radius of at least 6x the material thickness. 5052-H32 aluminum bends in about the same way as mild steel. 3003-H14 is extremely ductile, almost like copper.

Ductile material works great with small bend radii and short flange depths. In summary, the 1x Thickness = Inside Radius Rule works for steel, stainless, and other ductile materials. Consult with the fab shop when incorporating a bend radius that is less than the material thickness in the design. Design Guide No. 3: Give Sheet Metal Flange Edges the
Corner Treatment When two edge flanges intersect, a corner is formed. At the corner, the flange lengths can either overlap, underlap, or butt. The fab shop’s main concern with corners is the sheet metal’s memory. Overbending each flange is necessary to allow it tospring back to the correct unrestrained angle.
This topic was covered in more detail in Part II of this series.Design Guide No. 4: Work With the U-channels When it comes to two or more closely spaced bends, the design theme for manufacturing is extremely important. U-channels may be modeled in many ways: as part of the sketch for the base flange, a pair of edge flanges, or a miter flange. In
the fab shop, U-channels are created by a sequence of two bending operations. The first bend is almost always easy, but design limits do exist. The overall design is limited in maximum flange depth by the backgauge’s reach—29 in., for example—and is limited in flange length by the tooling bed and frame of the brake—72 in., for example. The second
bend in a U-channel has additional constraints. As this bend is completed, the first flange swings into position to complete the U. See Figures 3a and 3b. The frame of the brake may prevent that swing from completing.
For small U-channels, the tooling itself may present the interference.
Figure 2 The workpiece must fully bridge across the V die as the upper tool creates the bend. V-die width of 6x the material means the shortest flange is 3x material thickness.
Here’s a DFM tip: It may be necessary to make the U out of an L and an I that are welded together. During setup in the fab shop, profile templates of brake tooling can be used to visually select the upper punch. With a 1-to-1 drawing of the completed U-channel, the shop can position the tooling template to verify that access is sufficient to complete
the second bend. Then the actual tooling can be loaded into the brake with confidence. Similarly, in the CAD shop, models of brake tooling, please see Figure 2, can be used to evaluate the design for fabrication access. Access is a significant requirement; strength of the tooling matters as well. The tonnage required to bend the part is equally
important. Longer flange length and greater thickness call for increased tonnage. Increasing the bend radius with a wider V die helps to reduce the tonnage needed to complete the bend. If in doubt, consult with the fab shop regarding its capability. A folding brake’s upper jaw limits the range of U-channel sizes that can be formed, as the first flange
swings toward it. Narrow U-channels are routine on folding brakes. Press brakes have more difficulty forming closely spaced bends because of structural requirements of pressing rather than folding. Strength needed to complete the bend simply takes up space. Gooseneck tooling is used in press brakes to form relatively narrow U-channels. However,
the shape of this tooling is inherently weaker than a straight punch. Check with the fab shop regarding maximum material thickness and minimum U-channel sizes. Gerald Davis uses CAD software to design and develop products for his clients at www.glddesigns.com. Please send your questions and comments to dand@thefabricator.com. Sheet metal
forming is a process in which plates of various thicknesses and chemical assemblies are processed into semi-finished products and finished products made of sheet metal. We use sheet metal with up to 3 mm thickness and plates with sizes of up to 1500 mm x 3000 mm. The types and quality of the sheet metals which are most often used: Cold-rolled
stainless steel (DC01) Hot-dip galvanized sheet metal (DX51D+Z275) Electro-galvanized sheet metal (DC01+ZE 25/25) Aluminized steel sheets (DX51D+AZ150NA) Stainless steel sheets of various qualities and surfaces (WN 1.4301, WN 1.4016) Aluminium of different qualities and surfaces (AlMg3, AlMg1, Al99,5) Anodised sheet metal (AlMg1
E6/EV1 15my) Typical products from sheet metal of our own production are: sheet metal housings (housing of electronic devices, etc.) , front panels (decorative cover plates made of sheet metal for a variety of appliances), carriers and holders (holder for monitor, etc.), tin boxes, etc. Sheet metal forming is a process where pieces of sheet metal are
modified to its geometry.
The applied process provides a force that causes the material to deform as a result of the stress. This in turn allows for the sheet to be bent and stretched into a variety of complex shapes. The desired shape is achieved through plastic deformation, without undergoing any machining like milling.
The sheet metal forming process can be used to produce a wide variety of different components. These components range in weight from several hundred grams up to several tons. Common Sheet Metal Forming Process Sheet metal forming processes are those in which force is applied to a piece of sheet metal to modify its geometry rather than
remove any material. The applied force stresses the metal beyond its yield strength, causing the material to deform plastically but not to fail completely. By doing so, The sheet can be bent or stretched into a number of intricate shapes as a result of this process. Sheet metal forming processes include the following: 1.Crimping Crimping is a sheet
metal forming process. After the initial production of sheet metal, there are usually sharp edges with “burrs”. The purpose of crimping is to smooth the sharp and rough sheet metal edges to meet the use requirements of the project. 2.Bending Bending is another common sheet metal forming process. Manufacturers usually use brake press or similar
mechanical press for metal bending. The sheet metal is placed on the die, and the punch is pressed down on the sheet metal. The huge pressure makes the sheet metal bend.
A bend can be characterized by several different parameters: Bend line. The straight line on the surface of the sheet, on either side of the bend, that defines the end of the level flange and the start of the bend. Outside mold line. The straight line where the outside surfaces of the two flanges would meet, were they to continue. This line defines the
edge of a mold that would bound the bent sheet metal.
Flange length. The length of either of the two flanges, extending from the edge of the sheet to the bend line. Mold line distance. The distance from either end of the sheet to the outside mold line. Setback. The distance from either bend line to the outside mold line. Also equal to the difference between the mold line distance and the flange length. Bend
axis. The straight line that defines the center around which the sheet metal is bent. Bend length. The length of the bend, measured along the bend axis. Bend radius. The distance from the bend axis to the inside surface of the material, between the bend lines. Sometimes specified as the inside bend radius. The outside bend radius is equal to the inside
bend radius plus the sheet thickness. Bend angle.
The angle of the bend, measured between the bent flange and its original position, or as the included angle between perpendicular lines drawn from the bend lines. Bevel angle. The complimentary angle to the bend angle. 3.Ironing Sheet metal can also be ironed to obtain uniform thickness. For example, many beverage cans are made of aluminum.
The aluminum metal plate is too thick for the beverage can in the original state, so it needs to be ironed to make it thinner and more uniform. 4.Laser Cutting Laser cutting has become a more and more common sheet metal forming process. When the sheet metal is exposed to high power and high density laser, the heat of the laser melts or vaporizes
the sheet metal in contact with it, forming a cutting process. This is a faster and more accurate cutting method, which is automatically executed by computer numerical control (CNC) laser cutting machine. 5.Stamping Stamping is a common sheet metal forming process, which uses stamping machine and die group to punch holes in sheet metal.
During machining, the sheet metal is placed between the punch and the die, and then the punch is pressed down and passes through the sheet metal, thus completing the punching process. Applications Of Sheet Metal Forming Automotive industry (e.g. doors, hoods, fenders) Aircraft industry (e.g. wings, fuselage) Home appliance industry (e.g. sinks,
cooker hoods, freezers) Food industry (e.g. cooking pots, canned goods) Electrical Industry Medical Industry