Digital SAT Textbook With Answers

PART I: ALGEBRA
1.1 BASIC CONCEPTS

ORDER OF OPERATIONS
PGERMDAS
What is the value of
!"#×%
!"%×!
+
√'#"(
#)÷%!
? IS
I'D 1.2. PG: Parenthesis and other grouping symbols (inside out)
33
v35 3131 63 2
22 ER: Exponents and roots (inside out) 3 23
3.
4.
MD: Multiplication and division (left to right)
AS: Addition and subtraction (left to right) 3ft q I 0.5
0.666666
3
LAWS OF ARITHMETICS +(-"!)(-/%)"%+
What is the value of ? 4 4 4
- 4,4 41 11
I
• COMMUTATIVE LAW: When adding or multiplying, order doesn’t
matter. Example: 3 + 8 + 12 = 8 + 12 + 3. PITY 24
• ASSOCIATIVE LAW: When adding or multiplying, grouping doesn’t
matter. Example: 2 + (3 + 4) + 5 = (2 + 3) + (4 + 5)
1 311 21
• DISTRIBUTIVE LAW: When a grouped sum/difference is being
F first xxx x2
t
multiplied/divided, you may “distribute” the multiplication/division.
no+ 8) = 15 (20) + 15 (8)
Example: 15 (20 inner 3 ex
SIMPLIFICATION OF EXPRESSIONS If x and y are positive numbers such that 3x – 2y = 7, what is i

14 1
%0"1
the value of ?
• LAW OF SUBSTITUTION: If two things are equal, you can always #-7 311 24
substitute one for the other.
• OPERATIONS: Every operation can be expressed in terms of its
inverse. Example: Subtracting -16 is the same as adding 16.
• FACTORING IDENTITIES:
o (# + $)% = (# + $)(# + $) = #% + 2#$ + $%
2! /3! (
o (# − $)% = (# − $)(# − $) = #% − 2#$ + $% If m and n are real numbers such that %2/%3 = %, what is the
o (# + $)(# − $) = #% − $% value of m + n?
att x1 x I lmatym.nl L
my L
mtn 9
ABSOLUTE VALUE What is the distance between d and -10 on the number line?
The absolute value of a number a (|a|) is the distance from a to 0 on
the number line.
Id 101
The absolute value of the difference between two numbers (|a-b|) is
the distance between a and b on the number line, regardless of which
I 10 d
number is greater. n a 1 lota
3 u as lot d
a
is sa
s 13 1 121 2
13 3
I if I
ROUNDING WHOLE PART DECIMAL PART
The process of rounding implies adjusting the digits to make rough

Hundred-Thousandths
Hundred Thousands
calculations easier.
Ten-Thousandths
Ten Thousands
Decimal Point
Thousandths
Hundredths
Thousands
Hundreds
Millionths
• If the unit of the number is less than five, the number needs
Millions
Tenths
1,000,000
0.000001
100,000
0.00001
Ones
Tens
10,000
0.0001
1,000
0.001
0.01
100
0.1
10
to be rounded down.
.
• If the unit of the number is 5 or above, the number needs to

be rounded up.
This document has been created for educational purposes only and meant to be used exclusively by
SCORE – SAT Prep and College Counseling. This document may not be distributed or reproduced 1
without the express written consent of its authors.
PART I: ALGEBRA
1.2 Linear Equations
9.10
10 181 18 0.18
100018 91.18 Gv
88 0.0
10110.181 411.8101
WORD PROBLEMS 164
The Horizon Resort charges $150 per night for a single room,
The easiest way to solve word problems is by breaking them down and a one-time valet parking fee of $35. There is a 6.5% state
following these steps: tax on the room charges, but no tax on the valet parking fee.
1. Identify the relevant quantities. What equation would represent the total charges in dollars, C,
2. Represent those quantities with algebraic expressions. for a single room, valet parking, and taxes, for a stay of n nights
3. Translate the facts into equations. at the Horizon Resort?
4. Solve the equations for the relevant quantities.
interpretation yint
1
M
3 150n 1 0.0651 35
mxtb
y store b initialvalue 150h 1.0651 35 goinformationintext
form
tint
y ym changer
31 11 159.75h 35
y int x 0 3 slope one
point
x x
CONSTRUCTION AND INTERPRETATION
yx int y o
The graph of the line % in the xy-plane passes through the point
• Linear equations can be written in any of the following forms: (2, 5) and has an x-intercept of 7. Which of the following gives
Linear form Equation Slope Y-intercept X-intercept the equation of a line that is perpendicular to line % and passes
by C Slope-intercept y = mx + b m b - through the point (4, 2)? 7 01
axe Standard ax + by = c -a/b c/b - a. - = −/ + 6
aft Point-slope
Intercept
y - y1 = m(x - x 1)
x / a+y / b =1
m
- b
-
a
- b. - = −/ + 4
c. - = / − 2
s
iX
*The intercept form cannot be used for horizontal lines or lines passing through the origin. d. - = / + 2 n
a. The slope of a linear equation shows how much a line goes up or
down when you take one step to the right along the line. It can be
calculated using the following formula: 1 m 2 11m a 1
a.tn 1
)*$( -# − -! 2 14
71
am 11m 1
$%&'( = =
)+, /# − /! 3
b. Parallel slopes have equal values: 0! = 0# 3mm 1mm
!
I 3 slope me s mm 1
wtf
c. Perpendicular slopes are opposite and reciprocal: 0! = − %
!
d. A line with a positive slope goes up as you move to the right. ovation
linen
e. A line with a negative slope goes down as you move to the right.
4
f. A horizontal line has a 0 slope. m so y 2 11
x 4
g. A vertical line has an undetermined slope.
my y2 2
h. Distance between two points on a line: 1(/! − /# )# + (-! − -# )#
" &" ' &'
Y 13
i. Midpoint: ( " # ! ; " # !)
na916
15633.5
3 522.5
ALGEBRAIC MANIPULATION
2 ()%
For 7 = *!
, find G in terms of F, M, m and r2.
“What is m in terms of p and q” is another way of saying “solve for m” i F ra Gum
x
or “use algebra to get m alone”.
2x Find G
re F Gmm ex ra Gym
ra or r
Fera Gmm rejoym
LAWS OF EQUALITY ! #
If " + $" = 4, what is the value of x?
1. Whatever you do to change the value of one side of an equation,
I
you must also do to the other side. 23 6
It
MCM
2. You may add, subtract, or multiply anything you want on both sides
of any equation at any time. ng o
3. You may divide both sides of any equation by any number except 0.
4. If you want to take the square root of both sides of an equation, 4
remember that every positive number has two square roots: one 3312
positive and one negative.
I
2
4 X IRI s tax
g
PART I: ALGEBRA A
1.3 Inequalities x 2
x 2
1 I DX
LAWS OF INEQUALITY
! !
If − " < −2$ + 1 < − # , what is one possible value of x?
1. Whatever you do to change the value of one side of an inequality,
you must also do to the other side.
2. You may add or subtract anything you want from both sides of an ax a
inequality, or multiply or divide by any positive number without ja s 153
changing the direction of the inequality. 3 ax t
3. You may not perform undefined operations to an inequality
(dividing by 0) or operations that have more than one possible
result (taking a square root).
81.1 x
hi
4. If you multiply or divide both sides by a negative number, you must
switch the direction of the inequality. x
EQ 311 9
x 93 31
INTO 31 9 3
3ua t 3f
I
3
4 x the
directionchanges
mmmmbya divided negative
a3 mm
GRAPHING INEQUALITIES a o
as IE Graph the following inequalities:
a. * > −3
• For inequalities in the form $ ≥ (, the expression can be drawn on nay
the number line. Example: $ ≥ −3. b. * ≥ −$ + 1
c. * ≤ 2$ + 3
d. * < 12 a b ye xt
oo r
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y ya xt
a y 12
• For inequalities on the xy-plane, follow these steps: a
1. Change the symbol to “=” and draw the inequality as an YZ XH
equation. 54 2 3 o 01
y
2. Choose a point that does not lie on the line of the
inequality.
3. Substitute the coordinates of the chosen point in the 110o
inequality. 08013
4. Check if the values comply with the inequality.
5. If the values comply, the inequality contains all points to
that side of the line.
6. If the values do not comply, the inequality contains all
points to the other side of the line.
PART I: ALGEBRA
1.4 Linear Systems
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS Findy (" + )$ = 12 by axe
y Ext
A system of equations is a set of two or more equations that must be 2" + 8$ = 60
true simultaneously. 84 2 60
p tag tank
In the system of equations above, a and b are constants. If the
Systems can have different types of solutions: system has infinitely many solutions, what is the value of a/b?
2
a. No solution: The equations do not intersect. In the case of
FIFI I
linear systems, the lines are parallel. Equal slopes, different
y-intercepts.
b. Infinite solutions: The equations lie on the same line, so they
1,213
122 sb
24 156
7 b b
I if I g a
are coincidental. Equal slopes, same y-intercept.
4 334
41
c. One solution: The lines intersect at one point. Different ." − 3$ = 4 4
slopes, y-intercept may be the same or different. 41457 4" − 5$ = 7
Y
d. Multiple solutions: The lines intersect at multiple points. This
does not apply to linear systems.
4In the system of equations above, k is a constant and x and y
are variables. For what value of k will the system of equations
Boy
have no solution?
Mima
NOsolution b be
p y
METHODS FOR SOLVING SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS Solve the following system using substitution:
3" + $ = 3$ + 4 3164414 34 4 x 644
Solving a system of equations means finding all the values that make t x a na
" + 4$ = 6 8
all of the equations true at the same time. There are several methods
Ox 4 31 6 p
that can be used to solve these systems:
a. Substitution: If one variable is isolated or can be easily isolated
amy
1242 2
in one of the equations, the law of substitution can be used to

Solve the following system using combination:
solve the system.
3" + $ = 3$ + 4
b. Combination: In a system of equations it is possible to add or
61 31 44 6
subtract the corresponding sides of the equation together to
" + 4$ = 6
Ixty 34 4
4 4117 6
get a new equation while trying to eliminate variables.
3 24 4 34 3,4 1 yay a x
c. Graphing: If a system of equations can be graphed, the 144 14
x 2
solution to the system is the intersection of the graphs. 41
Solve the following system using graphing:
3" + $ = 3$ + 4 3 24 4 3 4 24
Systems of inequalities are usually solved graphically, as it is easier to
visualize the intersection of two or more inequalities on a graph. To
" + 4$ = 6 y4 xt6 zx yy
xay
graph a system of inequalities, plot each inequality individually and find 44
the common area shaded by all inequalities.
tiny
1 Yint
PART II: Problem Solving and Data Analysis
2.1 Data Analysis
AVERAGE OR ARITHMETIC MEAN Media The average of four numbers is 15. If one of the numbers is 18,
what is the average of the remaining three numbers?
The average or arithmetic mean of a set of numbers can be calculated
at d 15 8tbtctd go
with the following formula:
15 1,8 17 btc btctd 60 18
ig.ws
()* ,- .)*/#$0
!"#$%&# =
# ,- .)*/#$0 5,1 atbtctd btgtd 432 14
16.66 16.7 at btctd 60
The weighted average is the average of two or more groups that do not Ms. Aguilar’s class, which has 20 students, scored an average
have the same number of elements. of 90 points on a test. Mr. Bowle’s class, which has 30 students,
scored an average of 80 points on the same test. What was the
301 TA 17 30 1830 19.40
111g combined average score, in points, for the two classes?
301 EP A 16
401 EF 19 17 0,3 16.013 190.4 17.5 9020580.30 84
20 y30
17,181194,1611511415
MEDIAN Mediana
The median of 1, 6, 8 and k is 5. What is the average of these
The median of a set of numbers is the value of the number located in four numbers?
the middle when the numbers are ordered increasingly or decreasingly.
3.5 6 5 1 8
When the number or values is odd, the median can be calculated using
K I 6 8 X Kt 446 14
the following formula: 4 6 10 4.75
# ,- .)*/#$0 + 1 8521 43 1 10 6
2#34%. 5#$* = 8 a
2 K
When the number of values is even, the median will be the average of
I 6
the two middle values. Divide the number of values by two to find the I 6 8 K X
first middle term. The second middle term will be the next consecutive 7
term. m3
1Odd 1,2030 4,5
11 Even 1 2.03.4.516 324 3.5
MODE If a set of numbers contains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 5, 4.
The mode of a set of numbers is the number that appears the most What is the mode of the set?
frequently. If all numbers occur equally, then the set does not have a I I
mode. 1.2.213 2 I
ii 2.2.3
11.2.2.313nomode 4
P
A set of numbers can have more than one mode and be multimodal. For
two modes, the set is called bimodal; for three modes, the set is called
trimodal.
DATA SPREAD Eh The range of a set of data is defined as the absolute difference
MM
Data spread refers to how a set of data is distributed, focusing on how between the least value and the greatest value in the set. If five
far the values are from the mean or median. Outliers are values that are positive integers have an average of 10, what is the greatest
much larger or smaller than the rest of the values in the set. They possible range of this set?
generally affect the mean more than the median.
Measures of spread:
• Range: The difference between the highest and lowest values in a
data set.
• Standard deviation: The average distance of each element from the
mean. The more spread out the data is on a graph, the larger the
standard deviation.
ii.iiiiii.si
SCORE – Test Prep and College Counseling. This document may not be distributed or reproduced 5
2.1 Data Analysis
CORRELATION
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CORRELATION
• Positive correlation: If one variable increases, the other variable has a tendency to also increase (direct variation).
• Negative correlation: If one variable increases, the other variable has a tendency to decrease (inverse variation).
• No correlation: If one variable increases, the other variable does not tend to either increase or decrease.
STRONG AND WEAK CORRELATION

• Strong correlation: If one variable increases or decreases, there is a higher chance of the second variable increasing or decreasing.
In a graph, the points tend to form a line at an angle.
• Weak correlation: If one variable increases or decreases, there is a lower chance of a relationship between the variables. In a
graph, the points tend to spread or form a very flat or vertical line.
DATA INFERENCE AND SURVEY INTERPRETATION
• Population parameter: A numerical value that describes a characteristic of a population (for example, the percentage of
registered voters who would vote for a certain candidate). We often do not know the value of this parameter, and
statistics are used to estimate it based on a sample from the population.
• Selection of a sample: In order for a sample to be representative, subjects must be selected at random, and a significant
part of the total population must be considered.
• Margins of error: The value of the margin of error is affected by the variability of the data (the larger the standard deviation,
the larger the margin of error; the smaller the standard deviation, the smaller the margin of error) and the sample size
(increasing the size of the random sample provides more information and typically reduces the margin of error). Also, the
margin of error applies to the estimated value of the population parameter only, but it does not inform the estimated value
for an individual.
• Generalization:
2.2 Rates and ratios
Ish 2tn
10min ominaA
RATES 5h
A water pump for a dredging project can remove 180 gallons
Rate expresses a measure, quantity or frequency between two elements. of water per minute, but it can only work for 2.5 consecutive
The formula for rate is given by the units in a problem. For example, if hours, at which time it requires 20 minutes of maintenance
the unit used is kilograms per second: before it can be brought back online. While it is offline, a
smaller pump is used in its place, which can pump 80 gallons
&'()$* ,- ./0,1*"(2 per minute. Using this system, what is the least amount of time
!"#$ =
&'()$* ,- 2$3,452 it would take to pump 35,800 gallons of water? 2 Sh 60 150m
150min 27,000gal
Rates provide conversion factors that can be used to solve the problem. A 1809mg
For example, if the exercise states that a rocket burns fuel at a rate of 15 remainingvolume 35,800
27,000 8,800991 20
kilograms per second, two conversion factors can be identified: 40
B 20min 1600
809mg 210min
A
1 9.104 15011 !" $%&'()*+, ! ,-.'/0
or !" $%&'()*+,
pg zag
a
3.5h
8
! ,-.'/0
40min
A 1189g 1min x 79,80
RATIOS cu
Bronze is an alloy consisting of copper and Sh
tin. If 50 kg of a
A ratio is a mathematical relationship between two quantities bronze alloy of 20% tin and 80% copper is mixed with 70kg of
expressed as the quotient of those quantities. a bronze alloy of 5% tin and 95% copper, what fraction, by
weight, of the combined alloy is tin?
Ratios can be:
• Part-to-whole: They compare a part to the whole. For cu Sn
example, the number of female students in a class compared
501980 4011920 long
51
to the total number of students in the class. These can also be 70kg951
gag 3.5kg
expressed as percentages of the whole. 12019 106.5kg 13.5kg
• Part-to-part: They compare one part to another part. For
example, the number of female students in a class compared At the Andromeda Book Store, the ratio of self-help titles to
to the number of male students in the class. fiction B
I titles is 3:10, and the ratio of biography F
titles to fiction
B
titles is 2:7. What is the ratio of biography s
titles to self-help
Probabilities can also be expressed as ratios, where a subset of equally titles?
likely events is compared to a larger set of equally likely events. 5
1 35
É
30 a
30students parttowhole yes s
20girls 381138 315 DB
10boys 4 27 25
If
parttopart
2 I pb L
UNIT CONVERSIONS
38128
1 511
Niko is 27 inches shorter than his father, who is 5 feet 10 inches
A conversion factor is a fraction in which the numerator and the tall. How tall is Niko? Express your answer in feet (1 foot = 12
denominator are equal. For example, 1 mile equals 1.609 kilometers: inches). 70in
Father 5.12 10
Esttiain 6ft
1 (/0$ Niko 70 27 43in
6,47$*2/,4 -"3#,* (.( #, (/):
1.609 ./0,($#$*2 43 12 03,5830 0.583.12 7
6,47$*2/,4 -"3#,* ((/ #, .():

1.609 ./0,($#$*2
30
3ft in
3
1 (/0$ If a factory can manufacture b computer screens in n days at a
cost gc dollars per screen, then which of the following
When using conversion factors, units must cancel properly to yield the represents the total cost, in dollars, of the computer screens
unit needed in each case. that can be manufactured, at that rate, in m days?
a.
1.+ 7
/
1+/
computerscreensper day 303 10 DE
b. .
+.
costperday 10.5 50 by c
c. 1/ cost fort days 50.7 350 bby.com
1.
d. +/
boy
2.3 Percentages and Proportions
PERCENTAGES
What percent of 150 is 93?
• TRANSLATING PERCENT PROBLEMS: Translation key for word
problems: 930 0.62 621
o “is” means equal ( = )
o “of” means multiplication ( * ) On the day it was issued, one share of a stock in Consolidated
o “what” means an unknown ( x ) Energy was priced at $50. If the share price increased by 120%
o “per” means division ( / ) 141of so 77 in its first five years and by 150% in its next five years, what was
o “percent” means division by 100 ( /100) 501of14 the share price, in dollars, after 10 years?
• COMMUTATIVE LAW OF PERCENTAGES: x% of y = y% of x. For originalprice 50
example, it is easier to calculate 25% of 80 than 80% of 25. Aftersyears 50.2.2 110
• CHANGING BY PERCENTAGES: 501100511 5011.57
o To increase a number by a%, multiply by (100 + a)% or by
after10years 1102.5 4275
(1 + a%). If a population of bacteria increases from 80 cells to 220 cells,
o To decrease a number by a%, multiply by (100 – a)% or by what is the percent increase in this population?
(1 – a%). 501100571
• PERCENT CHANGE: To find a percent change, use the following
formula:
A 2208880.100 1751 v
f p my
1 civ tca.va cm.vn
)*%$+ $-./%0 − 20$30*%& $-./%0
%"#$%&' = ∗ 566
20$30*%& $-./%0 How many liters of a 40% saline solution must be added to 4
liters of a 10% saline solution to make a 20% saline solution?
c u
0.4 01.4 0.24 4
401 X 0.8
0.4 0.4 0.2 0.4
0.4 0.24 0.8
101 4
201 xt4
0.2158 1 2
PROPORTIONS AND SCALING 8
! "&#
If a, b and c are real numbers such that = , which of the
• PROPORTIONS:
o A proportion is a statement that two ratios are equal.
following must also be true?
"%#
80
!
$ " a. 9' + ;' − < ' = 0 a a b c btc

= b. 9' − ;' − < ' = 0 a yaca
7 8 a bate O
o Law of cross-multiplication: In any proportion, the cross- c. 9' − ;' + < ' = 0
products must be equal. d. 9' + ;' + < ' = 0
! #
If " = $ , then $8 = 7"
a
o Law of cross-swapping: Cross-swapping can be done in any
proportion.
! # $ # ! "
If " = $ , then " = ! and # = $
• SCALING: Scaling represents the relationship between a On a scale blueprint, the drawing of a rectangular patio has
measurement on a model and the corresponding measurement dimensions 5 cm by 7.5 cm. If the longer side of the actual patio
on the actual object. measures 21 feet, what is the area, in square feet, of the actual
• RULE OF THREE: The Rule of Three is a Mathematical Rule that patio?
7,1 21
Blueprint
allows you solve problems using proportions. Knowing three t
values and the relationship between them allows to calculate the som 5 47 2115
value of a fourth unknown value. For direct proportions, direct 7.5 105
Rule of Three is used. For inversed proportions, Inverse Rule of 3,5 x 19 14
Three is used. som
hours em patio
X
tf E
A
DIRECT RULE OF THREE INVERSE RULE OF THREE
421ft
7,1
n
2.4 Probabilities
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITIES
A B C C Inc. Total
MD
A conditional probability is the probability that something is true given Test 1 10 11 2 1 1 25
that something else is also true. Test 2 12 8 3 0 2 25
Test 3 7 12 6 0 0 25
Test 4 10 9 3 0 3 25
Solving conditional probability problems often require finding
Total 39 40 14 1 6 100
population fractions, where the numerator of the fraction is the
required population and the denominator of the fraction is the total The letter grades on four tests for Ms. Hartman’s 25 students
universe being considered. (including incomplete grades marked “Inc.”) are tabulated
above. Five students in the class received an A on both test 3
and test 4. If one of the students who received an A on either
test 3 or 4 is chosen at random, what is the probability that
he or she received an A on test 4? La WHAT
IF
2 55 E
If the incomplete grades are excluded from the statistics for
each test in the table above, for which of the tests was the
median grade higher than b?
y
a. None of the tests
b. Test 2 only
c. Tests 1 and 2 only
d. It cannot be determined from the given information.
ARRANGEMENTS S
A cafeteria has a lunch special consisting of soup or salad; a
• ARRANGEMENTS: Arrangements are used to determine how many Wsandwich; B coffee, tea, or a non-alcoholic beverage; and a
arrangements of something are possible. For items of different Ddessert. If the menu lists 2 soups, 3 salads, 6 sandwiches, and
categories, the number of options in each category are multiplied. 10 desserts, how many different lunches can one choose?
• FACTORIALS: The factorial of n is the number of ways in which the
n elements of a group can be ordered. It is expressed as n!, where
S W B D
n! = 1 * 2 * … * (n – 2) * (n – 1) * n. 5 6 3 10
N D S W B D
s
31 3 2 1 Y D By 5
fr
71 7.65.43 2 I
2 l gym
sa w
y
B
Ds f3
1001 10099.9897 Da
s n
n
Ss n
In how many ways can 4 letters be combined?
ABCD
BACD CARD DABC
ABCD
ABDC BADE CADB
CBAD DBAC
4 4.3.2
ACBD
BEAD 41 24
III
BEDA
ACDB
Boac DAB DCAB
ADBC
ADCB Boca
2.5 Tables and graphs
TABLES
! ! "!
Plot the graph for !(#) = #!"!. X Y
Tables are useful when analyzing information that falls into non- 6 713 2.33
4
overlapping categories.
at 18
3 y 53
I
1.65
Tables can be useful for analyzing functions because they help to 2

plot graphs and identify important patterns. For any equation 0 ERROR
0.33
expressing y in terms of x, a table of ordered pairs can be created. 2 43
4 I
1.66
I 6 93
i pox
6 y no
VENN DIAGRAMS In a poll of 250 college students, 137 said that they attended at
Venn diagrams are useful when analyzing information that falls into least one athletic event in the past year, and 115 said that they
overlapping categories. attended at least one career services event in the past year. If
82 of these students attended both an athletic event and a
career services event in the past year, how many students
attended neither an athletic event nor a career services event
in the past year?
6 115
A 137
55 82 33
80
0 250
55 82 33 170
250 170 80
SCATTERPLOTS The scatterplot to the left shows 40 readings for particulate
matter (a pollutant) concentration, in micrograms per cubic
Scatterplots are graphs of ordered pairs of data. They can show meter, in a metropolitan area over 9 years. Based on the line
relationships between variables that don’t vary in a highly predictable of best fit shown as a solid line, which is closest to the average
way. yearly decrease in particulate matter concentration?
a. 0.32 mcg/m3 per year
A line of best fit is a line that englobes these points optimally, showing b. 0.64 mcg/m3 per year
the basic relationship between the variables. To draw a line of best fit, c. 3.2 mcg/m3 per year 2040 i8
you must roughly estimate that there are the same number of points d. 6.4 mcg/m3 per year
above and below the line.
11.25 10 0.3125
m
I I 20062010
145 8
According to the line of best fit to the data to the left, which
of the following is closest to the percent decrease in average
12.5 particulate matter concentration for 2007 to 2012?
120061
a 2010.10 a. 9%
7É a
b. 18%
c. 36%
d. 60%
0.1818 100 18.181

D 941.100 7 100
PIE GRAPHS
Maria is constructing a pie graph to represent the expenses
A pie chart is a circular statistical graph that is divided into slices to for her project. Here, expenses fall into three categories:
illustrate numerical proportion. DS and development.
Mmarketing, design, Dr She knows that the
marketing expenses are $12,000 and the design expenses are
When analyzing graphs, the following formula is essential: $30,000, but the development expenses could range
&'() /.0(..1 34 )ℎ. 1.5),( anywhere from $30,000 to $48,000. Based on this
= information, which of the following could be the measure of
*ℎ,-. 360
the central angle of the sector representing marketing
expenses. 301000 48000
a. 45° DV
b. 54° M 12.000 3888 Ds 30,000 3 80
c. 62° Ds 30,000 3 8808 Du 48,000
30,000
d. 65° D
a
600 36023 480
3600.1
OTHER GRAPHS
Bar graphs: They compare numeric values of any type and can be either horizontal or vertical. One axis represents the categories
being compared and the other axis represents the value of each category.
Histograms: They are a specific type of bar graph that illustrated the distribution of numeric data across categories.
Line graphs: They show how related data changes over a period of time.
Maps: They usually show a geographical area.
BOXPLOTS
A sample of 10 boxes of raisins has these weights in grams:
A boxplot is a standardized way of displaying the distribution of data
based on a five-number summary: 3,2
25, 28, 29, 29, 30, 34, 35, 35, 37, 38
• Minimum
• First quartile (Q1): The middle number between Make a box plot of the data.
the smallest number and the median.
• Median: The middle value of the data set. Note that 1 Median
30331,32
the median does not need to be in the middle of
the box. 2 Qi 29
• Third quartile (Q3): The middle number between
the largest number and the median. 3 03 35
• Maximum 4 Min 25
s Max 38
Is 126 127 128 19 10 31 32 133 34 315 3163738
To draw a boxplot, follow these steps:

• Order the data from smallest to largest.
• Find the median.
• Find the quartiles.
• Complete the five-number summary by finding the min and
max.
PART IiI: Passport to Advanced Math
3.1 Functions
BASIC CONCEPTS
1
4 2 Find the extraneous solution: √$ = $ + 2
output
• Function: A function is a recipe for turning any input number 1
12
I
(usually x) into an output number (usually y or f(x)).
I ty.gg ggIIq
• Extraneous or spurious solutions: Solutions that emerge from
the process of solving a problem but are not valid solutions to o NY xn
m
the problem. Denominator o
•
s
Undefined functions: Functions are said to be undefined at
! ! $%
points outside of their domain. Pay special attention to For what value is undefined?
&!
expressions with polynomials in the denominator.
4 74
Vata xa
Ext2 x28
4 0
8 358
y
16
I y 71,111,441
REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTIONS x g(x) h(x)
1 2 -9
Functions can be represented as: 2 4 -6
• Ordered pairs in a table: x y 3 6 -3
0 3 4 8 0
t
1 5 5 10 3
2 7 6 12 6
3 9 7 14 9
4 11 8 16 12
9 18 15
• Equations in functional notation: !($) = 2$ + 3
• Graphs in the xy-plane: What would the equation of g(x) be?
QII QI 4 ovation
y y mix x1
- = 2$ + 3 1 2 21
p 21
4 3
What would the equation of h(x) be?
14 01 5 3
x y teh y y mix x
a slope y 0 31 41
QIII QIV
COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS If !($ − 1) = 2$ + 3 for all values of x, what is the value of

!(−3)?
The notation !(#($)) indicated the composition of two functions (g and
f). Composition means that an initial value x is put into the function g, fix 1 fix a fl 3 q t
and the resulting value is put into the function f. Tx t a
2x att 13121375 fix11 2 33
1211 2121
7
If !($) = $ + 2 and !(#(1)) = 6 , which of the following could be g(x)? 3 fix 11 2 3 13 43 1
a. #($) = 3$ a sat 2 3
b. #($) = $ + 3 a oats
c. #($) = $ − 3
x xt2
If !(2$) = $ + 2 for all values of x, which of the following is
d. #($) = 2$ + 1 f glx gtx th equivalent to f(x)?
f gu 9111 2 6 a.
!"# i ax a
# six g
7 9 x x x 9111 62 b.
!
+2
fix 3 flax xt2
g 11 4
#
!$#
2 2 7 9 c.
#
a 2
d. 2$ − 2 a x 2
x x 7 ago 3117 3 X
f x3 x 3 7 4 4 ago 1 3 4
g x x211 7 go 1 3 24
ga 21171 34
3.1 Functions
TRANSFORMATION OF FUNCTIONS
I
µ
X
For !($) = $ # + 2$ + 1 For !($) = $ # − 1, what functions will yield…

a. !($) displaced one unit upwards and then reflected
• Movement in the x-axis: over the y-axis
o To the right: !($ − 1)
o To the left: !($ + 1) fx x2 I
• Movement in the y-axis:
x21 I x2
o Upwards: !($) + 1
o Downwards: !($) − 1 Ry Cxp x2
• Reflection over an axis:
o Over the x-axis: -!($)
o Over the y-axis: !(−$) b. !($) reflected over the x-axis and then displaced
• Stretching and shrinking: five units to the right
o Vertical stretch: /!($), when k > 1
fx x I
o Vertical shrink: /!($), when k < 1
Rx x1 x I
5 x5 l
1210 251 1
x lox as l
2 10 24
c. !($) stretched by a factor of 3 and then displaced 2
units to the left
x x2
5 3 31 21
311 2121
31 212 3
3.2 Quadratic Expressions
QUADRATIC FORMS O
Write 3" ! + 11" + 10 in factored form.
A quadratic expression (or second-degree polynomial) is any
expression of the form If !" ! + $" + %.
Quadratic equations can be expressed in three forms:
vertex max Y 125
a. Standard form: & = !" ! + $" + %, where: 3 511 2 0

Min 4
• a determines the orientation and width of the parabola:
o If a positive, the parabola opens upwards.
3,1
o If a is negative, the parabola opens downwards. Write (" + 3)(2" − 5) in standard form.
o An increasing a narrows the parabola.
o A decreasing a widens the parabola.
• b indicates the slope of the parabola at the y-intercept. s
• c indicates the y-intercept (0;c) and indicates and
upwards or downwards movement of the parabola.
"
• The vertical axis of symmetry is found at " = − !#.
" "!
• The vertex is found at (− !# ; % − $#). Write 2(" − 3)! − 5 in standard and factored forms.
b. Factored form: & = !(" − ,)(" − .)
standard
• a is a real number.
• p and q are the roots or x-intercepts. 21 2 6 9 5
c. Vertex form: & = !(" − ℎ)! + 0 2 2 12 18 5
• a is a real number.
DvertexChik 2 2 12 13
• h is the x-coordinate of the vertex of the parabola.
• k is the y-coordinate of the vertex of the parabola.
SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS extylexty

Which of the following is a factor of " ! + 8" + 16?
FACTORING
a. " − 4
1. Factor out any common factors using the distributive law.
b. " − 8 x
For example, 3" ! − 12" + 12 = 3(" ! − 4" + 4). c. " + 4
2. Apply factoring formulas. For example, 3(" ! − 4" + 4) = d. " + 8 x 8O
3(" − 2)(" − 2). atb a by a b catblea bl x 818TH
3. If no formulas can be applied, use the product-sum method
for 0 = !" ! + $" + % to find two factors of the form (dx+e)
and (mx+n) where the cross product of d*n + e*m = b, and
az y
Factorize 2" ! − 18 using common factors and applying
factoring formulas.
e*n = c.
4. If no factors can be found with the product-sum method, use commonfactor 21 29
the quadratic formula to find the roots and apply the Factor
Factoringformulas 21 371 3
Theorem (if a polynomial has a zero factor at x = b, then it
must have a factor of (x – b). r 5 410 3 1
b e
5 2 10 2 0
o the quadratic formula:
qg
Solve for x: 5" ! + 10" + 3 using
QUADRATIC FORMULA
Y ax'tbxtc
Any quadratic equation can be solved using the quadratic formula:
n x Stf
"=
−$ ± √$! − 4!%
2!
The discriminant of a quadratic equation is 9 = $! − 4!%, and it may go.at
101 87 I.n
10toV4T
!
t sign
How many roots does 0.5" + 4" + 8 have? What is the
a s
I
be: sum of its roots?
• D < 0, if the equation has no real roots (in this case it has two sumofitsroots Cale
D 62491 42 16
410.5118
8
imaginary roots).
• D = 0, if the equation has one real root.
Y
8 root
18 I 85
• D > 0, if the equation has two distinct real roots. manyreal
ax How one roots does 2" ! + 8" + 3 have? What is the
product of its roots? productofitsroots
%"
pqjg
Additionally, the sum of the roots of an equation is , and the Deba.ua
#
&
product of the roots of an equation is #. D 82462713
D 64 24
D 40 atworealroots
a
b
1 2 at
SCORE – Test Prep and College Counseling. This document may not be distributed or reproduced F 15
212
without the express written consent of its authors. 48
4Y
4 a 92

3.2 Quadratic Expressions
QUADRATIC GRAPHS
The graph of a quadratic expression will always be a parabola.
Depending on the form of the expression given, it is possible to use known values to graph the expression.
Roots
Graph 2" ! + 8" + 6. vertex
a y int
1 ROOTS
2
2 8 6 0
2 x2 4X t
I 31
2 x 3 xt1 O
t HEY
20VERTEX
Vx 1a
L 42
2 00
vy f2 2 8 6
27 6
Vy 2121281
Vy 214 16 6
Vy 8 16 6
vy 2
3.3 Higher order equations and operations
HIGHER ORDER POLYNOMIALS
Higher order polynomials are similar to quadratic expressions, but their
highest power is three or more.
O
What is the degree of (" + 3)(" − 5)(" + 1)? x
Max15
É
x2 2 1571 1
x 2311 11541 115 I
x2 x x2 1 tax 2
2x 15 15
x x 2
3
43 x2 17 15
What is the degree of " ! 3" + 3" + 10?
Txt 3 10 8
OPERATIONS WITH POLYNOMIALS
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION (8+" ,# + 6+# , − 4,# + 5) + (10+# , − 4+" ,# + 6+# − 7)

To add polynomials, identify the like terms (terms with the same exact
variables raised to the same exact power) and combine them.
893h 6a2b 462 5
ya'b 10aab 692 7
Yob 169b 462 692 2
(8+" ,# + 6+# , − 4,# + 5) − (10+# , − 4+" ,# + 6+# − 7)

10aab 49362 692 7
893h 6a2b 462 5

49362 Naab 692 7
129362 49b 462 692 12
MULTIPLICATION
To multiply polynomials, use distribution and multiply the coefficients of (9, − +,)(5+# , + 7+, − ,)
terms and use the rules of exponents to find the exponents for each
variable.
ii
3.3 Higher order equations and operations
DIVISION
(14" " 2)/(28" % 2 $ )
• To divide monomials, divide the coefficients and then use
the rules of exponents to divide the variables. 14 34 34
3
• To divide a polynomial by a monomial, distribute the
monomial as denominator for each term of the polynomial
28 6,4 2
and divide as monomials.
• To divide two polynomials:
o Write each of them in descending order, and (4" $ 2 & − 2" ' 2 " + 6" " 2 # )/(2" # 2)
complete missing terms with a coefficient of 0.
o Divide the terms with the highest powers and 4x4y 2 843 6 42
multiply the answer by the divisor (the polynomial
24 22 y any
you are dividing by).
11
o Subtract and bring down the next term. 24 x'y 34
o Repeat the process until there are no more terms
left.
o If there is a remainder, it must be written as a Use long division to divide (" " − 4" # + 2" − 3) ,2 (" + 2).
fraction in the final answer.
y
Tmt2
2
2x 3
GIL
Qudotient
2 2X
6
f 2 12X
6 6
61
0
14x
3
28 remaindyI
31
Ruffini’s rule may be used when the divisor has the form (x – a). For Use Ruffini’s rule to divide (" " − 4" # + 2" − 3) ,2 (" + 2).
example, to divide (" $ − 16) by (" + 2):
Mat
i Y 2
i E X
x 6 14
The Remainder Theorem calculates the remainder of a division when Use the Remainder Theorem to calculate the remainder of
the divisor has the form (x – a) by making (x – a) = 0, finding a, and (" " − 4" # + 2" − 3) /(" + 2).
replacing the value in the polynomial. If y = 0, then there is no
remainder. 213 4127 212 3 TtÉg
8 414 4 3
For an expression “x” to be a factor of another expression “y”, the
remainder of their division must be zero.
state
x 8 16 1458141 16 x
412814 16
40 x y
64 64 16 x
3.4 Exponents and Radicals
THE LAWS OF EXPONENTIALS
1. !
If n is a positive integer, !
23 2.2 2
means x multiplied by itself n times.
)"
If ( − 3+ = 6, which of the following is equivalent to *+# ?
2. If n is a negative integer, ! ! means (1/x) multiplied by itself n times. a. 3,
3. ! " = 1. 3 b.
- )
../ ja
14 L I I
33
4. ! # *! ! = ! #$! 2 c. (3%* )* pp sb
5. ! # /! ! = ! #%! 2
6. (! # )! = ! #!
!
√! # = ! #/! g r
ox g 1412 d. 3%, yay
7.
8.
f
If ! ' = ! ( and x > 1, then a = b.
9. If x = y, then ! # = ' # .
DX x Which of the following is equal to 8%% ?

$
Mex a. −2/
b. − *%
- H
is
c.
-
-"
85 If L
-
d.
*$
THE LAWS OF RADICALS *√*$5√-6

Which of the following is equivalent to ?
1.
!
√! # = ! #/! x Me √*
F FAYE TE a. 6√10
20 4952
! ! !
2. ( 2! )( 2' ) = 2!'
!
01 b. 7 F
! 1
I 2B turn
3. !
23
= 33
42,7 I c.
d.
14
19 252 4 3 A
B
Radicals can be simplified by: 2ft 12A
• Factoring out perfect squares from the radicand. I
• Multiplying top and bottom by the radical (in fractions). ME 14
• Multiplying top and bottom by the conjugate of the
denominator (if the denominator includes a sum or a
difference with radicals).
*Remember that expressions must only have radicals in the numerator
(never in the denominator). Therefore, you must rationalize your final If ! * = 4 and ' * = 9, and if (! − 2)(' + 3) ≠ 0, what is the
expressions using these methods. value of x + y?
a. -5 Fat To
A fo V4.10 F To 2T b. -1
c. 1
atb d. 5
B 2,36 2
Y Fg ab
B FL B 3 X 4 xx
2 2 3 1
C
f ft
t
2112 2321 51
by 3 4 Xty
y 9
byX
g zy.gg
SOLVING EXPONENTIAL AND RADICAL EQUATIONS If
-
= √2 , solve for x.
1$*
To solve exponential and radical equations, apply the laws of
exponentials and radicals to isolate the desired expression.
I
I Bx tar
Fix 2 F Er REEF P 3K p4
1 2B Ex
-
If *& = 4√2 , solve for k.
2k 22 2s
2k 222
k 2
2
IE
ka g
- %! !
If . / = ' $ , and 9 ≠ 0 , find x in terms of y.
√1
n
A y's
x2 y's
x y't
x y
x y sp
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Graph the function ' = 2(3)1 + 1 and identify:
An exponential function with base b is defined by :(!) = (+ 1 + ;, • Value of q:
where ( ≠ 0, + > 0, + ≠ 1, and x is any real number. • Effect of q:
• Value of a:
The effect of q: • Effect of a:
• The line y = q is the horizontal asymptote (the number that
• Value of b:
the function approaches but never reaches).
• Effect of b:
• For q > 0, f(x) moves vertically upwards by q units.
• Asymptote:
• For q < 0, f(x) moves vertically downwards by q units.
• Domain:
• Range:
The effect of a and b:
• If b > 1:
• If 0 < b < 1:
• If b ≤ 0, f(x) is not defined.
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY In 2016, the population of Town X was estimated to be
• In exponential growth and decay functions, the growth factor 35,000 people, with an annual rate of increase of 2.4%.
in the exponential function (“b”) is replaced by (1 + r) or (1 – r):
o Exponential growth: ' = ((1 + >)1
a f
Growth
r
o Exponential decay: ' = ((1 − >)1 a. What is the growth factor for Town X?
• In these functions:
o a represents the initial value before measuring growth Growthfactor It 2,10 1 0024 1.024
or decay.
o r represents the growth or decay rate, and it is often
represented as a percentage and expressed as a
decimal.
o 1+r or 1-r represents the growth or decay factor.
o x represents the number of time intervals that have
b. Write an equation to model future growth.
passed.
y a Itr
35,000 1,024
y
c. Use the equation to estimate the population in 2020 to

the nearest hundred people.
11 y
x Y
35,000 1,024 38,482 90697 38,500
ÉÉts
É
3.5 Rational Expressions
OPERATIONS WITH RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
! #
For !"# − ! , which of the following is equivalent to the
A rational expression is a fraction that has polynomials in both the
numerator and the denominator. expression for all positive values of x?
! ! $!$#
a. ! ! "!
To add or subtract rational expressions, find a common denominator ! ! $!"#
b.
and add or subtract like terms in the numerator.
c.
! ! "!
! ! $# Hits
To multiply rational expressions, multiply the numerators and the
! ! "! P x1
d. %
" −1 xxx
denominators.
3 43 45
To divide rational expressions, invert the second fraction and operate
as a multiplication.
3 xp
SIMPLIFYING RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS If " = 3& and & ≠ 2 , which of the following is equivalent to
catbliab
? asba
! ! $&'
Rational expressions, such as complex fractions, can be simplified by (!$')!
cancelling common factors or by multiplying top and bottom by a a.
*"%
convenient factor. *$% x 6 xD

b.
&*"%
x6 I
&*$%
c.
&*"% xt6
&* x6
+*! $&'
d. 39 6
+"&' za 6
319 2
319 2
ata
aa
SOLVING RATIONAL EQUATIONS # #

If x > 0 and !$# − !"# = 2, what is the value of x?
When solving equations that include fractions or rational expressions, xtito
it may be useful to simplify the equation by multiplying both sides by 140 x I
the common denominator. 2
2 2 22
iii J
x 111 1 4 2
s
1
2 24next
2 21 21
2 22a
The function f is defined by the equation )(") = " % − 3" −
18. If the function h is defined by the equation ℎ(") =
,(!)
, for what value of x does h(x) = 6?
%!$#%
hx fix 23 18 I
2 12 2 12 x 6 xx
ax 12
I 3
21 6
Htt gt3
hx X 6
3 12
x 9
3.6 Non-linear Expressions
PARENT FUNCTIONS
In order to understand how to manipulate non-linear expressions, it is essential to know the types of functions and equations that exist.
A parent function is defined as the simplest function that satisfies all requirements for a specific type of function.
3.6 Non-linear Expressions
MANIPULATION OF NON-LINEAR EXPRESSIONS Leaf’s Law states that ! = √2%
!
, where p represents price per
"# !
To manipulate non-linear expressions, respect the order of operations SAT book, q represents quantity of books purchased in bulk, and
and use the properties you have learned so far. x represents the number of years after 2016. What is p in terms
8
of L, q, and x?
I
L Fx P
L.gg
F yy.y
g fats
In F 1 3
89 24
gift
i2ps9 2x gtax.p
A
For & =
$%
√'()
pg
, find R in terms of P, T and I.
I Vitt PT
Vitt PI
HR PIP
R.PE
SOLVING NON-LINEAR SYSTEMS Find x and y if:

When solving non-linear systems, you can use the same methods ' = %* − %
iYeqgrati8 i
used for linear systems: substitution, combination, and graphing. ' =%−1
However, if the system has equations of different degrees or forms,
11it is better to use substitution instead of combination. x2 x x 1

PX X 1 0
I 2 1 0
x
2
454
next
to
y RX to
a
yint O
b Roots
PX O
XIX11 0 08
09 MX
1
0
ay
c vertex
ziti
Y RX O
O
I
4 152 4
1 and meant to be used exclusively by
This document has been created for educational purposes only
PART Iv: Additional Topics
4.1 Angles and PArallel Lines
THE INTERSECTING LINES THEOREM If two lines cross forming angle A with a measure of 35°, what
When two lines cross, the vertical angles that are formed are congruent is the measure of angles B, C, and D?
(they are the same), while the adjacent angles that are formed are
supplementary (their sum is 180 degrees).
90 C 1450
acute A = 35°
900 B 35
7
right
I D 45
390
obtuse
71800
straight
THE PARALLEL LINES THEOREM

D C
When two parallel lines are crosses by a third line, they form either eight
yo
right 90° angles, or four acute angles and four obtuse angles, where: 40
a. All acute angles are congruent, yo
IX 40
b. All obtuse angles are congruent,
c. And any acute angle is supplementary to any obtuse angle.
In the figure above, ABCD is a parallelogram, and point B lies

#### . If x = 40, what is the value of y?
on !"
ties 1 404040 9 180

120 9 180
a 60
294 60
THE “ZCUF” ANGLES

When two parallel lines are crosses by a third line, and the diagram gets
too complicated, the “ZCUF” angles can be used.
If lines l and m are parallel in the figure above, what is the

value of x?
36 43 4 180
4 81
s 81xty1800
to 4 180
4.2 Triangles
INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR ANGLES
Triangle ABC has three angles (A, B and C). If A measures 60° and
• In any triangle, the sum of the interior angles is 180°. B measures 90°, what is the measure of C?
To
B
790 IC
a + b + c = 180°
• In any triangle, if any side is extended, it makes an exterior If side BC was extended, what would the measure of exterior
angle with the adjacent side. The measure of any exterior angle angle C be?
equals the sum of the two remote interior angles.
e 60 90 150
e e
SIDES AND ANGLES

• Side-Angle Theorem: The biggest interior angle in a triangle will
always be opposite the biggest side, and the smallest interior
angle will always be opposite the smallest side. y
pextX
To
In the figure above, point D is on side AC of triangle ABC. If AD =

170 toy DB = DC, what is the value of x + y?
• Types of triangles based on the length of the sides:

o Equilateral: All three sides have the same measure, and
Bp 2 108 180
A 24 72
consequently all three internal angles have the same
5
measure. B 4 36
o Isosceles: Two sides have the same measure and two angles 180
have the same measure. According to the Isosceles Triangle C 24
2
Theorem, the two congruent angles will always be opposite 21361 24 180
180
72 24 108
the two congruent sides.
o Scalene: All sides and all angles have different measures. 24
4 54
THE TRIANGLE INEQUALITY
The sum of any two sides of a triangle must always be greater than the third side.
Therefore, the length of any side must be between the sum and the difference of the
other two sides.
3 stirs.gg
s
3 s 4 3 1 4 3 tr
4 53 2 5 3 81
4.2 Triangles congruent
s similar
e
CONGRUENCE AND SIMILARITY
IF
• Congruence means that two figures have the same shape and size. I
• Similarity means that two figures have the same shape but not the M
same size. µ
• A 8m 70
If two figures are similar, all corresponding angles are congruent, Yo 7m m
and all corresponding sides are proportional. 7,04
• Dilation is a technique used to create similar triangles, where each
point is stretched outwards from the center point by multiplying In the figure above, !"#### and ####
$% are line segments that
distances by the scale factor. intersect at point P. What is the value of m?
• The Angle-Angle (AA) Theorem: If two triangles have two
congruent pairs of corresponding angles, then the triangles are
similar, and all corresponding sides are proportional.
• Perimeters: If two similar polygons have corresponding sides in a If two triangles have corresponding sides in a ratio of 1:2,
ratio of a:b, then their perimeters have a ratio of a:b. what is the ratio of their perimeters, areas and volumes?
• Areas: If two similar polygons have corresponding sides in a ratio Per areas volume
of a:b, then their areas have a ratio of a2:b2. 3 5
e ya
• Volumes: If two similar solids have corresponding sides in a ratio of sig giger
Pa108624Az 2y Va24.2 48
a:b, then their volumes have a ratio of a3:b3.
10
6
hyp
g
THE PITHAGOREAN THEOREM c
is 199
isL
• The Pythagorean Theorem: If a, b and a c are the lengths of the sides is is
B is a y's
of a right triangle, where c is the longest side, then &! + (! = * ! . 2
• Special Right Triangles: 12 Y p12392
is a
p131315 913 5 6
What is the perimeter of quadrilateral ABCD in the figure
above? 42102242
n 100576
f 676
h F
n 26
HATEx2 262
712 676
• The Distance Formula: The Pythagorean Theorem can be used to

calculate distance: 3
o In two dimensions:
y The figure above shows a rectangular box with a length of
+ = ,(." − .# )" + (1" − 1# )"
24, a width of 10, and a height of x. If AB = √712 , what is
o In three dimensions: T T the volume of the box in cubic units?
+ = ,(." − .# )" + (1" − 1# )" + (2" − 2# )"
AREA If the sides of an equilateral triangle measure 2 cm, use both

• The area of any triangle can be calculated by multiplying its formulas to calculate the area.
base by its height and dividing the product by two. E
7=
8∗:
;
3 3
s
gs f
• The area of an equilateral triangle canItbe calculated using the
length of its side:
EEE
√< "
32 913
7=
=
> 3 3 A
f
4.3 Circles
EQUATIONS
Since a circle is defined as the set of all points in a plane that are at a Which of the following equations represents a circle in the xy-
fixed distance r from the center (h, k), the Pythagorean Theorem can plane that passes through the point (1, 5) and has a center of
be used to find the equation of the circle: (3, 2)?
a. (" − 3)! + (' − 2)! = √13 82 32 22
O X M
O O
(" − ℎ)! + (' − ()! = * ! b. (" − 3)! + (' − 2)! = 13
c. (" − 1)! + (' − 5)! = 13
12 9 4
P B
d. (" − 3)! + (' − 2)! = 25 13
X M 12 153
y
it
I go
ax
CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA

What is the area, in square centimeters, of a circle with a
• Circumference: Since π is defined as the ratio of the
circumference of 16π centimeters?
circumference of any circle to its diameter,
12*34567*7837 12*34567*7837
0= = Circumference
92:57;7* 2* cire 2Ir
Area Ipa Cire 218
12*34567*7837 = 20* 165 2117
• Area: If a circle is cut into tiny sectors and rearranged as HI8 rr
shown, a parallelogram-like shape with a height of r and a
length of half the circumference is created. Since the area of a 2 Area
parallelogram equals its base time its height,
< = (0*)(*) = 0* !
A t.ph
4.3 Circles
TANGENTS TO A CIRCLE
In the figure below, AAAAA
?@ is tangent to the circle at point P,
A line is tangent to a curve if it touches the curve at only one point and ?B = √269, and B@ = √244. If the circle has an area of
is perpendicular to the radius at the point of tangency. 100π, what is the area of triangle MOQ?
1 Ao nra
100it itra
my
iÉÉÉ 129T
100 12
1 1819
100 20ha
P
ay
1249
3 FQ y't102
42 100 244
Yd
4 AE 25210 2521 125cm
RADIANS
What is the degree measure of an angle that measures 4.5
A radian is a unit for measuring angles, and it represents the ratio of an
radians?
arc to a radius.
360 25rad X 360 4.5

4.5 rad 21T
x 257 830
"#$ !)#
For 360°, since 32*34567*7837 = 20, *:=2:8> = #"%&'( = #
= 20.
CHORDS
A chord is a line segment that connects two points on a circle. The
perpendicular segment from the center of the circle to a chord will
always bisect the chord.
41 I
nacite2
10247 2
10016
84 2
aaaaa If
The circle above has an area of 100π square centimeters.
165cm
AAAA from the center of the circle?

AB = 8, how far is <F
Ao Mr 1001T
ra 109
p2 100
v10
4.3 Circles
ARCS *Not to scale.
In the figure below, AC is a diameter of the circle with center O,
An arc is a portion of a circumference that has a corresponding central OB = 12, and the length of arc AB is 7π. What is the value of x?
angle. The ratio of an arc length to the circumference equals the ratio
of its central angle to 360°.
5<F " 7T
=
20* 360
Ryo105
ay yy
12
A minor arc is less than 180° and is equal to the central angle. A major
arc is greater than 180°. Minor arcs are named with two letters (its
i'cire 2171 217112 241T 20 4 180
endpoints), and major arcs are named with three letters (its endpoint
3 0 2417.4 360.7 Of.IE
and any other point in between).
IF y 360jy7I
4 105
SECTORS Area *Not to scale.
A sector is a “pie slice” of a circle. The ratio of a sector area to the In the figure below, AC is a diameter of the circle with center O
area of the circle is equal to the radio of its central angle to 360°. and OB = 7. If the measure of ACB is 20°, what is the area of the
<*7: I6 >73;I* " shaded sector?
!
=
0* 360
A
Joe I at
go
a
149,3ft
x 491 17.10
INSCRIBED AND CIRCUMSCRIBED ANGLES AND POLYGONS The measure of the inscribed angle ACD is x, and the measure of
• Inscribed vs. circumscribed: the central angle CAB is y. Find CAB in terms of x.
F
T N
T
A CAB 2X
•
Inscribed Circumscribed
Inscribed Angle Theorems:
I y Yaa
t
A a
re
I
FF
4.4 PERIMETERS, Areas, and Volumes
BASIC FORMULAS
Right circular cone Rectangular pyramid

Right rectangular Right circular Sphere
prism cylinder
What is the area, in square units, of the triangle?
THE STRANGE AREA RULE

If you need to find the area of a figure that does not have a fixed formula,
think of the area as the sum of simpler shapes.
What is the area, in square units, of the quadrilateral?
4.5 Trigonometry I
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (SOH CAH TOA) In the triangle below, x represents the measure in radians of
the smallest angle. What is the tangent of 2x?
qy a.
√(
QII QI (
√' 2 34 180 301
Students All b.
611 180 46020
'
go
af
Sin and cosec
positive
All positive
c.
√' 4 30
( a n
Tx d. √3
Take Calculus
Tan and cot Cos and sec
positive positive
tanax BE
QIII QIV off
B
tan600
af
When working with trigonometric functions, the lengths of the sides If sin x = 4/5 and BC = 9, what is the length of AC?
are not necessarily the same as expressed by the trigonometric
function, as this could be a simplified ratio. Side lengths are always
proportional to the values of the functions.
A
15
sinx f gyp
sa
ya
12 x
B C
39 9 AC 15
a 3
UNIT CIRCLE 450

! 30
!
Which of the following is equivalent to !"# " − #%& # ?
$%√'
a. 360 21T 360 an
(
Ti
√(%√'
ÉsÉ
b. (
√(%$
c.
(
√'%√(
d.
(
For any ordered pair (x;y), !"#Θ = x and #%&Θ = y.
10545 sin30
by cos450 1 sin300 1
1
8,130
M
4.5 Trigonometry
THE PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITY 90
! 180
If < 0 < 1 and sin x = 0.8, what is the value of cos x?
(
For all values of x, #%&( 0 + !"# ( 0 = 1. 90
all QI
Sint sinx 0.8
According to the Pythagorean Theorem,
("44"#%56)( + (-89-!6&5)( = (ℎ;4"56&<#6)( yo
If both sides are divided by (ℎ;4"56&<#6)( , all an
"44"#%56 ( -89-!6&5 ( ℎ;4"56&<#6 ( 270
sin'x cost I
( ) +( ) =( )
ℎ;4"56&<#6 ℎ;4"56&<#6 ℎ;4"56&<#6 0.8 t cosX
0.64 cos'x I
Which is equivalent to: 0.36
#%&( 0 + !"# ( 0 = 1. 051
cosy 0.6 3
cosx 0.6 35611
COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES If sin x = a and x + y = π/2, what is the value of sin y?

The two acute angles in a right triangle are always complements of one a. - To
another (their sum is 90° or π/2 radians). If one angle measures x, the b. 1 − -( sinx cosy
other measures π/2 – x. c. √1 − - cost sing
d. √1 − -(
As a result, the sine of an angle equals the cosine of its complement,
and the cosine of an angle equals the sine of its complement.
sink cosy 1
1
#%& = − 0@ = cos 0 a t sin'y I
2 sindy 1 92
1
!"# = − 0@ = sin 0 sing frat
2
sin 30 cos 60
30 cos 30 sin 60
160 p
sin I cos89
cos I sin 89
COS 20
sin 70
cos 70 sin20

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PART I: ALGEBRA

1.1 BASIC CONCEPTS

SIMPLIFICATION OF EXPRESSIONS If x and y are positive numbers such that 3x – 2y = 7, what is i

The process of rounding implies adjusting the digits to make rough

• If the unit of the number is 5 or above, the number needs to

in one of the equations, the law of substitution can be used to

STRONG AND WEAK CORRELATION

DATA INFERENCE AND SURVEY INTERPRETATION

6,47$*2/,4 -"3#,* ((/ #, .():

$ " a. 9' + ;' − < ' = 0 a a b c btc

Tables can be useful for analyzing functions because they help to 2

0.1818 100 18.181

Maps: They usually show a geographical area.

Is 126 127 128 19 10 31 32 133 34 315 3163738

To draw a boxplot, follow these steps:

COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS If !($ − 1) = 2$ + 3 for all values of x, what is the value of

For !($) = $ # + 2$ + 1 For !($) = $ # − 1, what functions will yield…

a. Standard form: & = !" ! + $" + %, where: 3 511 2 0

SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS extylexty

PART IiI: Passport to Advanced Math

OPERATIONS WITH POLYNOMIALS

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION (8+" ,# + 6+# , − 4,# + 5) + (10+# , − 4+" ,# + 6+# − 7)

(8+" ,# + 6+# , − 4,# + 5) − (10+# , − 4+" ,# + 6+# − 7)

893h 6a2b 462 5

DX x Which of the following is equal to 8%% ?

THE LAWS OF RADICALS *√*$5√-6

• If b ≤ 0, f(x) is not defined.

c. Use the equation to estimate the population in 2020 to

convenient factor. *$% x 6 xD

SOLVING RATIONAL EQUATIONS # #

SOLVING NON-LINEAR SYSTEMS Find x and y if:

11it is better to use substitution instead of combination. x2 x x 1

THE PARALLEL LINES THEOREM

In the figure above, ABCD is a parallelogram, and point B lies

ties 1 404040 9 180

THE “ZCUF” ANGLES

If lines l and m are parallel in the figure above, what is the

SIDES AND ANGLES

In the figure above, point D is on side AC of triangle ABC. If AD =

• Types of triangles based on the length of the sides:

• The Distance Formula: The Pythagorean Theorem can be used to

AREA If the sides of an equilateral triangle measure 2 cm, use both

CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA

360 25rad X 360 4.5

AAAA from the center of the circle?

Right circular cone Rectangular pyramid

What is the area, in square units, of the triangle?

THE STRANGE AREA RULE

What is the area, in square units, of the quadrilateral?

UNIT CIRCLE 450

For any ordered pair (x;y), !"#Θ = x and #%&Θ = y.

COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES If sin x = a and x + y = π/2, what is the value of sin y?

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6,47$2/,4 -"3#, ((/ #, .():

THE LAWS OF RADICALS √$5√-6