Research Article
www.afm-journal.de
Spherical Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Eccentric
Structure for Omnidirectional Low Frequency Water Wave
Energy Harvesting
Zhigang Qu,* Mingkun Huang, Chuanxian Chen, Yang An, Hongze Liu,
Quanpeng Zhang, Xiaopeng Wang, Ying Liu,* Wuliang Yin,* and Xingfei Li*
Ocean wave energy is a promising green energy source, but it is difficult
to exploit on a large scale due to its low frequency and the random uncer-
tainty of its direction. In this study, a spherical eccentric structured tribo-
electric nanogenerator (Se-TENG) is designed to harvest omnidirectional
low-frequency water wave energy. Power management circuits (PMM) are
designed to optimize the utilization of water wave energy at low frequencies
for large-scale conversion and storage. It is found that the output perfor-
mance of the Se-TENG device is influenced by the frequency of the water
waves, with the best output performance at a water wave frequency of 2.0 Hz,
given that the wave amplitude is 9 cm. It is verified that within the Se-TENG,
the parallel connections of eccentric structured triboelectric nanogenerators
(E-TENGs) are more conducive to energy storage and conversion. In addi-
tion, the Se-TENG used in conjunction with an energy storage device is able
to successfully power light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and digital thermometers,
demonstrating its ability to harvest low-frequency water wave energy in
random directions. The unique structure of the Se-TENG offers an innovative
and effective way of gathering blue energy on a large scale.
1. Introduction
Energy is essential in the development of modern society and
the use of renewable energy has become a top priority in sci-
entific research today. With the rapid growth of the world
economy, the energy demand is increasing. Still, fossil fuels
such as coal and oil are limited and contributory to global
warming, so the world urgently needs inexhaustible alter-
native energy sources. At present, a host of clean energy has
Z. Qu, M. Huang, C. Chen, Y. An, H. Liu, Q. Zhang, X. Wang
College of Electronic Information and Automation
Tianjin University of Science and Technology
1038 Dagunan Road, Tianjin 300222, P. R. China
E-mail: zhigangqu@tust.edu.cn
Z. Qu, Y. An, Y. Liu, W. Yin
Advanced Structural Integrity International Joint Research Centre
Tianjin University of Science and Technology
1038 Dagunan Road, Tianjin 300222, P. R. China
E-mail: liu@tust.edu.cn; wuliang.yin@manchester.ac.uk
The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article
can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202202048.
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202202048
Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 2202048 2202048  (1 of 8)
been collected and utilized, such as wind
energy, solar energy, ocean energy, etc.
The energy of water waves in the ocean
can be exploited on a large scale as a
promising renewable energy source.[1,2]
Current technologies for harvesting water
wave energy are mainly based on electro-
magnetic generators (EMGs), however,
EMGs are not effective in harvesting water
wave energy at low frequencies (<2.0  Hz)
and have problems of large size, high
cost and corrosion.[3–6] Triboelectric nano-
generators (TENGs) can efficiently collect
low-frequency mechanical energy,[7–12] pro-
viding a new method for harvesting water
wave energy.[13,14] Compared to EMGs,
TENGs have the advantages of low manu-
facturing costs, small size and wide range
of materials.[15–19] TENGs of the same
volume collect low-frequency mechanical
energy more efficiently and therefore
have a significant advantage in harvesting
blue energy on a large scale.[20–22] TENGs
arrays are considered as a potential way to access blue energy
on a large scale.[23,24]
Designing power management modules enables the man-
agement of output energy. Xia Kequan et  al. proposed a novel
pulse controllable voltage source based on pulse controllable
voltage source (PCVS)-TENG[25] by combining a TENG with a
series of electronic components (a rectifier bridge, a capacitor)
and an unidirectional switch, which can exceed the impedance
matching limit of conventional TENG, and realize controllable
Y. Liu
College of Artificial Intelligence
Tianjin University of Science and Technology
1038 Dagunan Road, Tianjin 300222, P. R. China
W. Yin
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
The University of Manchester
Sackville Street Building, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
X. Li
The State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring
Technology and Instruments
Tianjin University
Tianjin 30072, P. R. China
E-mail: lixf@tju.edu.cn
© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH
www.advancedsciencenews.com
voltage output regardless the load resistance. Xu Zhiwei et  al.
proposed a multiple-frequency triboelectric nanogenerator
based on the water balloon (WB-TENG) for harvesting water
wave energy in any direction. Owing to the high elasticity of the
water balloon, the WB-TENG can realize a multiple-frequency
response to low-frequency external mechanical simulations to
generate high-frequency electrical output.[26]
Spherical structures are often used in TENGs of different
forms to collect water wave energy. Xi Liang et  al. developed
a novel spherical TENG[12] to capture water wave energy by
combining the advantages of a spring-assisted system and
an oscillating structure. Based on the optimization of TENG
by adjusting the length of the spring and the diameter of the
copper ball in the system, the charge excitation circuit (CEC) is
integrated with TENG to improve the output current. They also
measured the output performance of a natural water wave trig-
gered TENG network under different water wave conditions,
investigated the effects of transverse sine waves, transverse
impulse excitation waves and longitudinal impulse excitation
waves on the frequency and amplitude of water waves, and fab-
ricated a hexagonal TENG network for collecting water wave
energy and managing the output energy through an integrated
power management module (PMM).[27] Due to the limitation in
spring direction, spherical TENGs can only generate electricity
in a specific water wave trigger direction and are not suitable
for capturing irregular and random water wave energy, they
then designed a spring-assisted multilayer structure to collect
water wave energy from multiple trigger directions.
The output performance of TENG triggered by water waves
at different frequencies and amplitudes is systematically meas-
ured, and the effect of azimuth angle, reflecting the direction of
triggering, is discussed.[28] All the structures they have designed
require the assisted springs to drive the TENG to work. In prac-
tical applications, the spring is prone to damage, which directly
affects its ability for long-term energy collection.
This paper proposes the Se-TENG to collect omnidirec-
tional water wave energy. This work not only provides a type
of Se-TENG capable of harvesting omnidirectional water wave
energy, but also effectively manages the output energy for prac-
tical implementation toward blue energy. The unique structure
of the Se-TENG offers an innovative and effective way of gath-
ering blue energy potentially on a large scale. The eccentric
structure was introduced into the Se-TENG to enable self-driven
energy harvesting without any additional devices. Twelve inde-
pendent triboelectric nanogenerator units are integrated into
the spherical shell, in which the regular dodecahedron struc-
ture improves space utilization and twelve E-TENGs operate in
twelve different directions, capturing the energy generated by
the movement of water waves in different directions. Se-TENG
can collect randomly directed water wave energy without any
additional tools. The output is managed by the PMM, which is
used to maximize energy storage efficiency. This work firstly
measured the output performance of the E-TENG in twelve
planes in the horizontal trigger direction and discussed the
effect of the horizontal trigger direction on the output perfor-
mance in each plane, the output performance of Se-TENG was
then systematically measured at different frequencies. The
E-TENG network was integrated with the PMM to investigate
the load resistance performance and charging performance of
Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 2202048 2202048  (2 of 8)
www.afm-journal.de
Se-TENG with different connections. Furthermore, the energy
collected by Se-TENG is used to power sensors and drive light-
emitting diodes, demonstrating the great advantages of TENG
and PMM for large-scale blue energy harvesting, which has the
potential to make a significant contribution to solving energy
issues and maintaining sustainable development.
2. Results and Discussion
The eccentric structure[29] was introduced into the spherical
TENG to collect omnidirectional water wave energy and is
shown schematically in Figure 1a. The interior of this spherical
structure is made up of regular dodecahedron as a substrate,
with twelve E-TENGs symmetrically distributed in different
directions. The length of the prism of a regular dodecahe-
dron is 70 mm and a hollow cylinder with a diameter of 3 mm
and a length of 50  mm is located at the center of each of the
twelve hexagons. The regular dodecahedron and 12 E-TENGs
connected by a stainless-steel screw with a diameter of 3  mm
and an overall length of 65 mm.
Each E-TENG is a separate sliding friction contact mode
unit, as shown in Figure 1b, which consists of three parts: a cir-
cular base, fixed metal electrodes, and an eccentric structured
rotor. The circular base is 3D printed with a resin material. The
circular base has a diameter of 90  mm and a hollow cylinder
with a diameter of 3 mm is in the center. A circular acrylic plate
with a diameter of 90  mm and a thickness of 2  mm is pasted
on one side of the circular base, and a hollow cylinder with a
diameter of 3 mm is located in the center. The stationary part is
composed of two separated aluminum foils (60 µm in thickness
and 45  mm in diameter) with complementary four-segment
shapes attached on a round-shape acrylic disk, which act as
two stationary electrodes. The gap between the aluminum elec-
trodes is 1 mm. The gap is inversely proportional to the output
performance,[30] the larger the gap the lower the output perfor-
mance of the Se-TENG. The innermost layer of the eccentric
rotor is made of 100  µm thick fluorinated ethylene propylene
­
(FEP) film glued to a semicircular acrylic plate with a diameter
of 80 mm and a thickness of 2 mm as a friction layer. A hollow
cylinder with a diameter of 6  mm is left in the center. Inter-
mediate layer is supported by 2  mm thick iron lining. The
bearing with an inner diameter of 6 mm and an outer diameter
of 10 mm is inlaid into the circle of the iron lining and acrylic
plate, and then the stainless steel shaft is installed on the whole
device through the bearing.
Due to its high density, tungsten-nickel (12.5  g  cm−3) is
used to change the center of gravity and rotational inertia of
the rotor, so the outermost layer is counterweighted by a semi-
circular tungsten–nickel alloy. According to the law of inertia,
the greater the moment of inertia of the rotor when the stator
position changes, the easier it is for the rotor to maintain its
original motion. When subjected to inertial forces, a relative
displacement occurs between the electrodes of the rotor and
stator, resulting in a change of charge between the electrodes.
Triggered by the water waves, twelve E-TENGs are subjected
to inertial forces, the rotor spontaneously rotates, and the FEP
film slides and rubs back and forth between the two parts of
the aluminum foil making the E-TENGs work. A potential
© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH
www.advancedsciencenews.com www.afm-journal.de

Figure 1.  The design of the spherical eccentric triboelectric nanogenerator. a) Schematic diagram of the Se-TENG structure model. b) Enlarged view of
the E-TENG structure. c) Photograph of the as-fabricated Se-TENG device. d) The relative positions of the twelve E-TENGs units in the dodecahedron.
e) Two planes that are centrally symmetric. f) Frame diagram of self-powered energy collection system.

difference is generated between the two parts of the electrodes,
and the change in potential drives free electrons through the
external circuit, completing the conversion of mechanical
energy to electrical energy. For the subsequent investigation of
the individual E-TENG performance, the relative positions of
the twelve E-TENGs units in the dodecahedron are marked as
shown in Figure  1d. Figure  1d shows the six marked planes,
and the remaining six marked planes are centrally symmetric
with the six marked planes in the figure respectively, for
example, the plane of marker ② is centrosymmetric concerning
the plane of marker , as shown in Figure 1e.
Figure  1c is the photograph of an as-fabricated Se-TENG
device with a diameter of 21 cm. For the practical application of
Se-TENG, a self-powered energy harvesting system triggered by
water waves needs to be constructed, the framework of which
is shown in Figure  1f. First of all, the water waves drive the
Se-TENG to work, converting the kinetic energy of the water
into electrical energy. In addition, the Se-TENG network is inte-
grated by connecting multiple Se-TENGs to form a large-scale
water wave energy acquisition network. Eventually, the collected
electricity is converted by the power management module into
stable DC power which can be used to power sensors and drive
light-emitting diodes, etc.
The working principle of the Se-TENG is schematically
depicted in Figure 2a. When the rotor is not yet rotating (step I),
there is no charge transfer between the surfaces of the alu-
minum foil (Al1) and the aluminum foil (Al2). When the rotor
begins to rotate (step II), the segment of FEP starts to move
toward the segment of Al2. As a result, the electrons move back
from Al2 to Al1, leading to an output current in the opposite
direction. When the segment of FEP moves to the segment of
Al2, the potential difference reaches its maximum value, and
the increase of potential difference provides the driving force
for the electrons flowing in the external load. When the rotor
rotates in the opposite direction, the segment of FEP starts
to move toward the segment of Al1. As a result, the electrons
move back from Al1 to Al2, leading to an output current with
the opposite direction (step IV), until the FEP layer returns to
the original position after a full energy conversion cycle.
There is a potential difference between the two fixed metal
electrodes on twelve planes  that were verified using finite ele-
ment analysis as illustrated in Figure  2b. As expected, the cal-
culation result shows there is no potential difference between
the two electrodes (step I). Step II and step IV equipotential dif-
ferences, the calculated induced potential difference reaches its
maximum value (step III). A single plane is shown in Figure 2c.
The potential contour clearly shows the potential difference
between the two electrodes, which drives the current flowing in
the external circuit.
In the actual natural environment, a real water wave is in a
state of constantly random change, and its frequency is gener-
ally in the range of 0.5–2.0  Hz. To better simulate real waves,
the water tank is fixed on top of the trolley and a 250  W AC
reciprocating motor is used to push and pull the trolley back

Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 2202048 2202048  (3 of 8) © 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH

www.advancedsciencenews.com www.afm-journal.de

Figure 2.  Theoretical study on the working principle of the Se-TENG. a) Schematic illustrations showing the working principle of the E-TENG.
b) Numerical calculations on the induced potential differences between the twelve flat fixed metal electrodes at the four steps of motion in a full cycle.
The right inset shows the color legend about the value of potential. c) The potential difference between two aluminium electrodes in a plane.

and forth. By adjusting the controller, the number of times
the trolley reciprocates per unit of time creates water waves of
different frequencies. The rotor in the Se-TENG structure is
driven by a water wave and rubs against a fixed metal electrode,
whose motion pattern is shown in Figure 3.
The output performance of the Se-TENG is related to the
frequency and amplitude of the water waves. The real water
waves, under a natural circumstance, vary randomly all the
time, prohibiting accurate artificial simulations on them.
However, a series of standard water waves with different wave
amplitude and frequencies can be detached from any kind of
random waves and the wave frequency and height can be con-
trolled independently by the following wave control method.[31]
For the water wave frequency, the distance between two adja-
cent wave peaks can be changed by adjusting the time interval
between the round trips of the motor and then depending on
the time interval, different frequencies of water waves can be
obtained without affecting the wave amplitude. By control-
ling the speed and distance of the trolley, different amplitude
of water wave is obtained. The wave amplitude was evaluated
from videos of water wave motions. The general properties
of a periodic linear ocean wave including the period which is
the time it takes a wave to complete one cycle and the ampli-
tude which is the distance between the still water level and the
wave crest, are linked to the amount of energy that is being
transported by the wave.[32] Generally, actual ocean waves are
in a low frequency state below 2.0 Hz, but have a broad height
range most cases from 0–1 m. In this work, the wave frequency
range of 0.5–2.0 Hz and wave amplitude range of 6–9 cm were
chosen as representatives to reveal their influences on the
device performance.
This paper systematically investigates the effect of water wave
frequency on the output performance of Se-TENG. When water
waves trigger Se-TENG, the twelve E-TENGs work simultane-
ously, but the E-TENG output performance varies from plane to
plane. The output performance of each plane is tested by simu-
lating water waves at a frequency of 2.0 Hz. Figure 4a,b shows the
output voltage of the E-TENG on twelve planes. The results show
that when subjected to water waves, the maximum output voltage
for planes ③ and ⑨ are subjected to horizontal forces, the rotor
rotates at the maximum angle and can rub more fully against
the fixed metal electrodes, resulting in higher electrical output
with 32Vp-p. The direction of E-TENG motion in the remaining
plane is at an angle to the water wave triggering direction, with
a lower output than planes ③ and ⑨. The output of planes ② and
④ is lower because the rotors of the E-TENG in planes ② and ④
basically do not rotate when subjected to a horizontal force and
there is only slight contact friction with the fixed metal elec-
trodes, resulting in a lower electrical output. The Se-TENG has
good stability even after 2 h of continuous operation at different
frequencies, and the stability test results are shown in Figure 4c.
To prevent output cancellation due to asynchronous motion,
twelve E-TENGs were connected separately to the rectifier
bridge and then connected in parallel, and the output voltage
and output current trends at 0.5–2.0 Hz were tested in parallel
for a wave amplitude of 9  cm and are shown in Figure  4d,e
respectively. It can be seen that as the water wave frequency
increases from 0.5 to 2.0 Hz, the peak output voltage and cur-
rent increase, reaching a maximum value of 16  ±  2.4  V and
0.41  ±  0.08  µA at 2.0  Hz. This happens because the twelve
E-TENGs rotors all have high-density metal counterweights,
which cannot fully drive the Se-TENG operation when the water

Figure 3.  Schematic scene exhibiting various motion patterns of the Se-TENG in the water waves generated by the standard wave tank equipment.

Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 2202048 2202048  (4 of 8) © 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH

www.advancedsciencenews.com www.afm-journal.de

Figure 4.  a,b) The output voltage of the E-TENG on twelve planes. c) Stability test of Se-TENG at different frequencies. d) Rectified output voltage at
various water wave frequencies. e) Rectified output current at various water wave frequencies. f) Power density at different frequencies at 9 cm wave
amplitude. g) Rectified output voltage at various water wave amplitudes. h) Rectified output current at various water wave amplitudes. i) Power density
at different wave amplitudes at a frequency of 2.0 Hz.

wave frequency is low. As the water wave frequency increases,
it becomes more favorable for Se-TENG to work and the output
performance is better. The power density at different frequen-
cies at a wave amplitude of 9 cm is shown in Figure 4f, with the
highest power density of 0.22 ± 0.01 mW m−2 at 2.0 Hz
After determining the optimum frequency of 2.0  Hz, the
voltage and current were measured at 2.0  Hz for different
water wave heights (6–9 cm), as shown in Figure 4g,h. It can be
seen that the output voltage (peak current) increases from 6 V
(0.12 ± 0.1 µA) to 16 ± 2.4 V (0.41 ± 0.08 µA) as the amplitude
of the wave increases from 6 to 9 cm. The experimental results
show that the energy obtained is positively correlated with the
wave amplitude and increases with the increase of the wave
amplitude. The output performance is inferior at the low wave
height, because the slight waves cannot fully drive the Se-TENG
device due to its own weight. The power density at different
wave amplitudes at a frequency of 2.0 Hz is shown in Figure 4i,
with the highest power density of 0.22 ± 0.01 mW m−2 at 9 cm.
To achieve efficient harvesting of water wave energy by the
TENG network, each of the twelve units of the E-TENG is con-
nected to a rectifier bridge with parallel and series connec-
tions, respectively, and the schematic diagrams are shown in
Figure 5a,b respectively. To make the TENG network widely
available, a power management module (PMM) was designed to
manage the energy collected by the Se-TENG network. The cir-
cuit schematic of the PMM is shown in Figure 5c. The PMM is
an AC–DC buck circuit consisting of an AC–DC rectifier circuit
and a DC–DC circuit. The components of the integrated circuit
include the rectifier bridge, the switches (S1, S2, S3), the shunt
diode D, the series inductor L (15 μH), the shunt capacitor C1
(10 pF), the shunt capacitor C2 (10 pF), and the shunt capacitor
C3 (2.2 μF). In the PMM, the circuit is controlled by switching
on and off to store and release electrical energy. The LC unit
in the charging circuit acts as a low-pass filter. The PMM is
capable of filtering out interfering signals and converting the
random and irregular electrical output into a stable DC voltage.

Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 2202048 2202048  (5 of 8) © 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH

www.advancedsciencenews.com www.afm-journal.de

Figure 5.  a) Schematic diagrams for the parallel connections between the E-TENG units inside the Se-TENG. b) Schematic diagrams for the series
connections between the E-TENG units inside the Se-TENG. c) The circuit schematic diagram of the PMM. d,e) Output voltage on a load resistance
produced by the power-managed Se-TENG with the parallel and series connections, respectively. f) The output voltage with respect to the load resist-
ance with parallel connections. g,h) Charging voltage on various load capacitors for the Se-TENG with the PMM in the parallel and series connections.
i) The output voltage with respect to the capacitance.

For comparing the voltage output and energy conversion in
parallel and series connections, the output voltages produced
by the power-managed Se-TENG in parallel and series with the
internal E-TENG with different resistive loads are measured, as
shown in Figure  5d,e, showing that the voltage increases with
increasing resistance. Furthermore, the voltage for the parallel
connection increases from 0.02 to 2.907  V as the resistance
varies from 10 KΩ to 500 MΩ, while the voltage for the series
connection only increases from 0.002 to 1.524  V. The peak
output voltages generated by parallel and series connections at
different loads for 60 s are shown in Figure 5f, and the results
show that the E-TENG can obtain a higher voltage output with
parallel connections. Then the charging performance of the Se-
TENG with the PMM to load capacitors was also compared for
the parallel and series connections, as shown in Figure  5g,h,
showing that the voltage decreases with increasing capacitance.
Furthermore, the voltage for the parallel connection decreases
from 5.013 to 0.020  V as the capacitance varies from 3.3 to
470  μF, while the voltage for the series connection decreases
from 0.770 to 0.002  V. The peak output voltages generated in
parallel and series connections for 60 s with different capacitors
are shown in Figure  5i, indicating that the smaller the capaci-
tance, the faster the charging velocity. The voltage decreases as
the capacitance increases and the charging voltage are higher at
the same time with a parallel connection than with a series con-
nection. Therefore, parallel connections are more conducive for
Se-TENG to energy storage and conversion.
Finally, it is demonstrated that Se-TENG is used to collect water
wave energy in the sink. During the experiments, the ambient
temperature was 23.8 °C and the air humidity was 26%. A water
tank filled with tap water was placed under Se-TENG. Then, the
force to drive the linear reciprocating motion of Se-TENG was
applied through the programed linear motor. The voltage, current
and power of the Se-TENG and the voltage managed by the PMM
were measured by a current preamplifier (Keithley 6514 System
Electrometer). The experimental schematic diagram is shown in
Figure 6a. The Se-TENG charges a 4.7 μF capacitor from 0 to 5 V
in 100 s and the Se-TENG is capable of powering up to 40 green
LEDs when excited by water waves. In addition, it can be used in
conjunction with energy storage devices as a power source for

Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 2202048 2202048  (6 of 8) © 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH

www.advancedsciencenews.com www.afm-journal.de

Figure 6.  Application of TENG in water wave energy collection. a) The experimental schematic diagram. b) Image of the thermometer powered and
40 green LEDs lighted by the Se-TENG. The inset is the charging voltage of the capacitor.

the commercial temperature sensor, as shown in Figure 6b. The
use of an acrylic housing for the outermost layer of the Se-TENG
can effectively reduce the dielectric shielding of the device per-
formance. Therefore, connecting more Se-TENGs in parallel can
form an energy harvesting network. The design of the Se-TENG
offers an innovative and effective way of harvesting blue energy
on a large scale, allowing the harvesting of water wave energy
over a large area, while also providing a viable power solution for
water parameter monitoring.
3. Conclusions
This paper presents and systematically investigates the design
of a triboelectric nanogenerator based on a spherical eccen-
tric structure. A dodecahedral structure is introduced into the
spherical shell for omnidirectional water wave energy har-
vesting, which effectively converts low-frequency wave energy
in different directions into electrical energy and designs energy
management circuits to convert and store the collected energy.
This paper investigates the effect of water wave frequency on
the output performance of water waves and shows that the max-
imum output 16 ± 2.4 V, 0.41 ± 0.08 μA, and 0.22 ± 0.01 mW m−2
can be obtained when the frequency is 2.0  Hz and the wave
amplitude is 9 cm. The effect of the circuit connection manner
on the Se-TENG voltage output was verified. When connected
to the same load, the internal E-TENG can be connected in par-
allel to obtain a higher voltage output. The results show that
parallel connections are more conducive for Se-TENG to energy
storage and conversion. Finally, the Se-TENG is capable of pow-
ering 40 green LEDs driven by water waves, when used in con-
junction with the energy storage device, it can also successfully
power a digital thermometer. The design of the Se-TENG offers
an innovative and effective way of harvesting blue energy on a
large scale.
Acknowledgements
This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (No 61873187, 62173246, and 61901299) and Tianjin post-graduate
research and innovation project (YJSKC2021S07).

Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 2202048 2202048  (7 of 8) © 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH

www.advancedsciencenews.com
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the
corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Keywords
blue energy, eccentric, low frequency water waves, omni-directional,
spherical triboelectric nanogenerators
Received: February 20, 2022
Revised: March 26, 2022
Published online:
[1] X. Yang, L. Xu, P. Lin, W. Zhong, Y. Bai, J. Luo, J. Chen, Z. L. Wang,
Nano Energy 2019, 60, 404.
[2] H.  Yang, M.  Deng, Q.  Zeng, X.  Zhang, J.  Hu, Q.  Tang, H.  Yang,
C. Hu, Y. Xi, Z. L. Wang, ACS Nano 2020, 14, 3328.
[3] X. Wang, Y. Yang, Nano Energy 2017, 32, 36.
[4] Z.  Wu, H.  Guo, W.  Ding, Y. C.  Wang, L.  Zhang, Z. L.  Wang, ACS
Nano 2019, 13, 2349.
[5] J. Wang, L. Pan, H. Guo, B. Zhang, R. Zhang, Z. Wu, C. Wu, L. Yang,
R. Liao, Z. L. Wang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1802892.
[6] J.  Zhao, G.  Zhen, G.  Liu, T.  Bu, W.  Liu, X.  Fu, P.  Zhang, C.  Zhang,
Z. L. Wang, Nano Energy 2019, 61, 111.
[7] S. H.  Wang, Y. N.  Xie, S. M.  Niu, L.  Lin, Z. L.  Wang, Adv. Mater.
2014, 26, 2818.
[8] K. Xia, Z. Zhu, H. Zhang, C. Du, Z. Xu, R. Wang, Nano Energy 2018, 50, 571.
[9] T.  Jiang, X. Y.  Chen, C. B.  Han, W.  Tang, Z. L.  Wang, Adv. Funct.
Mater. 2015, 25, 2928.
[10] Z. R. Liu, J. H. Nie, B. Miao, J. D. Li, Y. B. Cui, S. Wang, X. D. Zhang,
G. R.  Zhao, Y. B.  Deng, Y. H.  Wu, Z.  Li, L. L.  Li, Z. L.  Wang, Adv.
Mater. 2019, 31, 1807795.
Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 2202048 2202048  (8 of 8)
www.afm-journal.de
[11] K. W.  Lim, M.  Peddigari, C. H.  Park, H. Y.  Lee, Y.  Min, J. W.  Kim,
C. W. Ahn, J. J. Choi, B. D. Hagn, J. H. Choi, D. S. Park, J. K. Hong,
J. T. Yeom, W. H. Yoon, J. Ryu, S. N. Yi, G. T. Hwang, Energy Environ.
Sci. 2019, 12, 666.
[12] B. S.  Zhang, Y. J.  Tang, R. R.  Dai, H. Y.  Wang, X. P.  Sun, C.  Qin,
Z. F. Pan, E. J. Liang, Y. C. Mao, Nano Energy 2019, 64, 103953.
[13] Z. L. Wang, Mater. Today 2017, 20, 74.
[14] Z. L. Wang, T. Jiang, L. Xu, Nano Energy 2017, 39, 9.
[15] X. Wang, S. Niu, Y. Yin, F. Yi, Z. You, Z. L. Wang, Adv. Energy Mater.
2015, 5, 1501467.
[16] L.  Zhang, C.  Han, T.  Jiang, T.  Zhou, X.  Li, C.  Zhang, Z. L.  Wang,
Nano Energy 2016, 22, 87.
[17] T. Xiao, T. Jiang, J. Zhu, X. Liang, L. Xu, J. Shao, C. Zhang, J. Wang,
Z. L. Wang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 3616.
[18] K. Xia, D. Wu, J. Fu, N. A. Hoque, Y. Ye, Xu, Z. , J. Mater. Chem. A
2020, 8, 25995.
[19] H. Wang, Q. Zhu, Z. Ding, Z. Li, H. Zheng, J. Fu, C. Diao, X. Zhang,
J. Tian, Y. Zi, Nano Energy 2019, 57, 616.
[20] Z. L. Wang, Faraday Discuss. 2014, 176, 447.
[21] J.  Chen, J.  Yang, Z. L.  Li, X.  Fan, Y. L.  Zi, Q. S.  Jing, H. Y.  Guo,
Z.  Wen, K. C.  Pradel, S. M.  Niu, Z. L.  Wang, ACS Nano 2015, 9,
3324.
[22] X. F. Wang, S. M. Niu, Y. J. Yin, F. Yi, Z. You, Z. L. Wang, Adv. Energy
Mater. 2015, 5, 1501467.
[23] R. Henderson, Renewable Energy 2006, 31, 271.
[24] A. Wolfbrandt, IEEE Trans. Magn. 2006, 42, 1812.
[25] K. Xia, D. Wu, J. Fu, Z. Xu, Nano Energy 2020, 77, 105112.
[26] K. Xia, J. Fu, Z. Xu, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2000426.
[27] X.  Liang, T.  Jiang, G. X.  Liu, T. X.  Xiao, L.  Xu, W.  Li, F. B.  Xi,
C. Zhang, Z. L. Wang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1807241.
[28] X. Liang, T. Jiang, G. X. Liu, Y. W. Feng, C. Zhang, Z. L. Wang, ACS
Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 28142.
[29] Z. G.  Qu, M. K.  Huang, R.  Dai, Y.  An, C. X.  Chen, G. Q.  Nie,
X. C. Wang, Y. Zhang, W. L. Yin, Nano Energy 2021, 87, 106159.
[30] G.  Zhu, J.  Chen, T.  Zhang, Q.  Jing, Wang, Z. L.  , Nat. Commun.
2014, 5, 3426.
[31] J. An, Z. M. Wang, T. Jiang, X. Liang, Z. L. Wang, Adv. Funct. Mater.
2019, 29, 1904867.
[32] C.  Rodrigues, M.  Ramos, R.  Esteves, J.  Correia, D.  Clemente,
F.  Gonçalves, N.  Mathiase, M.  Gomese, J.  Silvaa, C.  Duarted,
T.  Moraise, P.  Rosa-Santosc, F.  Taveira-Pintoc, A.  Pereiraa,
J. Ventura, Nano Energy 2021, 84, 105890.
© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH