02.06.

2023

Sensor Technologies for Geotechnical Investigations

- Photogrammetry, LiDAR and InSAR

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Scott Kieffer

Professor of Engineering Geology
Vice Dean – Faculty of Civil Engineering
Head – Institute of Applied Geosciences
Head – NAWI Graz GeoCenter

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

Outline
• Photogrammetry, LiDAR and InSAR
- Photogrammetry
- Gigapixel Panoramic Photography and Photogrammetry (GP 3)
- Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)
- Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR)

• Case Examples

• From Point Clouds to Rock Mass Characterization

& Modeling
Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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Some modern sensors applicable to geotechnical investigations

Tools for state-of-the-art investigations

Mobile LiDAR/INS

Austrodrones multi-sensor UAV

SWIR hyperspectral camera

Terrestrial LiDAR

Aibotix X6

RTK GNSS rover + base station

IBIS-FL (InSAR) HYDRA G (ArcSAR) IBIS-FS (InSAR)

GigaPan DJI Mavic Pro

Photogrammetry

I. Photogrammetry

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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Photogrammetry

Photogrammetry
▪ Simplest & oldest remote sensing technology.
▪ Photogrammetry is the art and science of making
accurate measurements by means of photography → 3D
information from 2D images:
▪ Analog photogrammetry (using films & hardcopy images) →
Stereoscopic viewing, 3D measurements.
▪ Digital photogrammetry (digital images) → 3D models.

▪ Passive optical system.

▪ Radiometric wavelength (300 – 900 nm → RGB) & metric
information.
▪ Framing system.
▪ Platform: ground & air & space.

[Oštir, 2006]

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

Photogrammetry

Photo techniques
Parallax. 3D information
from 2D images.

Photography Photogrammetry Stereophotogrammetry

Just a photo. Measure height of an object. Position of a point (a map).
[Oštir, 2006]

[Khoshelham, 2008]

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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Photogrammetry

Stereo-photogrammetry

▪ Two overlapping images → the intersection of light

rays gives 3D depth – triangulation

▪ Known parameters:
▪ Interior Orientation (IO) parameters (camera
calibration)
▪ Exterior Orientation (EO) parameters (indirect or direct
geo-referencing)

▪ Unknown parameters.
▪ coordinates of surface point (P)
[Khoshelham, 2008]

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

Photogrammetry

Mulit-view photogrammetry
▪ Digital Photogrammetry & computer vision algorithms.
▪ Digital (multi) image matching or Structure from Motion (SfM).

[Heipke, 2005]

[Nissen, 2015]

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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Photogrammetry

What do we need?

▪ A good camera & computer, image matching

software
▪ SW: Photosynth 3D, ShapeMetrix, Agisoft Photoscan,

Bemis et al., 2014

PhotoModeler, SURE etc.

▪ Acquisition: an image set with good (80 %) overlap

▪ Desirable:
▪ Camera calibration
▪ Georeferencing info, e.g. GNSS points

▪ To be able to identify corresponding features in multiple overlapping image areas

▪ Ensure target has image texture
▪ Repetitive patterns will result in false matches

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

From multi-view images …

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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Photogrammetry

... to photorealistic 3D models

c. 25km, 1564 images

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

Photogrammetry

Photogrammetric processing workflow

▪ 3D object reconstruction using only imagery.

▪ Multiple viewpoints (classic case: stereo).
▪ Feature matching.
▪ Bundle/Block adjustment to recover camera calibration parameters and image orientations.
▪ Scaling to real-world coordinates (indirect or direct geo-referencing).
▪ Dense matching to obtain point cloud.

Result: point cloud (identical to LiDAR dataset) and images.

▪ Modelling and texturing to obtain 3D photorealistic model.

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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Photogrammetry

Photogrammetric digital elevation model (DEM) generation

Advantages:

+ Accuracies down to a few centimeters can be achieved.

+ Data over large areas can be obtained in a reasonable amount of time.
+ Process can be automated.
+ Costs vary depending on the extent of the area, platform and georeferencing method.

Disadvantages:

- Enough texture is needed (problematic in e.g. snowy areas).

- Obtaining suitable Ground Control Points (GCPs) is sometimes difficult and time
consuming. The GCP issue can be alleviated if the position and orientation of images are
known (RTK GNSS).

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

Photogrammetry

Aerial stereophotogrammetry - Results

1. 3D model or Height model (Digital Surface Model - DSM).

2. (True) Orthophoto.

Perspective (ortho)rectification Orthogonal

projection projection

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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Photogrammetry

Terrestrial photogrammetry - Shapemetrix

▪ Generation of a 3D image.
▪ Editing the 3D image (possibly required at the border regions).
▪ Referencing the raw 3D image either in a local co-ordinate system by the
observation of a range pole (correct size and vertical reference) or global co-
ordinate system by observing surveyed control points
▪ Modeling the discontinuities.

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

Photogrammetry

Shapemetrix

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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Photogrammetry

Shapemetrix

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

Photogrammetry

UAV photogrammetry

▪ Flight planing:
▪ Flying height defined by required ground resolution.
▪ Image overlap along and accross flight path.
▪ Ground control points (GCP) or RTK GNSS
▪ Acquisition of images and GCP coordinates.
▪ Image processing.
▪ Analysing the results (e.g. 3D model)

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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Photogrammetry

GCPs vs. RTK GNSS for Georeferencing

J. Lidl, 2018

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

Photogrammetry

GCPs vs. RTK GNSS

J. Lidl, 2018

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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UAV-Based Investigations – Typical Workflow (rock fall source characterization)

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

Photogrammetry

UAV photogrammetry – results

Rock fall hazard/mitigation assessment, Austria

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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Photogrammetry

UAV photogrammetry – results

Pre-program the flight route using waypoint coordinates and define the approximate photo positions (fully
autonomous), or perform manual flight and image triggering.

Rock fall hazard/mitigation assessment, Austria

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

Photogrammetry

UAV photogrammetry – results

3D point cloud point cloud detail DEM textured mesh

Rock fall hazard/mitigation assessment, Austria

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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Photogrammetry

UAV photogrammetry – uses

2D rock fall simulations

Rock fall hazard/mitigation assessment, Austria

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

Photogrammetry

UAV photogrammetry – uses

3D rock fall simulations

Kinetic energy range for various rock fall

Kinetic energy distribution based on 3D P. Zawada, 2017 protection systems
rock fall modeling
Rock fall hazard/mitigation assessment, Austria

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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Photogrammetry

UAV photogrammetry – uses

P. Zawada, 2017

Rock fall protection: design optimization

Rock fall hazard/mitigation assessment, Austria

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

UAV photogrammetry – uses

Bidbid Sur Project – Sultanate of Oman

Geotechnical measurements within inaccessible / treacherous terrain

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Photogrammetry

Terrestrial SfM model 3D model with Agisoft Photoscan

Acquisition with compact camera visualized on-line with Sketchfab

[by Marko Vrabec]

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

Gigapixel Photogrammetry

II Gigapixel Panoramic Photography & Photogrammetry

GP3

GigaPan

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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Gigapixel Photogrammetry

Some consequences of inadequate rock mechanics investigations

Malpasset Dam– southern France

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

Gigapixel Photogrammetry

Gigapixel Panoramic Photography & Photogrammetry (GP3)

Vaiont Dam Disaster, Longarone, Italy

400 – 600 mm
objective (typical)

Individual photos can be discerned due to vignetting (1200 photos)

GigaPan robotic head

mounted on stable tripod

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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Gigapixel Photogrammetry

Gigapixel Panoramic Photography & Photogrammetry (GP3)

Vaiont Dam Disaster, Longarone, Italy

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

Gigapixel Photogrammetry

Gigapixel Panoramic Photography & Photogrammetry (GP3)

Range: ca. 2000m

3D point cloud covering headscarp of the Vaiont Landslide (GSD = 3 cm, positional error ca. 5 cm)

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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LiDAR

III Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)

▪ Concepts and instrumentation

▪ Data processing

▪ Applications

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

LiDAR

Lidar: Light Detection And Ranging

▪ LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Properties:

▪ Stable light source

▪ Monochromatic (one wavelength) VIS/NIR: usually between 500 – 1600 nm. The colour of laser chosen according to
measurement sensitivity, range, object reflectance properties. 532 nm – green laser for bathymetry, 1064 nm – snow,
1550 nm – for topography.
▪ Coherent light: directed narrow laser-beam → low divergence over long distances → small footprint or IFOV → KEY!

▪ Platforms: mostly terrestrial and airborne, satellite.

Terrestrial static system
Airborne system
Terrestrial mobile mapping system
UAV system

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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LiDAR

Types of laser scanners

Main pros Main cons

ToF* (long • Class 3 laser

• Very long range (up to 6km)
range) • Heavier and slower than standard ToF
• Suitable for snow and ice
sensors
• Precision limited by timing (few mm)
• Long range (several kms)
• Not suited for very high accuracy
ToF* (pulsed) • Fast (~300k points/sec) applications (high noise)
• Precise
• Time required for acquisition * ToF = Time of Flight
• High precision (± 2 mm) – low
Phase-based noise
• Range (tipically ~150m, up to 1000 m)
(phase shift) • Very fast (>1m points/sec)
• Small and lightweight
• Very high precision (<1mm)
• Very short range (<2m)
• Small and lightweight
Triangulation • Small objects
(handheld)
• Indoor use
• Most suited for object capture
• Low resolution
• Extremely fast (snapshot)
Range • Noisy
• Suitable for moving scenes
camera • Short range (dependant on tech)
• Instant point cloud data
• Developing technology
Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

LiDAR

ToF scanning principles – static TLS system

▪ Measurements:
▪ Laser scanner: travelling time between emitted and received pulse → range, and vertical and horizontal
angle (3D laser scanner).
▪ Additional: laser scanner position (total station, GNSS, targets), photos.
Horizontal
scanning angle

Vertical
scanning angle
Scanning unit
Distance/Range
Time of flight
Or Phase shift Ranging unit

Lidar point: 3D position (X, Y, Z), intensity, RGB (opt.)

Laser beam footprint: few cm (terrestrial) – 100 m (airborne)
[Riegl]

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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LiDAR

ToF scanning principles - mobile system

▪ Different platforms: vehicle, boat, UAV,

plane/helicopter.
▪ Measurements (geometry):
▪ Laser scanner: range and scaning angle (2D laser
scanner).
▪ Navigation sensors – direct georeferencing:
▪ GNSS unit for position.
▪ INS unit (IMU) for orientation and position.
▪ Odometer (cars): additional measurements of
distance and velocity.
▪ Navigation sensors determine PC accuracy. For
ALS (600-1000 m heigh) 5 – 15 cm vertical & 20
– 30 cm horizontal.

[Diaz, 2011]

[Diaz, 2011]

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

LiDAR

Multiple discrete or Full Waveform recording

▪ Measuring tree-tops as well as ground.
Discrete – multiple returns Full Waveform
Assumption: ▪ Digitizing the whole returned signal, from
▪ First pulse from forest top which range is measured in post-processing.
▪ Last pulse from forest floor ▪ Placed on a satellite, e.g. ICESat.

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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LiDAR

Lidar intensity
▪ Intensity / reflectance / amplitude = strength of backscattered light.
▪ Intensity depends on:
▪ Material: type, wet/dry, roughness (see Use of lidar intensity).
▪ Atmosphere: humid atmosphere reduces backscattered energy.
▪ Range

RGB image Intensity image

[Riegl]
▪ Same material & different wavelengths → different reflectance)

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

LiDAR

Camera integration
▪ Raw point clouds (geometry and intensity) difficult to interpret.
▪ High-resolution digital cameras → add quantitative information.

Direct mounting of the camera

relative to the laser scanner

Color-coded (RGB) point cloud

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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LiDAR

Registration and georeferencing

▪ In case of static TLS.
▪ Use of targets & objects - recognisable within the lidar point cloud.

▪ Registration → tie points.

▪ Tie (register) scans together.
▪ Three or more points in an overlap area of two or more scans.
▪ Indirect geo-referencing → control points.
▪ Have known global coordinates → define position of a point cloud(s) within a predefined global
coordinate system.
▪ Three or more points within the scanned area.

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

LiDAR

Primary result - laser point cloud

▪ Term used to describe a large quantity of 3D points (X,Y,Z), discrete,

often irregular
▪ Primary result of laser scanning/photogrammetry
▪ Represents surface shape
▪ May include other properties (intensity, normals, colour)
▪ Interpretation can be challenging, even with high res
Ricobayo dam in Spain

Ricobayo, Zamora

Madrid

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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LiDAR

Primary result - laser point cloud

Terrestrial LiDAR

RTK GNSS rover + base station

Point Cloud: Ricobayo Dam, Zamora, Spain
Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

LiDAR

Filtering and classification

▪ Filtering: remove „unwanted“ measurements; e.g. birds,

measurements under the ground, inside buildings etc.
▪ Classification: interpretation of lidar data → different objects are
classified in seperate classes; e.g. buildings, roads, vegetation etc.

DSM

Filtering and
Classification

Terrain points

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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LiDAR

Modeling DSM

▪ Different algorithms: average height, nearest

neighbour, weighted average ect.

▪ Modeling classified point cloud

▪ DSM = Digital Surface Model
▪ DTM = Digital Terrain Model

▪ Quality of a model DTM

▪ Resolution: >1 cm (TLS) and few dm (ALS).

▪ Precision: few mm (TLS) and few cm (ALS) in
LOS.
▪ Accuracy: depends on the navigation/positioning
data.

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

LiDAR

Rendering
▪ Rendering or texture mapping: add shading, color or lamination to a 2-
D/3-D wireframe in order to create life-like images/models.

▪ Artificial shading the topography (“hillshading”) → can identify more

details than are visible from the heights alone.
Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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LiDAR

Rasterization 3D point cloud → 2.5D raster data (image)

1m 1m

Point cloud = collection of irregularly spaced x, y, z spot heights.

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

LiDAR

Rasterization 3D point cloud → 2.5D raster data (image)

Gridding = binning algorithm converts point cloud into regular grid with defined size.

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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LiDAR

Rasterization 3D point cloud → 2.5D raster data (image).

DEM

▪ A digital elevation model (DEM) with elevation information gridded into pixels is the modern
equivalent of a topographic map.
▪ Image processing: map with contour lines, slope & orientation.

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

LiDAR

Analysis & Applications

A. Detailed surface models → extract geometrical data.

▪ Measuring deformations and movements of engineering object; e.g. landslides, subsidence,

outcrops (mines), tunnel face & tube, dams, bridges, buildings etc.
▪ Volume computation between two models.
▪ Inspecting surface morphology and extracting geometrical properties of faults, discontinuity
sets;

▪ Surface texture! Lidar is not suited for marble / shining surfaces (scattering the light away),
black material over large distances, wet rock.

B. Lidar intensities → extract semantic data.

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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LiDAR

DEM applications
▪ Fault geomorphology: LiDAR ground-return image (DTM) is able to show topographic offsets, such as
this active fault on Bainbridge Island, WA - even though the land surface is obscured by vegetation.

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

LiDAR

Fault geometry ~15 m offset

▪ San Andreas fault of offset streams

North American Plate ~10 m offset

~5 m offset

Carrizo Plain

Pacific Plate

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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LiDAR

2008 Iwate Miyagi earthquake (Mw 9.6), Japan

▪ Pre-earthquake DEM (2 m)

[Nissen, 2014]

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

LiDAR

2008 Iwate Miyagi earthquake (Mw 9.6), Japan

▪ Post-earthquake DEM (1 m)

[Nissen, 2014]

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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LiDAR

2008 Iwate Miyagi earthquake (Mw 9.6), Japan

▪ Analysis of change on post-earthquake DEM (1 m)

dammed sediment

landslide

landslide
[Nissen, 2014]

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

LiDAR

2008 Iwate Miyagi earthquake (Mw 9.6), Japan

▪ Interpretation

dammed sediment

landslide

landslide
[Nissen, 2014]

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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LiDAR

Tunneling

▪ Deformations within a tunnel – point- and surface-wise

▪ Deformations above a tunnel

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

LiDAR

Tunneling

▪ Volumes of over- and underbreaks, excavated and build-in material

▪ Geological face logging

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LiDAR

Digital face log

▪ Data acquisition – fast & detailed, in low lighting condition.

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

LiDAR

Digital face log

▪ Co-registration of point
clouds into one
coordinate system →
identify features in 3D.

▪ Photograph of calcified
shear zone in round 0 +
10 m (left).
▪ Aligned face scans with
intersecting planar shear
zone (right).

[Fekete et al., 2010]

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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LiDAR

Geological mapping using lidar intensity

Classification based on
intensity and roughness

[Penasa et al., 2014]

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

InSAR

IV Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR)

IBIS-FL (InSAR) HYDRA G (ArcSAR) IBIS-FS (Dynamic InSAR)

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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InSAR

InSAR – measurement principle

area of coverage
f(antenna aperture)

spatial resolution

displacement based on phase difference

- determined using interferometric principles spatial resolution
projected onto DTM
d = l/4p (f1-f2)

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

InSAR

What is Failure?
Failure is often perceived differently by different observers, so depends
strongly on the participant and their philosophy.

The condition of not functioning or performing properly

How we might judge failure in the context of slopes?
• A process resulting in loss of life, property, or resource?
• A process resulting in excessive costs for repair and/or operations &
maintenance?
• The condition of shear stress along a potential failure surface being equal
to the available shear strength (i.e. Factor of Safety)?
• Magnitude of ground movement and/or its rate exceeds tolerable limits?
Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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InSAR

Is Factor of Safety a Good Index for Failure?

Factor of Safety > 1.0
Beauregard Landslide - Aosta Valley, Italy: 2-4 mm/yr @ FS = 1.07
– 1.55 (D. Engl, 2013)

D. Engl, 2013 D. Engl, 2013

Factor of Safety < 1.0

Fengshou Reservoir Dam

2008 Mw 7.9 Sichuan

Earthquake, China

(AP Photo/Xinhua, Mei Zhen) (AP Photo/Ng Han Guan)

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

InSAR

Consequences of the Onset of Instability FS < & ≈ 1.0

- analogy to equilibrium state

unconfined rock slab

unstable equilibrium http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vc6ouosXk0Q

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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InSAR

Consequences of the Onset of Instability FS < & ≈ 1.0

- analogy to equilibrium state

coherent rotational slump

Embankment Slump

2004 Mw 6.6 Niigata Ken Chuetsu

Earthquake, Japan
stable equilibrium

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

InSAR

Failure Prediction Based on -

Ground Displacement, Velocity, and Inverse Velocity
For ground deformation characteristics to be a useful
predictor for the onset of slope instability and
slope failure processes, precise, accurate real-time
survey data covering the entire field of movement are
invaluable.

Over the past 20 years, significant advancement has

been made in the development and application of
real-and-synthetic aperture radar interferometry
technologies to field-based monitoring of slope
deformation.

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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InSAR

Radar Interferometry – A “Success” at the Bingham Mine, Utah

http://www.flickr.com/photos/riotinto-kennecottutahcopper/8580846598/sizes/l/in/photostream/
Photo: S. Musick
Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

InSAR

Radar Interferometry – A “Success” at the Bingham Mine, Utah

Synthetic Aperture Radar “We’ve watched this movement accelerate over the coming weeks.

We’ve taken a number of really important steps to maintain the highest level
of production that we can. We’ve moved facilities into other locations, heavy
machinery into other locations. We’ve rerouted roads and we’ve rerouted
utilities.” (K. Bennett, Kennecott Utah Copper).

Movement along the northeast wall was first detected in February,

when it shifted about 1.3 mm. The shifting had advanced to 200 mm/day
just before the wall collapsed.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/riotinto-kennecottutahcopper/8703446814/

April 10, 2013 at 11:00 a.m. local time all employees were relocated from the
Real Aperture Radar
bottom of the pit.

April 10, 2013 at 9:30 p.m. a slide occurred along a structural fault

160 million tonnes of debris cover the ore and shut down virtually all mining

One of the most costly landslide events ever!

http://www.flickr.com/photos/riotinto-kennecottutahcopper/8703446968/sizes/h/in/photostream/

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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InSAR

Radar Interferometry – A “Success” at the Bingham Mine, Utah

http://www.flickr.com/photos/riotinto-kennecottutahcopper/8644405220/in/photostream

http://www.flickr.com/photos/riotinto-kennecottutahcopper/8643310015/in/photostream http://photoblog.nbcnews.com/_

Geotechnical Analysis with Advanced Remote Sensing Tools: Workshop at Chiang Mai University, June 7 – 9, 2023

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