Relationship between Modulus of elasticity and Modulus of rigidity

Consider a square element ABCD of sides ‘𝑎’ subjected to pure shear ‘𝑞’ as shown in figure below.

AEC′D shown is the deformed shape due to shear q. Drop perpendicular BF to diagonal DE. Let
𝝓 be the shear strain and G modulus of rigidity.

𝑫𝑬−𝑫𝑭
Now, strain in diagonal 𝑩𝑫 = 𝑫𝑭

𝑬𝑭
= 𝑫𝑩

𝑬𝑭
= 𝑨𝑩 𝟐

Since angle of deformation is very small we can assume ∠BEF = 45°, hence EF = BE cos 45°.

𝑬𝑭 𝑩𝑬𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝟓°
∴ Strain in diagonal 𝐵𝐷 = 𝑫𝑩 = 𝑨𝑩 𝟐

𝐚𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝟓°
= 𝐚 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏
(Since φ is very small) = 𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜙 = 𝟐 𝜙

𝟏 𝒒 𝒒
= ∗ , 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝝓 = ∗
𝟐 𝑮 𝑮
Now, we know that the above pure shear gives rise to axial tensile stress q in the diagonal direction of DB
and axial compression q at right angles to it. These two stresses cause tensile strain along the diagonal
DB.
 𝒒 𝒒 𝒒
Tensile strain along the diagonal DB= 𝑬 + ѵ 𝑬 = 𝑬 𝟏 + ѵ ∗∗

From equations (*) and (**), we get

𝟏 𝒒 𝒒
∗𝑮= 𝑬 𝟏+ѵ 𝑰𝒏 𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒒 𝒊𝒔 𝝉
𝟐

𝟏 𝝉 𝝉
∗ = 𝟏+ѵ
𝟐 𝑮 𝑬

Relationship between modulus of elasticity and bulk modulus

Consider a cubic element subjected to stresses p in the three mutually perpendicular direction x,
y, z as shown in figure below.

𝝈𝟎
Now the stress 𝝈𝟎 in x direction causes tensile strain in x direction while the stress 𝝈𝟎 in y and
𝑬
𝝈𝟎
z direction cause compressive strains ѵ in x direction.
𝑬
𝝈𝟎 𝝈𝟎 𝝈𝟎 𝝈𝟎
Hence 𝜺𝒙 = −ѵ −ѵ = 𝟏 − 𝟐ѵ
𝑬 𝑬 𝑬 𝑬
𝝈𝟎
Similarly 𝜺𝒚 = 𝑬
𝟏 − 𝟐ѵ

𝝈𝟎
𝜺𝒛 = 𝟏 − 𝟐ѵ
𝑬

𝟑𝝈𝟎
∴Volumetric strain 𝑒𝑣 = 𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 + 𝜀𝑧 = 𝟏 − 𝟐ѵ
𝑬

From definition, bulk modulus K is given by

𝝈𝟎 𝝈𝟎 𝑬
𝑲= = =
𝒆𝒗 𝟑𝝈𝟎 𝟏 − 𝟐ѵ 𝟑 𝟏 − 𝟐ѵ
𝑬
 Relationship between modulus of shear, modulus of elasticity and bulk modulus
We know 𝐸 = 2𝐺 1 + ѵ 𝑎

𝐸 = 3𝐾 1 − 2ѵ 𝑏
By eliminating ѵ between the above two equations we can get the relationship between E, G, K,
free from the term ѵ.

𝐸
From equation (a) ѵ = 2𝐺 − 1

Substituting it in equation (b), we get

𝐸
𝐸 = 3𝐾 1 − 2 −1
2𝐺

𝐸
E = 3𝐾 1 − 𝐺 + 2
𝐸
E = 3𝐾 3 − 𝐺

𝐸
𝐸 = 3𝐾 3 − 𝐺

3𝐾𝐸
𝐸 = 9𝐾 − 𝐺

3𝐾𝐸
𝐸+ = 9𝐾
𝐺

3𝐾
∴E 1 + = 9𝐾
𝐺

𝐺+3𝐾
E = 9𝐾
𝐺

9𝐾𝐺
E = 𝐺+3𝐾