Do1 Page No

Date

The dslau ipcleu au

The ola tem Cmpucel he duu aud
elgl plauek ald kueir, mopns aud uon-Alellan
ehweluèlk ae eueved o aue deeu develymea
feom the amdeuuhon of gaies ael atuen lextele
oooles
The suu O at e ceute d e dsta atm

aud all e plauetB evswe atud t i u su

cluehcal 08bi.
he un s tue weauatt dtan to kk the eauth
he ze the dolax dudem as bteu stmaded
at 105 Attiononmial u (AD).
Aseuouomital Uut Ue dtaue erweeu Tantu
auol uu
At 6 leugka Meam erwee
dCrauce etweeu
Caut aud kuu

e
Cmponet e xdsau dyteuu incd
he auu, tiat plauek oud Hhelr espectve
htellitel
2Ttedellau debu's) kuca os atesatcls,meteuofdu,
Csme. piece anSonmethinghat ao heen deshroyeol
eol
3 he electuically clauged. gaJe! Called. Plauma
utep lauetauy( olut aucles
n e lrpentu Ndau syhem othe khon
Planeks duw af plansk augalell tel 0e alled
mal ductm 6odies

Membous dda iuct em-

 On drarThe duu d qu ddau djtm
tre
e duu s 109 ima gaEn von
uol weig 4.192 x10tout
he uu had a temptinE
Che trk
abotdt i5 miWon densLE
u u l G t kakes8 minukei lE( ke ec
Easut Kat he
Ve deuty He duu i
auk
5T Lompcdtiom-

R.eliu
51 then elemeudk
hedue
he abcut c mluen En a t m e
auk
Ligt tavell wt a hemeudstd vRAEd
aut TD OTD Alometec pe NECN
Mreove at His speed e duu aya tarE
QPpoimalely etglet minute to Luerckh the t
soutceo Jeuey e du mudea
allem n ulicu dme muclei e dkea eL
ctm uie ico hellum 0rdm-
Internal structure
inner core Subsurface flows
radiative Zone
convection zone

Photosphere

Sun
Spots
(Corona)

Faculae
Conons
Plage
Prominence and
Chomonghere
Solar Flare Chromosphere
(Corona
Coronaau
 C1

e ceuutial part he uown tucun a (re

Che
te
luotosphene kt dpheneV. Te elastk
ae Kuouwn a ulnSpott
tches o
e huom oiphene Ccotoy phee) js e went
Guye
mtauul mest the elemeu fruud om
A /
Gaudh, but they ae u a kate vapor.
odte high
dhe dsan uokinen cel (pued lame
abave e Cheuompheue-
Jhe luu deemd t Qemenate ts enK f
i core tum a
Puoten called muclea PaAien
Nucleau fusion dlgen Paueles aue iudeu
CH)
tt
No much paeHute at hel jotu togetuen
,

make helium (te). TLK pao-pM elehie

encrmous amgu¢ euekgy in the Core.
Coyma- he uu's otmhene ismade 4 gase!
ad plama thcc ettendi 'miWons 4 cilometdu.
iuto 'spaces
upeu mpejed an duu's uetite ligtd ae hundreda
dauk Bues temed mpud Uafrauntgfu
ne .

6yeuy tinediate áme elemeuk pelecd*u Hhe

Agedyptem.
gme Cpncepk Assouated uith the lun
Gs d d - Dhe kua amtfmuoily emitTAg
eoumA 4putons M all &itectfom
ethen al kpilradtream called dotau-
wiud!
cuseiata he the Ksta
ndinuou Pawticles
wdi aue apped ther auta's
e h c hield auel audeui e Ccauttn S
 poM Pae fko

mepheu wua
lages OUulddwwspok e vuylaie etie
u Cwntinuey chaugg krliq
Pot aue called oqel old 4ank pots
atue called vypdU
he lauek iu the drau ysteu
Ue 2cd6 keolehiniticn d lauetoy4 the
Inteunchomal AttumomlcalUdoh TAU) #ate
ac, fu e aau dukema plauet a
elegfodbody at: 0

HalHal dufideut mas AatAatt aMuwme

a ydi&utatic ea(ui fhium shape
Hal cleaued. the eiqhbar hood 2aHSULd
0trt
A dau plauet aa elaikia becy tha
n brt auruud Ae kuu
Has ndt deasted tue ueiglubarhatd ancuuel
T nct a daellte.
h e Relave wize e Planck u e
dkau alem
O e duene. panes acc0rdi ug 0 uei
disfantemkue uu i 0ACedlyg rdeu
e w -

Motuuy V2nus, fauh , Maus, Tupisty Kactusun

 uanus, Ngtune
A dhe Neyuence planek a u riug Ju Hury Aizt
UYm big9eu o smaUeu

Jupitdotuun Uvanus7 Nephung 7 etay

Ve Maus Mewy

Divisim Satau Systom

Tantuanth- e juv plaue ncude
Cd Maiu.
Mowu , VemusEwdt
-Tuele plauet wa to te

Tueu plauets Ue al Cusum

al levneltsdcd plaueh

Ale lauds - e plauek iudude 1upites,Sokum,

Cranuu Npttune
um
-Jheae ptaues aeau way Fum
He dul

MERCURY - ( t e meaueik plauet o the vuu.

m

fdituattol q7-q1' milen tilomcte

aayum e duu
Meuy is e dmallett pauet o ctu
kddasu kken uolue4e olla meleu ie cmly 48999
lomct ei
Mpwy hal ombheLe hente Hhee i ne
peikCty 4 fe
o be teite
T94evwes aouud. Aue u fu &? olays
yeau
 oris No
Dale

Mecwy sotades iu 5 (sdleus)-Pash daya

lad ad he duortedt yeau
Dislaue 108 36 micn m.
ENUS- e buigtett all plaueb
becade t elech omatt e dutsigttt
LLto falli Oupon R hdn ueu plaueh Jo
Clouds dxulphuwlfc acd ate oao
om veMus
T neuest plauet to e eascHa
Veus s iilau o te easds in veu
weiglt aud dlety 5 Henefare jit is (alleod
He diste He (fcout
CEauk tuiu)
fs cdso ecoqnized as veniug stost
Marnung Slau
he drud spheue vemuss df rauge
Lol,hence t is acknouoledged as the arange
planet
Eotates um east to voett wwle tae
eahuotades unm west to eat
(3)T has mo datelute or msoN
Veus Hae uottkst plauet Ju the
ola te bécautè o6 CO2
) ay e dlooet suotaten peuiclt
Keuatyn (2u43 olay
EAATH-OAccordtug b distauce , it he Aird
mom the uu.
Fauea s the -laugeut plouet
is jyg- mlen bm distaut hwm e un T
Lotakesalmg 8 0xs R 3 uousa 56 minutes
 OMS PeLTO.
Datc

E E a d i called he Bue lauet

fe Hhe ouky plauet whete e exist due to
a a oade atmphexe-
6Earth's diamekeu s 12,456 ilomelend LRo

had only ne laellie he moon

E s btled at 23deqsuee om itf ots orcd thu
maces
a augle d66 aree Cfeoid) CSpeuod).
T taces 23sush 56 miuel aud 4 decondu fo
otake omce_on t Cous od 365dyH 5hsua,'42.
mimulel aud 46 decondd e aprrA KSlau)
ouev6we astuuod Rhe duu
ne uotaBton_oeatel doy aud ngus
he andt's spln 0xis ed Lonceniug i
0ubtal daue ouldh leadi to he ocourence G
he sealsons
( t r he Sate. Convenence he auokuawd one-yunho
ot a day ignred tar hree yeau aud henm
an exha dayadded oeveku e h yea th give
sgw edp yeasus f4 doule
canths Mson - tates e moon app
t dasA houas yT manudel o (ompleke one otatim
eSanme Side he maDn aoaya ace u
he mcD wace blaukete i odunt
aud uocky debs fam mekermpatk
4 as ade dimciphene
e mson ueedi uglt rom the du
towad He t i ac
ouoes beeaset q rlechiora
1 - 3 stcond
 O1SPage to.
Date

around Earth
Elliptical orbit of Moon
elliptical orbit

Earth-moon distance
Earth-Moon distance 406,00 km
357,000 km

appgee
perigee Focal point (point o an orbit that is
(point o anprbit that Is of elliptical orbit) further away from focal-point)
closer to focal:polnt)

MARS 8- Hstatel almg i _ a x in 24 &6

ou (almott e/ua to te time taken oy the
Scast)
Due to he presente dinm ooide, 1t-
Ppca Hed aud &'alled he Red fauet
PPcas
n Mas lio 0Nymplca Mcuntuin is situated
ehich is ree tHmel lher tho Mausct evees
M a s has koo atellte Phaoo4ep Deimo
* ke mly_lauet altes dhe acth
hat a l a on bae add -fAeHe ts
e
E / hal a u a atmophe-e_compuiing cavbon
cuonide sMitrogen aud csem
Sevual Vspace miscims have been Sento lotd.
ezampk - ViüngA
otlnfindki
Mase UdyAsey
wied ty
 Paye No.
Date

TUPITER- ) Lupte is called he Kird

Heavel
1 t h a l me qguaity as mpaued to
he Goka
T h e tas tatt suotoutug plauet
Totates alma is ais Vony f
10 hou
upitex uevotved auud he
n 11 yeatu auel 10 monttn
T uwrace f mot dotiel aud
atmaiphete, made of yduoe, helium,
ammmia aud meth a'ne Yeuy olede
ne specla ftatune / i s plouuet s
t e uGeLeat ked Spot
yauypmede 'Actellte o Tupite he
lasugatt KolLPte Hhe dstau dtjatem.
T b a s 11 XatclWtes.
e
SATURN- ahwn * He decend laugeit-
ncl
plauet Mhe doau dyshem
T i s 9.534 AW acny tum the un
Hevgwer aouud he u n h &.4G yead
main featwues ls the pÅeueme
eol
ot a chrlat uug auolund t wlih does not
tuel tue dwrtade Kdatun
Matwn a s 2 moomA (natyTt)
)Kev duioneiuol 4.y6 yeai
Kstation pelidol .10-2 UA
URANS-QUuanus Was oiscoveuedi +81
O}uamOiuam Heuhel
Gtakion 7 hw OH Page No
Rewuhen g1 yeand Date

eaLt
I Hotates almg ads tum
0ekt diecthion , l e e steA pláner
iu
T acmtphene is deuse 'aud
methane 9a s lfotud
T otell guevolwe in He oPpodibe
oetfom
h e adsUzand hal a laxge incl
do a t t appeaud to beyiq olaun3Uheme i
bead e name a planel n ft dicle
u a n u Mas daelite

NEP TONE-)Meptune s uated 444 o e

apautum the dum-
Twstatel alng t ass nlk hs
aud suevdwe auound e du|in 6S year
Due to he pr esemce 4hekhame
aPpea Geemich
O()T plamet
am ectptemelycold plamet
usheue he masmum Epeatuoue s
-260
Twai discvesued oy J Galle iw
846
hal u dakiute
ukoos located oaud mamedin 190, bit
today pluttr is mo Lmges amsicdeeo a
plangk
eanek
ASTEKOIDS Q Amst ke p kut mallex J

e
eNot spheuas in appeaan
 O1S

auounol the Sum

Kevswe beu
Most& them aue found n a
betweem
Mans aud ipteu,
asteuod in he Ackenofl belt
The lalgast
n Cee
oue ko
due ko-
MekeogutAg a u e fom ed
fom e
MCTEORITES--)
betweem osteui ds
e colisfemns
0 c Hoai -
heH ase fcqm eu
about in space
abdut in Somefi me ney c m e . a c L e
eavtn

iuto tue eata octmoipheue. That 's uohen

aud fau dtasu,
becme nmetngti msuodttug
Hhey
Canlt dkact eauth's
). lest & hese
ud owv up n me akm &pheue oue to
dwtace
the auch on with oi
he meleos hat olo ueach the eah's
(5)
Suurpace aue t u s as mett@nites e
slnoto eru
herue wal a latelt M eteor inc
named Hat as deetum
yemiid
dme paus on
he wold the 19thec dol8

Comets

that travel in highly elliptical orbits around the sun.

Tiny iey and rocky bodies
When they pass close to the sun, they water and gases heat up.

the dircction opposite to the su1.

This leads to the formation of a tail behind the rocky core in
Most famous comet is Halley's Comet which reappears every 75-76 years.
Last appeared: 1986. Next appearance: 2001.
 OMS Page No.

Date

arttude dnacude qud tme mer

elupsorol
he hape e eastl Nmewhath e eadth ate
Meuce e eauatpnal adiul
euivaleut he sustahen Hhe easde ve
t Bhe enjuodor.
theoling bt
Couc leacl to
nded the aua dlape t h e éad.
Lotud suele
o be a sblale Nphetoid
t become dihicut to kocate
#)Duedo the shape, ouny eerng
apsiut n it Au the a en Ce
oha potut
emce,'a netuw0k Imaginay
Koate_vouo
destuubed n a qluhe or admar to
atifudes and
pla.ce hese i n a e called
Lmotides

Kahtude - Glohe& a model (min'atre

fom) e at
o taltth.au povehculasu place om #he globe
we e uine cetafh poiuk eeuenG aud &ne
cauo notiçed. tlat a needtle Hined
usih
twoualn the qlsbe in a tilted monnex
is tevtmed itads aucl Hhe tuoo potuR m t e
glsbe u r h ouich the. needle mavel 0ue
eopdes -U dhe Noth (ole
he dsut lole
he he eaut movel 0MCLAd Oo ushith
n imogtna ines
Amothedmagnay uemsving heqlohs
depaader
he lfue PdeuiLed a the cauator
 G1

dheteuwa betweeu the *uo otiude ubot

Pauallel latituoles aue omed x o pefod

uwit be 81 pauallelu R
ne deauLe hen hee
he moheun aud he
Asutney hemispees
uespechivey
h e l Hhe ota Mum beL dpawallel Aiues h a t
usíU be
Ca be draun indudiug he. eluator,
14181+81+1

he morthon half t h eaudavth Ir eogni zed ad

Nothen Hemisphee h e dgutneh half
he
Hecognixed as Hhe' suthen Hemigphee
Kalkude dafc to be he augulai olktauce 0
poiut o Hhe catt 's dsace
r d e from H uator Jp to the
l gorallel
pstel ae kemed paallels latitude-
&od luclea asue Caibrated n degreez Jhe equato
9uepresenH he zenB deqrees katude.
ind
LATITODgS Noth Pole
North
Latitude
45
leol

15
G
J35
-Equator 0-Fquator Wost 120

East
15

45
South
60
Latitude
South Pole
902 Wost East
Longitudo Longitudo
South Polo
 OMS Page No.
Date

*Inpoauhaut lauallels 4 Katitude

Be'des the eajuakr (0), #hene ae foun nmpr
pauallel lattudle -
) Tipic Cances (284N) n the Noth e
tlemu sphene
Tropit (apoicom (234 ) n Me kgutne
emspheste
Auc (cle cef 6 ) mst the eapuatur
v) dmraho rde at (6 kouth h e ayuat

LPhit_de66
TrapI0 ontéy 234
CQUATO

Frap olopricoo
Antorhic rde

eHeat kone EaEauth fate

MOY
elas ttoto) 6 5
omp eatune
Zone
HOT
TRORICS

lempuafuuo TopiS
95 amn
 Date

lun s p e u a y o v
eheaol at lkat
m-day eem
m all lotitude betw theTropi
a yede i s asuea.
the Tropt of apu'com
Once
aud
ancesl mau'mum hea aud Rs
the'
02 heefore , ecives
ZONE
Called he ToRRID
lunet ovefead n any
e mid-day mew en
un
hne
- Camcex auo the Trpfc
latftude beymd he uspl
the dum's uays Goel m
olapaicoh 7Ke angle 'of
the pote!
decukasg kow auds
TToplc ot Cancen aud
he aveas bound oy the
Aptic ircle Aul Nothei Hemisphee,
tne
e Capacom aud e
auol oy kne Tiplc ncen
Ksuthén ttemspheue. haue
he
dutasctie Civrcle called
modlesiate kempeatwre. Tese aHe thetefre
TEMPERA TORE ZONE

wthin. tre Artfc Cirle aud he Nath

Aeo
Area ng the
incl
Potle fn de Notheun lemfspheue aud
Hhe Nsukh e
dutracic tirte. aud the douk -ote
Hemutpheue aue Vesty Csld. h e dun does not 9se
much' abave
Much' the hoszon heue: a y aHe alway eol
Ahele aeal aue Called PRido z0Nes o
dlaudivg So,
he meuduaM wtidh moved twuwug reem wich
Lshee Hhe baRoh guoya ooservadthy Dcated, i
deaignated e Paime Yovician T dlue ia 0 Rhven
sngde aud sem t we Lsuct 1s0 eattoasud ag
wlal 180° wetsoaud
 OMS Page No.
pate

h e leume Meu dlian diyfdes e asu tt

halweshe cast etm Hemicphee aud he wet6
hemispheu The uake dlitowne tan be
be
dekexmned fllsus he cavukn sutate. 3
n abu 3 awd wuich meand Son how

NORTH POLE

EUROPE

NOR
AMERICTH
New Orleans
ATLANTIC
AFRICA
50
110 OCEAN
100 40

90
0
60 50 40 30°
30 20
10

SOUTH
AMERICA

a obour
ng tude
 O1

Aomgiudea ae alse fdandfied a midiqnt

Run in a mth kouh dliretiem
Ctimate diatance eauh or wt h e paime meidian
Ave tathed apaet at he Esjuator aud meet of Ro

Hhe potes
Ces the eruakr at sugut auglp.
un plane hat pays tuothgtn #he ath's afs.
ydal eugleugla.
Are
re halwe queaf ircdes-
me 8- he ocal ime the tandaud
Sundaud
Neudian s a Ccunty - In Thdia, the lomghude E
R2he (3230E) Lmglde paklug huugu Naiui,na
lahabadd (utau aclab3"js Meaked dl khe vttaudasd

h e Local time at i s meidian i tmtfdeued the

Ktroudaud time the whole Cantsuy I Lecomizedi
a e ndian StandadHme isT) . TAan stundod un
ime 53o hswu aheaad GMT

Note-dmme Ccucues hawe a qrect Longlud nal

entreuet aud Kd0 heyH have belupted More khan m
LE
staudaud xime.
aaple n Kukia heue ae a mamy elevemn
Saudaud me e wnited taBel u nfne
taudardme Zone
e e Cath kal been diuded isto toeuty -fruy fne
Zones e Ksu each: each zme heleYe_Love
IS ngltude
 o1S
Date

olancipe tue ecupce the duu, # oxtu

toCu
Aluo uown a
henthe nodn me behoeen the
cmel
dun aud

the Ceauth the ugut of He

A a suelutt ue moD bodEi
tuom LLea china9 tue eaucths duface auol costta
uom
hadow m t
On a n e s moon phae
u i s OcCLUU
m sbsewe up to 5 dotase edupse pey yeasl
We

MOON

SD
Sday &cipse
Dpeuding on ue distaue Akhe
e moon tUm_the
Eacdo oluung the eveuc, diJfeveud bype af-ds las.
concealm ent Can thse e

auticul-Whe he mm6on oloel mat align cómpletely

with h e u n aud No eny a portion Hhe
duullglt is blocbed_hem cliiug_the' eah
mnulau- hen Ahe moon coveuu the Aun b
e dun Can he ceem_idud Hhe_edgei o Me
 modn ugand im Pression of he dr i au
d unmdting olauh discst he moum.
bnol o,

Total dhen h e dun is Completely coveed e

becames do
te
ne sky elauk {hat
qnson
t0 e nigt Oulya dmall auea an he eoscth
taegs
cau wetney. Pt . 0

astial
dnnulau lctal
eipse
edspse edupse
 OMS Page No
Date

Ouma Edipce
Also kuoon as He edipse 4 he mgon it
OCCu hemn e eaet Cm n betweem t
kum aud he MODW
As ueult, the easth 6locks e al
um from Pueaching he m6ons Auwae auod co1d.
Col
Its dhadoro on He_maon
occui om a uulb m &on olau
We coan up doseuve up o 3 Aulhax dpse perYa

OttA

una
Dependiug o ha {he Kun, he moon Ond he
eauda he up slunaH edlipse koo (an Categonzed

aschialLOhem_omy a past the moon move

uo the shadow he easth
(ctal When he cauth pakeldirestly in_hont
the om n aud Cal ik sha dsw mtne
ul m 60n

aduised ed hat_me dhould mot ook_at e

un_dreckly_duuig khe Solau ecllpse al On
 DO1S

pexumanenty olamage he eyt Motoew,7

doe to vieo the unan edipse drectky

000000
6) East layeu
Structurm of the Earth

hespher

Authennsiet
antlo

SoNe Not to ale

J/8 kIm
T0 scalu

The Cust
The Manle
The Core

TheGrus
The cUst is the oulenmost solicd pait of the eath

l t is fagle
The thckne ss of 1he Crust vaties under lhe oueamc and contnental areas
Oceinc crust is thinner as cornpared to the continenfal ciust
The continental crust is thicker in the ateas of major mointain
systenis
The crust is made ujn of heaviei rorks
having a density of 3 g'cm3
he kind of rock seen in the oceanic CIust is basal

The mean densily of mateial in the oceanic ciUSt ls 27

eol
g'cm13
.Silica (Si) and Aluminum (Al) are major constifuent
manesrals Hence it is often teimed as SiAL Also
Sometimes SIAL is used to refor lo the Lithosphere

The Mantie
The porti.on of the interior
bey ond the cust is callad the mantle
It is in a solid state
I t has
a
densily ligher tian the crust porton
The thickness ranges from 10-200 km
The mantle extends from Moho s
discontnuty to a depth of 2, 900 km
The asthenosphere is the upper porlion of Mantie
I I s the chief source of
magma thal fnds ils vway lo the surface during volGanic eruptions
The cust and the uppermost
part of the
mantle are calleu the
The major consttuent elements of the
ithcsphere
mante are Silicon and
s SiMA MagneSIum and hence It is als0 temed

The Cco
n e core-mantle
boundary is positioned at the depth of 2. 900 km
h e inner core is in lhe soli-state vhereas the outer
cOia Is in the iquid stale
h e core is made
up of ve heavy matenal mostiy constiluted by nickel and
called the nite layer iron Hence it is aso