TOOL2 – SELECTION OF WILD BEE SPECIES BEING IMPORTANT TO POLLINATE A SPECIFIC CROP +

SELECTION OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PLANT SPEICES

THE GOAL:

We want to select the most important bee pollinators for a specific crop in a specific country. In a
second phase we select the good flowers to support these species if a flower strip would be added.

THE DATABASE:

Crop pollinators:

We use the Crop Pollination Database (accessed 10 June 2021), which gathers data of bee
observation data per field (this is specific crop per country).

It compiles data from > 190 study systems worldwide, comprising > 3000 fields from 49 different
crop species. For details see.

https://github.com/ibartomeus/OBservData

For BEESPOKE we selected the following crops:

Apple, Broad bean, Buckwheat, Sunflower, Pear, Field mustard, Northen Bush Blueberry, Rapeseed,
Raspberry, Red clover, Strawberry, Sweet Cherry.

Pollinator-Plant interactions:

The Database of Pollinator Interactions (DoPI: https://www.sussex.ac.uk/lifesci/ebe/dopi/about).

TOOL2 - HOW DO WE SELECT AN POLLINATOR TO BE IMPORTANT FOR A CROP:

Per crop, per field, per country we calculate the observation power (ObsPow) for each pollinator.

# 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 per pollinator

𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑃𝑜𝑤(𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟) =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑒 # 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

We calculate Median(obsPow) per pollinator per country. We do this per country, because the
importance of specific pollinator can be country specific. This allows us to make a ranking of the
importance of each pollinator per country.

We need to be aware that we do not have data of the bees visiting crop for each North Sea Region
(NSR) country. In table 1 you see an overview for each countries which datasets we use to calculate
the which pollinators are most important for a given crop.
Table 1 : The letters represent a country which has data, and is used to determine the main pollinators
per crop.

CROP

Northern.highbush.blu

Common.sunflower
European.pear

field.mustard
Sweet.cherry

Broad.bean
Strawberry

Buckwheat

Red.clover
Raspberry

Rapeseed
Country

eberry
Apple

S, D,
Belgium B B B B B B B S P F
UK S
B, F, G, N, B, S, B, F, G, S,
Denmark B B B, N B, N S P F D
No, UK UK N, S, UK UK
B, S, S, D,
Germany B G B B, N G B, N S P F
UK UK S
B, S, S, D,
Netherlands B N B N N N S P F
UK UK S
B, S, B, F, G, S, D,
Norway B No B B, N B, N S P F
UK N, S, UK UK S
B, F, G, N,
Sweden B B S B, N S B, N S P F S S
No, UK
D,
UK B UK B UK B, N UK B, N S P F UK
S
B, F, G, N, B, S, B, F, G, S, D,
Poland B B B, N B, N S P F
No, UK UK N, S, UK UK S
B, S, S, D,
France B F B B, N F B, N S P F
UK UK S
B (Belgium), D (Denmark), F (France), G (Germany), Ne (The Netherlands), No (Norway, P (Poland), S
(Sweden) and UK (United Kingdom of Great Britain)

TOOL2 - HOW DO WE PROVIDE GOOD PLANTS FOR THE CROP POLLINATORS OF EACH SPECIFIC NSR
COUNTRY:

We want to select the most important plant on which the crop pollinators forage. For each bee species
we select the top 3 plants species on which they forage. To do this we calculate their relative
dependence (being the dependence on the plant species divided by the mean dependence of all bees
on this plant species).

For the UK we directly give the top plants, and delete plants for which it is known that it attracts a pest
species for the crop of interest (see Pest References) for the references used to make this list; the list
is made by Dr. Sarah Arnold). For Belgium the selected plant species are also filtered to be present in
Belgium. For the other countries we generate the same data, yet we only provide genus names of
plants to avoid that suggesting species which are not native.

Pest References

[1] "Simon, J. C., Dedryver, C. A., Rispe, C., & Hull\xe9, M. (2004). Aphids in a new millennium.
Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Aphids, September, 2001, Rennes, France. In
Aphids in a new millennium. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Aphids,
September, 2001, Rennes, France.. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique."

[2] "Aphids on the World's Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs, 2 Volume Set By R. L. Blackman, Victor F.
Eastop"

[3] "Holopainen & Varis 1991 J Appl Ent"

[4] "Plant Hosts of Botrytis spp. | SpringerLink"

[5] "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6603994/#S1: D\xf6berl 2010; Nadein 2010;

Rheinheimer and Hassler 2018; Doguet 1994"

[6] "Seasonal Occurrence of Wild Secondary Hosts of the Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer)
1 , in Agricultural Systems in the Yakima Valley | Environmental Entomology | Oxford Academic
(oup.com)"

[7] "Fernandez?Quintanilla, C., Fereres, A., Godfrey, L., & Norris, R. F. (2002). Development and
reproduction of Myzus persicae and Aphis fabae (Hom., Aphididae) on selected weed species
surrounding sugar beet fields. Journal of Applied Entomology, 126(4), 198-202."

[8] "Annis et al 1981 Envi Entomol 10:307-12"

[9] "Weed hosts as inoculum source of Verticillium in olive orchards on JSTOR"

[10] "OP-ENVE150094 1011..1021 (researchgate.net)"

[11] "Zeise, K., & Von Tiedemann, A. (2002). Host specialization among vegetative compatibility
groups of Verticillium dahliae in relation to Verticillium longisporum. Journal of Phytopathology,
150(3), 112-119."

[12] "Host Range Specificity in Verticillium dahliae (apsnet.org)"

[13] "Verticillium longisporum, the invisible threat to oilseed rape and other brassicaceous plant
hosts - PMC (nih.gov)"

[14] "Nikolakakis, N. N., Margaritopoulos, J. T., & Tsitsipis, J. A. (2003). Performance of Myzus
persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) clones on different host-plants and their host preference. Bulletin of
Entomological Research, 93(3), 235-242."

[15] "Fireblight Leaflet (defra.gov.uk)"

[16] "Host Plant Signal Persistence in the Gut of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera:
Pentatomidae) | Environmental Entomology | Oxford Academic (oup.com)"
[17] "HOSTS - The Hostplants and Caterpillars Database at the Natural History Museum (nhm.ac.uk)"

[18] "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0022191071902204"
[19] "Effects of the maternal and pre?adult host plant on adult performance and preference in the
pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum - McLEAN - 2009 - Ecological Entomology - Wiley Online Library"
[20] "McVean and Dixon 2002"

[21] "Baliddawa-CW-1983-PhD-Thesis.pdf (imperial.ac.uk)"

[22] "Variability in abundance of the rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea), the role of its alternate
host (Plantago major), and potential control strategies in organic apple orchards in British Columbia -
UBC Library Open Collections"
[23] "The Role of Weed Hosts and Tobacco Thrips, Frankliniella fusca, in the Epidemiology of Tomato
spotted wilt virus Plant Disease (apsnet.org)"

[24] "Tonina, L., Zanettin, G., Miorelli, P., Puppato, S., Cuthbertson, A. G., & Grassi, A. (2021).
Anthonomus rubi on strawberry fruit: Its biology, ecology, damage, and control from an ipm
perspective. Insects, 12(8), 701."

[25] "Holopainen, J. K. (1989). Host plant preference of the tarnished plant bug Lygus rugulipennis
Popp.(Het., Miridae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 107(1?5), 78-82."

[26] "Ecological and Management Studies of Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) in
Blueberries (researchgate.net)"

[27] "Tagetes (Tagetes minuta) Oils - ScienceDirect"

[28] "The host plant range of the pea aphid subspecies Acyrthosiphon pisum ssp. destructor
(Johnson) (Hom., Aphididae) - McVean - 2002 - Journal of Applied Entomology - Wiley Online Library"
[29] "Host plants of the European tarnished plant bug Lygus rugulipennis Poppius (Het., Miridae) -
Holopainen - 1991 - Journal of Applied Entomology - Wiley Online Library"
[30] "Tri-trophic interactions mediate the spread of a vector-borne plant pathogen - Clark - 2019 -
Ecology - Wiley Online Library"