Anatomy and histology of the skin.

Author:Sogior. H
QUESTION

ANSWER
 The structure of the Epidermis.

QUESTION

Your epidermis is the outermost

layer of skin on your body. It
protects your body from harm,
keeps your body hydrated, produces
new skin cells and contains
melanin, which determines the
color of your skin

The epidermis is an elastic layer on the

outside that is continually being
regenerated. It includes the following:
Keratinocytes - the main cells of the
epidermis formed by cell division at its
base. New cells continually move towards
the surface.

ANSWER
 The structure of the Dermis.

QUESTION

The dermis is a connective tissue

layer sandwiched bet ween the
epidermis and subcutaneous tissue.
The dermis is a fibrous structure
composed of collagen, elastic
tissue, and other extracellular
components that includes
vasculature, nerve endings, hair
follicles, and glands
The dermis contains nerve endings,
sweat glands and oil glands (sebaceous
glands), hair follicles, and blood
vessels.

Structural components of the dermis are collagen, elastic fibers, and

extrafibrillar matrix. It also contains mechanoreceptors that provide the sense
of touch and thermoreceptors that provide the sense of heat.

ANSWER
 The structure of the Hypodermis

QUESTION

The structure of subcutaneous tissue

The hypodermis layer includes: Adipose
tissue: Adipose tissue is a fatty tissue
that consists mostly of adipocytes. Blood
vessels: Blood vessels include arteries,
capillaries and veins. They circulate
blood throughout your body, help deliver
oxygen to vital organs and remove waste
products.
What is the basic functions of the
hypodermis?

The hypodermis houses blood vessels and

nerves by which it provides nutrients and
sensation for the layers above. The
subcutaneous fat stores energy, provides
insulation for thermal regulation of the body,
and absorbs shock from physical trauma to
ANSWER protect the internal organs.
 Innervation of the skin.

QUESTION

The skin is a highly sensitive organ.

It is densely innervated with different types of
sensory ner ve endings, which discriminate
bet ween pain, temperature and touch.
Autonomic nerve fibres which completely derive
from sympathetic (cholinergic) neurons are also
present.
Meissner receptors detect light touch. Pacinian
corpuscles perceive deep pressure and vibrational
changes. Ruffini endings detect deep pressure and
stretching of the skin's collagen fibers
Sensory nerve endings in the skin can elicit all of
the principal sensations: touch, pain, itch,
warmth, and cold. The skin is supplied by both
myelinated and unmyelinated branches of spinal
nerves. Nerve branches enter the dermis from the
subcutaneous fat and form both a superficial and a
deep nerve plexus.
ANSWER
 Blood circulation of the skin.

QUESTION
Sympathetic neural control of skin
blood flow includes the
noradrenergic vasoconstrictor
system and a sympathetic active
vasodilator system, the latter of
which is responsible for 80% to 90%
of the substantial cutaneous
vasodilation that occurs with
whole body heat stress.
At rest, skin blood flow is probably
on the order of 1 to 3 mL/100 g/
min. When subjects are cooled,
thermoregulatory reflexes are
activated and there can be intense
vasoconstriction of skin to
protect core temperature. This
vasoconstriction is mediated via
noradrenergic sympathetic
nerves.
ANSWER
 Functions of the skin

QUESTION

Functions of the skin

• Provides a protective barrier against mechanical, thermal and physical
injury and hazardous substances.
• Prevents loss of moisture.
• Reduces harmful effects of UV radiation.
• Acts as a sensory organ (touch, detects temperature).
• Helps regulate temperature.
• An immune organ to detect infections etc.

ANSWER
 hermoregulatory function of the skin.

QUESTION

ANSWER
 Melanogenicfunction of the skin.

QUESTION

The purpose of melanogenesis is to protect the hypodermis, the layer under the
skin, from damage by UV radiation. The color of the melanin is black, allowing it
to absorb a majority of the UV light and block it from passing through the
epidermis.
What are 3 functions of melanin?
Melanin is a type of pigment that gives
color to the hair, skin, and eyes in
humans and animals. In addition to
providing pigmentation for the cells,
melanin also absorbs harmful UV rays
and protects against cellular damage
from UV light exposure.
Melanogenesis by definition is the
production of the melanin pigments; these
are most often produced by cells called
melanocytes. Melanocytes are dendritic
cells of the neuroectoderm
ANSWER
 Secretory and excretory function of the skin.

QUESTION

They secrete water primarily, but they also secrete some salts, urea and other
water-soluble substances. The sebaceous glands, also known as the oil glands,
are responsible for excreting an oily substance called sebum which helps
maintain healthy skin.
What is the excretory of skin?
The skin also acts as an excretory organ. It is estimated that 3 to 4 million
eccrine sweat glands which together roughly weigh the same as one kidney (i.e.,
100 g) are distributed over almost the entire human body surface.
What is the secretory of skin?
Name 2 different categories of skin secretions and the glands that
manufacture them? Perspiration (water, salt, and sometimes protein/lipid
substances) from sudoriferous glands; sebum (a fatty substance and broken
cells) from sebaceous glands, also have secretory function which destroy or kill
bacteria on surfaces of the skin.

ANSWER
 Protective and bactericidal functions of the skin.

QUESTION

One of the main functions of the skin is protection. It protects the body from
external factors such as bacteria, chemicals, and temperature. The skin
contains secretions that can kill bacteria and the pigment melanin provides a
chemical pigment defense against ultraviolet light that can damage skin cells.
What is the protective bacteria on skin?
Researchers discovered how a bacterium that lives on the skin, called S.
epidermidis, helps protect the skin from water loss and damage. The findings
could lead to probiotic treatments to promote skin health during aging or to
treat some skin diseases.
What does the skin microbiome do?
The skin microbiome helps to prime the cells of the immune system for
response to attacks by pathogens. Commensal microorganisms interact
closely with the host immune cells, training T cells to respond to potential
pathogen.

ANSWER
 The structure of the hair. Hair types.

QUESTION

Hair type is all about your hair's curl pattern.

Type 1 hair is straight. Type 2 is best described as
wavy. Type 3 hair is curly, and type 4 is coily

Each hair has a hair shaft

and a hair root. The shaft is
the visible part of the hair
that sticks out of the skin.
The hair root is in the skin
and extends down to the
deeper layers of the skin. It
is surrounded by the hair
follicle (a sheath of skin and
connective tissue), which is
also connected to a
ANSWERglands
sebaceous
 Sebaceous glands and their structure, type of secretion.
Composition of sebum

QUESTION

Human sebum consists of squalene, esters of glycerol, wax and cholesterol, as

well as free cholesterol and fatty acids. Triglycerides and fatty acids, taken
together, account for the predominant proportion (57.5%), followed by wax
esters (26%) and squalene (12%).
Types of secretion of sebaceous glands
The lipid-laden cells in the sebaceous glands are wholly secreted (holocrine
secretion) to form sebum. Triglycerides compose the majority of the lipid found in
sebaceous gland cells. From the sebaceous glands, sebum drains into the hair
follicle
ANSWER (see Fig. 2.11), from which it exits onto the surface of the skin.
 Sweat glands, types of sweat glands and their structure, type of
secretion. Sweat composition

QUESTION

sweat gland, either of t wo types of

secretory skin glands occurring only in
mammals. The eccrine sweat gland, which is
controlled by the sympathetic nervous
system, regulates body temperature. When
internal temperature rises, the eccrine
glands secrete water to the skin surface,
where heat is removed by evaporation.
Apocrine sweat glands, which are usually
associated with hair follicles, continuously
secrete a fatty sweat into the gland tubule. What is sweat made of?
Emotional stress causes the tubule wall to Sweat is a liquid made from 99%
contract, expelling the fatty secretion to water and 1% salt and fat. Up to
the skin, where local bacteria break it down a quart of sweat evaporates
into odorous fatty acids. In human beings, each day. When your body
apocrine glands are concentrated in the becomes overheated, you sweat
underarm and in genital regions; the glands more. The evaporation of sweat
are inactive until they are stimulated by from your skin cools your body
ANSWER
hormonal changes in puberty. down
 Structure of nails.

QUESTION

The Free Edge end of nail plate that is shaped

during Manicure & Pedicure
The Nail Plate This is visible part of nail that
sits on top of the nail bed. It is made by
Keratinisation; the transformation of living
cells to hard, dead cells, and it consists of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur and
nitrogen.
The Lunula The half moon shaped point where
the matrix and nail bed meet.
The Cuticle The overlapping skin surrounding
the nail. Its job is to protect the matrix from The Nail Grooves These are the grooves on the
being invaded by bacteria and physical skin at the sides of the free edge, and the nail
follows them as a guideline when it grows.
damage. The Nail Walls The skin on both sides of the nail
The Mantle skin covering matrix and the plate.
base of nail plate. The Nail Bed This is the part of the finger
underneath the nail plate.
The Hyponichium This skin line where the nail The Matrix This is where the nail is made. It is
plate separates from the nail bed. the only living part of the nail, and contains
nerves and blood vessels so that cell
ANSWER reproduction can occur.
 Primary morphological elements of the skin.

QUESTION

Primary Morphology
Macule - flat lesion less than 1 cm,
without elevation or depression
Patch - flat lesion greater than 1 cm,
without elevation or depression
Plaque - flat, elevated lesion, usually
greater than 1 cm
Papule - elevated, solid lesion less than 1
cm
Nodule - elevated, solid lesion greater
than 1 cm
Vesicle - elevated, fluid-filled lesion,
usually less than 1 cm 
Pustule - elevated, pus-filled lesion, usually Lesion Type (Primary Morphology) Macules
are flat, nonpalpable lesions usually < 10 mm
less than 1 cm in diameter. Macules represent a change in
Bulla - elevated, fluid-filled lesion, usually color and are not raised or depressed
compared to the skin surface. A patch is a
greater than 1 cm  large macule. Examples include freckles, flat
moles, tattoos, and port-wine stains.

ANSWER
 Classification of primary morphological elements.

QUESTION

S
ANSWER
 Exudative primary morphological elements.

QUESTION

Exudative primary morphological elements

1.Vesicula - cavitary, containing serous or serous-hemorrhagic fluid, elevated above
skin level, hemispherical, 1.5 mm in diameter. It resolves without leaving any
trace. They occur in eczema, herpes, dyshidrosis, and Duhring's dermatitis
herpetiformis. Histology - spongiosis, ballooning degeneration.
2.Blister (bulla) - a cavitary mass 0.5-7 cm or more in diameter, contained above
skin level, hemispherical or oval in shape, may open with the formation of erosive
surfaces. Occurs in vulgar vesicular disease, congenital neonatal vesicular disease,
MEE, and burns. Histology is spongiosis. The vesicles may be intra- and
subepidermal.
3.Pustula is a cavitary element with purulent content, from 1.5 to 5 mm in size up
to several cm in diameter, spherical, cone-shaped or flat. A distinction is made
bet ween superficial pustules - impetigo and flecenas - which heal without leaving a
trace, and deep pustules - folliculitis (which can also be superficial) and ecthyma.
The main cause of pustules is caused by pathogens such as staphylococci and
streptococci.
4. A blister (urtica) is a sexless exudative morphological element formed by swelling
of the papillary layer of the dermis. It is a protruding mass, rapidly appearing and
quickly disappearing, pea-sized to palm-sized or larger. It is caused by burns of
nettle, intoxication or sensitization of the body.
ANSWER
 Proliferative primary morphological elements.

QUESTION
A papula is a primary asymptomatic morphological element characterized by a change in skin colour, texture,
and consistency, which usually resolves without leaving any trace. Depending on the depth of occurrence,
epidermal papules are epidermal, located within the epidermis (flat warts); dermal, localised in the dermal
papillary layer (papular syphilis), and epidermodermal (papules in psoriasis, lichen acuminatus, atopic
dermatitis). The nodules can be inflammatory or non-inflammatory. The latter are formed as a result of
epidermal overgrowths such as acanthosis (warts), papillomatosis-like dermis (papilloma) or deposition of
metabolic products in the skin (xanthoma). Inflammatory papules occur much more frequently in psoriasis,
secondary syphilis, psoriatica, eczema, etc. Acanthosis, granulosis, hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis may occur
on the epidermis, and cellular infiltrates may be deposited in the dermal papillary layer. Depending on their
size, nodules can be miliary or prosovid (1-3 mm in diameter), lenticular or lenticle-shaped (0.5-0.7 cm in
diameter) and nuchal, or coin-like (1-3 cm in diameter). In some dermatoses, papules grow peripherally and
merge to form larger plaques (e.g., in psoriasis). The papules may be round, oval, polygonal (polycyclic) in
shape - flat, hemispherical, conical (with pointed apex), in consistency - dense, densely elastic, doughy, soft.
Sometimes a vesicle is formed on the surface of the nodule. These are called papulo-vesicles or seropapules (in
prurigo).
A tuberculum is a primary sexless infiltrative morphological element deep in the dermis. It is characterized
by small size (0.5 to 1 cm in diameter), changes in skin colour, texture and consistency, and leaves a scar or
scar atrophy.
It forms mainly in the reticular layer of the dermis due to the formation of infectious granulomas. Clinically,
it bears a strong resemblance to papules. The main difference is that the tubercles usually ulcerate and leave
scars. It is possible for the tubercle to resolve without the ulcerative stage and to progress to scarring of the
skin. Bunions are seen in leprosy, tuberculosis of the skin, leishmaniasis, tertiary syphilis, etc.
A nodule (nodus) is a primary sexless infiltrative morphological element deep in the dermis and hypodermis
and large in size (2 to 10 cm or more in diameter). As the pathological process progresses, the node usually
ulcerates and then scars. A distinction is made bet ween inflammatory nodes, such as syphilitic gumps, and
non-inflammatory nodes resulting from the deposition of metabolic products in the skin (xanthomas etc.) or
ANSWER
from malignant proliferative processes (lymphoma).
 Alternative primary morphological elements.

QUESTION

A spot (macula) is a non-malignant primary element manifested by a discoloration of the skin in

a limited area. A distinction is made bet ween isoinflammatory spots (roséola, erythema), which
differ in size; vegetative non-inflammatory spots (erythema ashamed); spots as an abnormality
23 development or location of blood vessels (haemangioma, telangiectasia). Separately, there
are hemorrhagic spots resulting from increased permeability of the vascular wall or rupture of
the blood vessel (petechiae, purpura, ecchymosis, vibicis, hematoma). Pigment spots can be
congenital (nevi), spontaneous (freckles, chloasma, lentigines), formed under the influence of
medications or other factors (toxic melanodermia) and artificial (tattoos, permanent make-up).
When the amount of pigment in the skin is reduced, we talk about hypo- and depigmented spots,
which can be both congenital (albinism) and acquired (vitiligo). Vascular and dyschromic spots
can be secondary.
Also include
A)VASCULAR
• Erythema
• Erethroderma
B)HAMORAGH
• Purpura
• Petechia
• Eccymosis
C)PIGMANTATION
• Hyperpegmentation
• Hypopigmentation
• Depigmentation
ANSWER
 Secondary morphological elements of the skin.

QUESTION

What are primary and secondary

morphological lesions?

Primary skin lesions are those which

develop as a direct result of the disease
process. Secondary lesions are those
which evolve from primary lesions or
develop as a consequence of the
patient's activities.

ANSWER
 Mono- and polymorphism.

QUESTION

If there is one type of primary morphological element in a skin rash (e.g. papules
only or vesicles only), the rash is said to be monomorphic. If there are t wo or
more primary elements simultaneously (e.g. papules, vesicles, erythema), the
rash is called polymorphic (e.g. eczema).

In contrast to true polymorphism, there is false (evolutionary) polymorphism of

the rash due to the occurrence of various secondary morphological elements
(exoriations, scales, cracks, etc.) that give the rash a mottled appearance.

ANSWER
 Method of examination of a dermatological patient.

QUESTION

Specialised techniques used in examination of the skin include:

Dermoscopy for pigmented lesions to diagnose melanoma.
Skin biopsy for histology and direct immunofluorescence.
Patch tests to identify type 4 contact hypersensitivity reactions.
Skin scrapings or nail clippings for mycology (fungal infections).
Wood's light (long wave UVA) examination for pigmentary changes and
fluorescence resulting from certain infections.
Dermographism for determining the disease with allergical reactions

Less dermatologically specific tests include:

Skin swabs and smears for bacteria yeast and viral infections.
Blood tests for culture, serology, haematology, biochemistry etc.
Urine tests for culture, biochemistry etc.
Faecal tests for culture, occult blood testing, biochemistry
X-rays for systemic disease, bone abnormalities
Selected prick tests to identify Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions.

ANSWER
 Definition and interpretation of dermographism

QUESTION

Dermatographism, also known as dermographism urticaria, or urticaria

factitia, is an urticarial eruption upon pressure or trauma to the skin. The
literal meaning is "to write on the skin." Downward pressure on the skin
produces a linear wheal in the shape of the applied external force.
How Dermographism is diagnosed
The doctor can diagnose
dermatographia with a simple test. He
or she will draw a tongue depressor
across the skin of your arm or back to
see if a red, swollen line or a welt
(wheal) appears within a few minutes
What cause of Dermograph of skin
The consensus among medical
professionals is that dermatographia is
an allergic reaction when specific
antibodies (IgE and IgM) are released in
response to scratching, pressure, or mild
irritation of the skin. This response
prompts the release of histamines, which
ANSWER
cause the welts.
 General and local therapy of skin diseases.

QUESTION

Ointments (such as petroleum jelly) are oily and contain very little water. They can be messy, greasy, and difficult to wash off.
Ointments are most appropriate when the skin needs lubrication or moisture. Ointments are usually better than creams at
delivering active ingredients into the skin. A given concentration of a drug is more potent in an ointment than in a cream.
Ointments are less irritating than creams and much less irritating than gels, lotions, and solutions for open wounds such as
erosions or ulcers. Ointments work best when applied after bathing or after dampening the skin with water.
Creams, the most commonly used preparations, are emulsions of oil in water, meaning they are primarily water with an oil
component. (An ointment is the opposite, some water mixed mostly with oil.) Creams are easy to apply and appear to vanish when
rubbed into the skin. They are relatively nonirritating.
Lotions are similar to creams but contain more water. They are actually suspensions of finely dispersed, powdered material in a
base of water or oil and water. They are less effective than ointments, creams, and gels at delivering drugs and are considered of
lower potency for a given drug concentration. However, lotions have a number of beneficial effects. They are easy to apply to
hairy skin and they are particularly useful for cooling or drying inflamed or oozing lesions, such as those caused by contact
dermatitis, athlete's foot (tinea pedis), or jock itch (tinea cruris).
Baths and soaks are used when treatment must be applied to large areas of the body. This technique is often used in the form of
sitz baths for over-the-counter (OTC) treatments of mild skin problems such as hemorrhoids. Baths are not often used to apply
potent prescription drugs because of difficulties controlling the amount of drug delivered.
Foams are aerosol preparations (liquids stored under pressure with a propellant so that the mixture can be dispensed) that use a
base of alcohol or something soothing to the skin (called an emollient). They are rapidly absorbed into the skin and are often used
in hair-covered areas of the body.
Solutions are liquids in which a drug is dissolved. The most commonly used liquids are alcohol, propylene glycol, polyethylene
glycol, and plain water. Solutions are convenient to apply, especially for scalp disorders such as psoriasis or seborrheic dermatitis.
Solutions tend to dry rather than moisturize the skin, but this drying effect is useful for wet, oozing (weeping) skin disorders.
Depending on the vehicle used, solutions can be irritating to the skin, particularly when those containing alcohol and propylene
glycol are applied to open wounds. One common solution is aluminum acetate solution, which is often used as a soak.
Powders are dried forms of substances that are used to protect areas where skin rubs against skin—for instance, bet ween the
toes or buttocks, in the armpits or groin, or under the breasts. Powders are used on skin that has been softened and damaged by
moisture (macerated). They may be mixed with active drugs such as antifungal drugs.
Gels are water-based or alcohol-based substances thickened without oil or fat. The skin does not absorb gels as well as it absorbs
preparations containing oil or fat. Thus, they are often most effective for conditions that require slow absorption, such as acne,
rosacea, and psoriasis of the scalp. Gels tend to be quite irritating on open wounds and diseased skin.
ANSWER
 Lotions, their varieties. Methodology for their application.

QUESTION
Lotion is a low-viscosity topical preparation intended for application to the skin. By contrast,
creams and gels have higher viscosity, typically due to lower water content.[1][2] Lotions are
applied to external skin with bare hands, a brush, a clean cloth, or cotton wool.
While a lotion may be used as a medicine delivery system, many lotions, especially hand lotions
and body lotions and lotion for allergies are meant instead to simply smooth, moisturize, soften
and, sometimes, perfume the skin.[3]
Some skincare products, such as sunscreen and moisturizer, may be available in multiple
formats, such as lotions, gels, creams, or sprays.
Lotions are topical skin care products that usually contain some type of emollient oil or
moisturizing cream, water, and other active ingredients. There are a variety of
different lotion products available, ranging from fragranced body lotions to those
designed to soothe or treat specific conditions.
The most common lotion types are lotion creams, which are thicker and heavier than
lotions, body lotions and facial lotions, which are lighter and provide more
moisturizing benefits, and moisturizing lotions, which are formulations that contain
additional moisturizing ingredients such as hyaluronic acid, glycerin, and ceramides.
The application of lotion depends on the product being used. Generally, lotion should be
applied to the skin after showering or bathing, when the skin is still damp.
Some lotions might need to be applied more than once a day. For facial lotions, it's best
to follow package instructions for the exact application instructions. For body lotion,
it's important to use long, circular motions when applying and to pay attention to any
particularly dry areas of the skin.
ANSWER
 Pyoderma. Etiopathogenesis. Classification

QUESTION

Etiopathogenesis: Pyoderma is a skin infection caused by bacteria, usually

Staphylococcus aureus or
Streptococcus pyogenes. These bacteria enter the skin through small cuts or
abrasions, or through the hair follicles, causing the formation of pus-filled
lesions known as pustules or boils.

Classification:
Primary pyoderma: This type of pyoderma occurs when bacteria invade healthy,
intact skin, typically through minor cuts or abrasions. Common types include
impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, and carbuncles.
Secondary pyoderma: This type of pyoderma is caused by an underlying medical
condition that weakens the skin's defenses, such as diabetes, malignancy, or
immunodeficiency disorders. Common types include ecthyma, cellulitis, and
abscesses.

ANSWER
 General principles of pyoderma therapy.

QUESTION

Identify and remove the underlying cause, if present:

In many cases, treating the underlying cause of a pyoderma infection can help
reduce associated inflammation and improve healing. Investigating for allergens,
atopic dermatitis or any other primary skin disease is important.
Treat with topical or systemic antimicrobials:
Antibiotics, topical or systemic, are the mainstays of pyoderma treatment. The
selection of the drug should be based on the type of infection, the sensitivity of
the organism, and skin clearance after initial treatment.
Therapeutic dressings:
Moist dressings and bandages can help prevent further skin damage and
promote healing. They may contain topical antiseptics or antimicrobials.
Identify and address any associated conditions:
This includes addressing any comorbidities (e.g. hypertension, hyperlipidemia,
diabetes) and any secondary infections like pityriasis versicolor co-infections.
Supportive care and lifestyle changes:
Proper skin care and moisturizers are an important part of the therapy.
Additionally, lifestyle changes should be recommended to address any secondary
comorbidities, like smoking or alcohol abuse, which could aggravate the
condition.
ANSWER
 Staphyloderma associated with skin appendages

QUESTION

Staphyloderma is a rare skin condition that is characterized by a diffuse,

erythematous, scaly rash. It is associated with skin appendages, such as hair
follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. It is usually seen on the face,
neck, chest, and back. Treatment typically includes topical corticosteroids and
antifungal medications.

ANSWER
 Classification of Staphyloderma and Sreptoderma.

QUESTION

Staphyloderma:

1. Atopic Dermatitis
2. Contact Dermatitis
3. Seborrheic Dermatitis
4. Psoriasis
5. Folliculitis

Streptoderma:

1. Impetigo
2. Erysipelas
3. Cellulitis
4. Scarlet Fever
5. Tonsillitis

ANSWER
 Ostiofolliculitis and deep Folliculitis.

QUESTION

Ostiofolliculitis is a skin condition characterized by the inflammation of the

hair follicles, typically on the face or scalp. It is caused by a bacterial
infection and can be very painful. Symptoms include redness, swelling, and
pus-filled bumps. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and topical
medications.

Deep Folliculitis is a more severe form of folliculitis. It is caused by a bacterial

infection that has spread deeper into the hair follicles. Symptoms include
redness, swelling, and pus-filled bumps that may be painful. Treatment
typically involves antibiotics and topical medications. In some cases, surgery
may be necessary to remove the infected follicles.

ANSWER
 Vulgar sycosis. Clinic, diagnosis, treatment.

QUESTION

Clinical Features:
Vulgar sycosis is also known as barbae sycosis, is an inflammatory condition of
the beard area which is caused by a staphylococcal infection. Vulgar sycosis
presents as single or multiple boil-like papules and pustules in the beard area.
Papules may increase in size and fuse, forming large pustules. The condition
primarily affects the chin and the upper lip. The lesions are typically red,
swollen, and tender, and may discharge pus.
Diagnosis:
The diagnosis of vulgar sycosis is usually made clinically. Microscopy
examination of affected skin material may identify staphylococcal colonies. A
culture of the affected skin may be required for a definitive diagnosis.
Treatment:
The treatment for vulgar sycosis is aimed at controlling the symptoms of the
condition. It includes the use of topical antibiotic creams, such as clindamycin,
mupirocin, or fusidic acid. Oral antibiotics, such as tetracyclines, may also be
prescribed. In severe cases, the affected areas may need to be surgically
debrided and drained.

ANSWER
 Furuncle, Clinic, stages of development, diagnostics.

QUESTION

A furuncle is a skin abscess caused by a bacterial infection. The bacteria

usually responsible for causing a furuncle is Staphylococcus aureus.
Clinical Features: A furuncle usually appears as a red, painful, and tender bump
on the skin. It is surrounded by an area of local inflammation, and as the
infection progresses, it will become filled with pus. As the area of inflammation
increases, fever and tenderness may also develop.
Stages of Development:
Stage 1: In the initial stage of development, a red, painful and firm lesion
develops in the area of infection.
Stage 2: The lesion becomes filled with pus, with the formation of a small
central pustule. Fever, pain and tenderness around the furuncle have also
developed.
Stage 3: The pus absorbs back into the skin, leaving behind a small fibrous bump.
Stage 4: The fibrous lump eventually shrinks and disappears in time.
Diagnostics: Diagnosis of a furuncle is usually based on a physical examination
of the affected area. In some cases, a bacterial culture may be taken to isolate
the exact strain of bacteria that is responsible for causing the infection. In
addition, blood tests may also be performed to measure markers of infection
and inflammation.
ANSWER
 General and local treatment of Folliculs.

QUESTION
itis

General Treatment

1. Keep the affected area clean and dry.

2. Apply warm compresses to the affected area to help reduce inflammation and promote drainage.

3. Take over-the-counter pain medications, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, to help reduce discomfort.

4. Use topical creams or ointments that contain antibiotics, such as mupirocin or fusidic acid, to help reduce
the risk of infection.

5. Use topical antifungal creams, such as clotrimazole or miconazole, to help treat fungal infections.

6. Use topical corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone, to help reduce inflammation.

7. Take oral antibiotics, such as erythromycin or clindamycin, to help treat bacterial infections.

Local Treatment

1. Clean the affected area with a mild soap and water.

2. Apply a warm compress to the affected area for 10 to 15 minutes, three times a day.

Apply an over-the-counter topical antibiotic ointment, such as mupirocin or fusidic

ANSWER
 Carbuncle. Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment.

QUESTION

Clinical Manifestation
A carbuncle is a cluster of boils caused by an infection of the skin or the underlying
tissues. It is usually seen in small, red bumps that form a head on the top of the area and
often having a yellow colored center. It most often appears on the back of the neck,
buttocks, and thighs.
Symptoms include redness, pain, and warmth of the area, swelling and red bumps filled
with pus.
Diagnosis
A diagnosis of carbuncle is typically made based on the clinical presentation. Doctors may
also use laboratory tests like blood tests or cultures to confirm the diagnosis and
determine the etiology.
Treatment
Treatment for carbuncle typically includes antibiotics and to drain the boil. Warm
compresses can be used to promote drainage and reduce pain. Pain medications can also be
used to help with the discomfort. Surgery may be necessary for some cases to remove the
carbuncle and help prevent recurrence. If the carbuncle is infected with staphylococcus
aureus, oral antibiotics may be recommended.

ANSWER
 Hydradenitis, Clinic, diagnosis, treatment.

QUESTION

Hydradenitis is a condition resulting from inflammation of the sweat glands in the skin.
It is commonly found in the armpits and groin area, but can also affect other areas of
the body such as the buttocks, breasts, perineum, and lower abdomen. The
inflammation can result in painful red bumps filled with pus, which can cause scarring.
Clinical features:
The most common symptom of hydradenitis is painful swellings on the affected skin.
These are often red, hot, and tender and may have yellow-white or red pus-filled heads.
In some cases, the swellings may form into larger, hard, and painful nodules. Other
symptoms may include fevers, chills, and general malaise.
Diagnosis:
Hydradenitis can usually be diagnosed with a physical examination and by looking at
the affected area. Your doctor may also order blood tests, X-rays, and other imaging
studies to rule out other conditions with similar signs and symptoms.
Treatment:
Treatment for hydradenitis may include antibiotics, which can help reduce the risk of
infection. Anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen and naproxen may also be
used to reduce the inflammation and pain. In more severe cases, surgery may be
necessary to remove the affected sweat glands. Your doctor may also recommend
topical creams or ointments to keep the area clean and dry. Wearing loose and
breathable clothing may also help reduce the risk of further irritation.
ANSWER
 Vesiculopustulosis. Clinical manifestations.

QUESTION

Vesiculopustulosis is a skin condition

characterized by the formation of
small, fluid-filled blisters or vesicles
that are surrounded by a red,
inflamed area. These vesicles can be
found on any part of the body, but
are most commonly seen on the
arms, legs, and trunk. The blisters
may be filled with a clear or
yellowish fluid, and may be itchy or
painful. In some cases, the blisters
may burst and form a crust or scab.
Other symptoms of
vesiculopustulosis may include fever,
swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue.

ANSWER
 Pseudofurunculosis Finger. Clinical manifestations.

QUESTION

Pseudofurunculosis finger is a rare skin condition that is characterized by a

localized and progressive swelling of the finger skin. The swelling typically
occurs at the proximal nail fold and may be associated with a small
pseudofuruncle. This skin condition can be seen in both children and adults.

Clinical manifestations may include:

Redness, swelling, and tenderness at the affected area
Heat generation
A localized collection of pus
Painful nodule or abscess
Pus discharge or odor upon rupture or drainage
Difficulty with motion or grasping
Difficulty wearing jewelry

ANSWER
 Epidemic pemphigus of newborns. Clinical manifestations.

QUESTION

Epidemic pemphigus of newborns, also known as pemphigus neonatorum, is a rare

viral skin disorder ( usually Herpes Simple Virus ) that typically affects newborn
babies within the first week of life. It is characterized by an onset of large, red,
blistering lesions that appear on the face and trunk. The blisters may be fluid-
filled and extremely itchy, and may cause intense discomfort and pain. Painful,
swollen glands may develop in the region of the facial rash.
Complications may include infection, scarring and permanent skin discoloration.
In some Instances, a systemic infection may develop, leading to severe illness
and death in rare cases. Because of its rare and unpredictable nature, it is
difficult to predict the course of the epidemic pemphigus or to prevent its
occurrence, however, the condition is typically treated with antiviral
medications, topical ointments and thorough skin care.

ANSWER
 Ritter's Exfoliative Dermatitis. Clinical manifestations.

QUESTION
Ritter's exfoliative dermatitis is a rare skin condition with unknown etiology. It is
characterized by redness and swelling of the skin, along with blisters, crusting,
peeling, and scaling. It usually occurs on the face, neck, shoulders and upper trunk and
can involve other areas of skin. It often comes with severe itching, burning, and pain.
Other symptoms may include fever, joint pain, lymphadenopathy, and malaise. In cases
where systemic involvement is present, laboratory tests may be necessary to
investigate underlying causes. In some cases, the condition can cause nerve damage
and even lead to sepsis and organ failure. Early recognition and appropriate treatment
is important in preventing long-term complications.
Ritter's exfoliative dermatitis is a rare skin disorder characterized by red, scaly, and itchy
patches of skin. The patches may be widespread or localized. Common symptoms include:

-Red, scaly, and itchy skin

-Thickening of the skin
-Blistering
-Cracking and peeling of the skin
-Swelling
-Pain
-Burning sensation
-Infection
-Hair loss
-Discoloration of the skin
ANSWER
-Scarring
 Streptococcal Pyoderma, Classification.

QUESTION

Streptococcal Pyoderma is the skin infection caused by streptococcal bacteria.

It is typically categorized in t wo types; Impetigo and Cellulitis.

Impetigo is the most common type caused by Staphylococcal and/or

Streptococcal bacteria. This infection typically presents on the face, arms,
neck, hands and feet and manifests as red bumps or large blisters filled with
yellowish fluid.

Cellulitis is a serious skin infection caused by streptococcus bacteria. It usually

begins as a red, swollen area around a wound or insect bite, with a fever and
other systemic symptoms. It is more serious because it can pass deeper into the
affected area and cause tissue destruction and abscess formation.

ANSWER
 General principles of treatment of Streptoderma

QUESTION

STEP BY STEP

1. Antibiotic therapy: Antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment for streptoderma. The most
common antibiotics used are penicillin and erythromycin.

2. Topical treatment: Topical antibiotics such as mupirocin and fusidic acid can be used to treat
localized lesions.

3. Antiseptic treatment: Antiseptics such as chlorhexidine can be used to reduce the risk of
secondary bacterial infections.

4. Wound care: Proper wound care is essential to prevent secondary bacterial infections. This
includes keeping the wound clean and dry, and applying a topical antibiotic ointment.

5. Pain relief: Pain relief medications such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen can be used to reduce
pain and discomfort.

6. Skin care: Moisturizers can be used to help keep the skin hydrated and reduce itching.

7. Sun protection: Sun protection is important to prevent further damage to the skin.
Sunscreens with a high SPF should be used when going outdoors.

ANSWER
 Streptococcal impetigo, Classification

QUESTION

Streptococcal impetigo is classified into t wo major types, namely bullous

impetigo and nonbullous impetigo.

Bullous impetigo is characterized by large, fluid-filled blisters (bullae) on the

skin. The blisters may be red, yellow or brown in color and tend to break open
easily. They are generally located on the arms, legs, face, and trunk of the
body.

Nonbullous impetigo is characterized by small, red sores on the skin that may
be filled with pus. The sores are typically found around the nose, mouth, and
hands and tend to heal without scarring. They are often accompanied by
itching or stinging.

ANSWER
 Streptococcal impetigo. Clinical manifestation, diagnosis,
treatment.

QUESTION
Streptococcal impetigo is a type of skin infection caused by the bacteria Streptococcus
pyogenes. It is most commonly found in individuals aged 2 to 6 years old, and is usually
characterized by red, raised, blister-like sores filled with pus. These sores most
commonly occur on the face, arms, and legs. Other accompanying symptoms can include
redness, mild swelling, and itching.
Diagnosis of streptococcal impetigo is typically made through a physical examination
and upon observing the tell-tale Skin lesions. Culturing a swab sample of the affected
area may also help confirm diagnosis.
Treatment of streptococcal impetigo generally involves antibiotic creams or ointments
to be applied to the affected area. Oral antibiotics may also be prescribed in more severe
cases. Other treatments are aimed at relieving symptoms such as itching and pain.
These may include anti-itch lotions, soothing baths, and over-the-counter pain
relievers.
The clinical manifestations of streptococcal impetigo include the following:
Red, itchy sores that typically appear on the face, arms, and legs
Blister-like lesions which may break open and weep
A yellow-brown scab may form at the site
Crusty, thick scabs that may be difficult to remove
Swelling in and around the affected area
Redness and minor pain in the area of infection
Mild fever and swollen lymph nodes
ANSWER
 Erysipelas. Clinical forms, classification

QUESTION
Clinical classification of erysipelas (Cherkasov VL, 1986)
• By the nature of local manifestations:
◦ erythematous;
◦ erythematous-bullous;
◦ erythematous-hemorrhagic;
◦ Bull-hemorrhagic.
• By severity:
◦ light (I);
◦ moderate (II);
◦ heavy (III).
• By the multiplicity of the flow:
◦ primary;
◦ repeated (with the recurrence of the disease in t wo years, another localization of the process);
◦ relapsing (in the presence of at least three relapses of erysipelas per year, the definition of "often recurring mug" is
appropriate)
• By the prevalence of local manifestations:
◦ localized:
◦ common (migratory);
◦ Metastatic with the appearance of distant from each other foci of inflammation.
• Complications of erysipelas:
◦ local (abscess, phlegmon, necrosis, phlebitis, periadenitis, etc.);
◦ general (sepsis, pulmonary embolism, thromboembolism, etc.).
• Consequences of face:
◦ persistent lymphostasis (lymphatic edema, lymphedema);
◦ secondary elephantia (fibredema).
ANSWER
 Erysipelas. Diagnosis, treatment.

QUESTION

Erysipelas is a bacterial skin infection caused by the Streptococcus bacteria. It

is characterized by a red, swollen, and painful rash.

Diagnosis:

Erysipelas is usually diagnosed by a physical examination and a review of the

patient’s medical history. A doctor may also take a sample of the affected skin
and send it to a laboratory for testing.

Treatment:

Treatment for erysipelas usually involves antibiotics, such as penicillin or

erythromycin. The antibiotics are usually taken for 7 to 10 days. In some cases,
a doctor may also prescribe a topical antibiotic cream or ointment to help reduce
the swelling and pain. If the infection is severe, a doctor may recommend
hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics.

ANSWER
 Vulgar ecthyma. Clinic, diagnosis, treatment.

QUESTION

Clinical Diagnosis: Vulgar ecthyma is a skin infection caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus
aureus. It is characterized by red, raised, and painful lesions that can be found on the face,
neck, arms, and legs.

Treatment: Treatment of vulgar ecthyma typically involves antibiotics such as penicillin or

erythromycin. In some cases, topical antiseptics may be used to reduce the risk of infection. It
is important to keep the affected area clean and dry to prevent the spread of the infection. In
severe cases, surgical removal of the lesions may be necessary.

Prevention: can be prevented by practicing good hygiene and avoiding contact with people who
have the infection.

ANSWER
 Streptostaphyloderma. Classification.

QUESTION

There are five types of streptostaphyloderma:

1. Streptostaphyloderma folliculitis: This type of streptostaphyloderma is characterized by red,

itchy bumps that form on the skin. These bumps are usually found on the face, chest, and back.

2. Streptostaphyloderma impetiginosa: This type of streptostaphyloderma is characterized by

red, scaly patches that form on the skin. These patches are usually found on the face, neck, and
chest.

3. Streptostaphyloderma erythematosus: This type of streptostaphyloderma is characterized by

red, itchy patches that form on the skin. These patches are usually found on the face, neck, and
chest.

4. Streptostaphyloderma pustulosa: This type of streptostaphyloderma is characterized by red,

pus-filled bumps that form on the skin. These bumps are usually found on the face, neck, and
chest.

5. Streptostaphyloderma lichenoides: This type of strept

ANSWER
 Chancri form Pyoderma. Clinic, differential diagnostics.

QUESTION

Pyoderma is a skin infection caused by both bacterial and fungal organisms. It is

characterized by the presence of lesions on the skin that are usually red,
swollen, and filled with pus. The most common forms of pyoderma are bacterial
pyoderma (staphyloderma and streptoderma) and fungal pyoderma.

Clinical features of pyoderma vary depending on the type of infection. Bacterial

pyoderma is characterized by ulcers, pustules, and papules that may be
accompanied by fever, malaise, and lymphadenopathy. Fungal pyoderma is
characterized by the presence of scaly, erythematous, and pruritic lesions.

Differential diagnosis of pyoderma includes other skin infections caused by

bacteria or fungi such as impetigo, cellulitis, and tinea. Laboratory tests, such
as culture and microscopy, can be used to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment typically involves the use of topical and/or systemic antibiotics or

antifungals.

ANSWER
 General principles for the treatment of mixed pyoderma.

QUESTION

1. Identify and treat any underlying cause, such as allergies, endocrine disorders,
or immunodeficiencies.

2. Use topical antibiotics such as mupirocin, fusidic acid, or clindamycin.

3. Use topical antiseptics such as benzoyl peroxide or chlorhexidine.

4. Use topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and itching.

5. Use systemic antibiotics such as tetracyclines, macrolides, or fluoroquinolones.

6. Use systemic immunomodulators such as cyclosporine or tacrolimus.

7. Use systemic antifungal agents such as itraconazole or terbinafine.

8. Use systemic anti-inflammatory agents such as prednisone or cyclosporine.

9. Use topical or systemic retinoids such as tretinoin or isotretinoin.

10. Use phototherapy or laser therapy to reduce inflammation and promote

healing.
ANSWER
 Scabies. Etiopathogenesis.Classification

QUESTION
Scabies is a contagious skin infestation caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. The mite burrows into the
skin and lays eggs, which hatch and cause an allergic reaction. The mites are spread through skin-to-skin
contact, sharing of clothing and bedding, and contact with contaminated objects.

Scabies can be classified into t wo types:

1. Crusted scabies: This is a more severe form of scabies, characterized by thick, crusted lesions on the skin.
It is more common in people with weakened immune systems.

2. Classical scabies: This is the more common form of scabies, characterized by small, itchy bumps on the
skin. It is more common in healthy individuals.

Scabies, caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabei, is a contagious and very itchy skin condition. The mite burrows
into the skin, lays eggs and causes an allergic skin reaction resulting in intense itching.
The etiopathogenesis of scabies is classified as follows:

Infestation by Mite: Scabies occurs primarily from the infestation of the human skin by the mite Sarcoptes
scabei. The mites are usually acquired directly from human skin contact with an infested person or indirectly
from fomites such as clothing or bedding that harbor the mites.
Allergic Reaction: Once the mites are present, an allergic reaction typically follows which manifests in
intense itching, red bumps, and small blisters. This itching is due to an allergic reaction of the body's immune
system to the mite's saliva, feces and eggs.
Skin Damage: The mite can cause significant skin damage if not treated properly. When the mite burrows into
the skin it creates a long winding trail known as the burrow. This creates a risk of secondary bacterial
infections which can further complicate the condition and cause further damage to the skin.
ANSWER
 Norwegian Scabies. Clinical manifestation.

QUESTION

Nor wegian scabies is a rare and severe form of scabies caused by infestation
with the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. It is characterized by an intense
itching sensation and the presence of large numbers of mites in the skin. It is
most commonly seen in people with weakened immune systems, such as those
with HIV/AIDS or cancer, and in people with certain neurological conditions. It is
also seen in people with Down syndrome, and in some cases, it can be passed
from person to person. Treatment of Nor wegian scabies typically involves the
use of topical medications, such as permethrin or ivermectin, and oral
medications, such as doxycycline or ivermectin. In some cases, systemic
medications, such as oral steroids, may be necessary.

Symptoms may include intense itching, particularly at night, thick crusts of

skin, and small bumps or blisters. In severe cases, the skin may become
thickened, cracked, and scaly. In some cases, the rash may spread to the face,
scalp, and other areas of the body.

ANSWER
 Pseudo scabies. Clinical manifestation.

QUESTION

Pseudo scabies, sometimes referred to as

"misdiagnosed scabies", is a skin condition caused by infestation with a mite
that closely resembles the Sarcoptes scabiei mite. It often presents with itchy,
red bumps and burrows on the skin, very similar to what is typically seen in
scabies. It typically affects the arms and legs, but can also be found on other
parts of the body. Other associated symptoms may include pustules and small
red bumps, along with flaking, peeling, and dryness of the skin.

ANSWER
 Scabies in children. Features of the clinical course.

QUESTION

Scabies is a common skin condition caused by an infestation of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. In
children, scabies is typically characterized by an itchy rash, which may be accompanied by small
blisters or bumps. The rash is usually found in the areas bet ween the fingers and toes, on the
wrists, elbows, and around the waist. Other areas of the body may also be affected.
Treatment for scabies in children typically involves the use of topical medications, such as
permethrin or lindane. These medications are applied to the skin and left on for several hours
before being washed off. Oral medications may also be prescribed for severe or resistant cases.
In addition to medication, it is important to practice good hygiene and wash all bedding and
clothing in hot water to help prevent the spread of the mite.

The clinical features of scabies in children are typically the same as in adults, with intense
itching being the main symptom. Other symptoms may include a pimple-like skin rash, burrows,
and blisters. In cases of reinfestation, symptoms usually develop within 13 days. Itching may be
more severe at night, and some children may experience an allergic reaction to the mites,
resulting in papules and other skin lesions. It is also possible for bacterial infection to occur,
leading to more severe complications such as septicaemia, heart disease, and chronic kidney
disease.

ANSWER
 Erased scabies, Scabies of clean people, Clinic features.

QUESTION

To eradicate scabies from clean people, it is important to treat everyone in the household
to prevent reinfestation. All clothes and bedding should be washed with hot water and
dried in a hot dryer, and furniture and other items should be vacuumed and sprayed with
an insecticide to kill any mites that remain. All family members should then receive a
scabies treatment, such as permethrin cream or oral ivermectin, to kill the mites.
Everyone should also be careful to avoid contact with anyone who has scabies.

The clinical features of scabies in clean people are typically the same as in those affected
by the condition. The main symptom is intense itching, which may be more severe at night.
Other symptoms may include a pimple-like skin rash, burrows, blisters and an allergic
reaction to the mites, resulting in papules and other skin lesions. It is also possible for
bacterial infection to occur, leading to more severe complications such as septicaemia,
heart disease, and chronic kidney disease. In cases of reinfestation, symptoms usually
develop within 13 days.

ANSWER