Materials Science & Engineering A 739 (2019) 415–426

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Materials Science & Engineering A

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/msea

Achieving continuous cold rolling of martensitic stainless steel via online T

induction heat treatment
Kangda Haoa, Ming Gaob, , Chen Zhangc, Run Wua, Xiaoyan Zengb
⁎

a
The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
b
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
c
The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: The continuous cold rolling of martensitic stainless steel (MSS) has not been achieved so far because of the poor
Hybrid welding weld toughness caused by the occurrence of the brittle martensite. How to improve the toughness of MSS weld is
Heat treatment then one of the most concerned challenges in steel rolling industries. In this paper, the toughness of the MSS weld
Stainless steel was increased to meet the rolling requirement by introducing the online induction heat treatment into laser-arc
Continuous rolling
hybrid welding. The heat treatment parameters were optimized, which was the heating temperature of 650 °C
Martensite
Toughness
and the holding time longer than 5 s. The weld toughness characterized by Erichsen cupping value was increased
from 5.7 mm to 8.7 mm, while the bearable rolling reduction was increased from 25% to 75%. The micro-
structure-toughness-bearable rolling reduction relationship was established according the experimental results.
The mechanism of the microstructure transformation was explained by the thermodynamic calculation of aus-
tenite stability, which is dominated by the diffusion behavior of alloying elements. The toughness improvement
was discussed according to the microstructure transformation and the crack propagation behaviors, which is
closely related to the austenite content and the martensite with high-angle misorientation.

1. Introduction
Continuous cold rolling of martensitic stainless steel (MSS) has great
profit margins because of good mechanical properties, moderate cor-
rosion resistance and low cost, which is significant for the steel in-
dustries. Generally, the brittleness of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) ap-
pears in arc welds because of big heat input, while that of the fusion
zone (FZ) easily occurs in laser welds because of the lack of me-
tallurgical control of alloying elements [1–3]. Thus, the weld breakage
is easily occurred during the continuous cold rolling of the MSS because
of its poor weld toughness.
Fortunately, laser-arc hybrid welding could obtain better quality
[4–6] by integrating the small heat input of laser welding and the
strong metallurgical control of arc welding [7,8]. On this basis, our
previous studies demonstrated that the HAZ toughness could be in-
creased by decreasing heat input, and the FZ toughness could be im-
proved employing Ni-rich filling wire [9,10]. It causes the rolling of
MSS weld possible, but the bearable reduction is limited, which results
in frequent breakage during rolling under severe condition yet.
Therefore, how to further improve the weld toughness and the rolling
stability became the new challenge.
The post weld heat treatment (PWHT) is effective to improve the
toughness of MSS weld [11]. During PWHT, the reversed austenite with
excellent thermo-stability forms among the martensite laths, which is
beneficial to improve the weld toughness by relieving the concentrated
stress [12]. For the weld of 13Cr4NiMo MSS with PWHT, the elongation
increased from 10.8% to 18.3% with the content of austenite increased
from 7.6% to 16.1% [13]. In the friction welding of AISI 431 MSS, the
elongation of heat-treated sample increased by 41.7% in comparison of
as-welded sample, while the impact energy increased from 4 J to 68 J.
Correspondingly, the fracture mode changed from the cleavage fracture
to the quasi-cleavage fracture including some dimples [14]. Moreover,
there were also many researches employing two-step tempering on the
MSS weld to obtain more reversed austenite [15,16].
However, no relevant research has paid attention to laser-arc hybrid
welding, especially aiming to achieve continuous rolling of the MSS.
The researches above are carried out by traditional equipment for heat
treatment, which is large and time-consuming, and is hard to be in-
tegrated into the automatic rolling line. Relatively, induction heat
treatment can overcome the above problems with smaller heater and
faster heating speed. Thus, a series of experiments were carried out to
further improve the bearable rolling reduction of AISI 420 MSS weld in

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mgao@mail.hust.edu.cn (M. Gao).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.10.071
Received 22 August 2018; Received in revised form 13 October 2018; Accepted 15 October 2018
Available online 16 October 2018
0921-5093/ © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
K. Hao et al. Materials Science & Engineering A 739 (2019) 415–426

was carried out after welding. The heating temperature (T) was mea-
sured by infrared thermometer, while the holding time (t) was calcu-
lated by Eq. (1). The heat treatment parameters are shown in Table 1.
t = L / vi (1)

Fig. 1. Diagrammatic drawing of experimental set-up.
Table 1
Online induction heat treatment parameters, where T is heating temperature, t
is holding time, vi is moving speed of the induction coil.
where, L is the length of the induction coil, vi is the moving speed of the
coil.
The Erichsen cupping test and tensile test were repeated for three
times according to the standard of ISO 20482-2003 and ASTM E8/
(E8M)-11, respectively. The rolling experiment with 75% reduction was
carried out using a two-high rolling mill. The crack morphologies of
Erichsen and rolling samples were observed by FEI Quanta-200 en-
vironmental scanning electron microscope (SEM).
In order to obtain a good display effect of microstructure, the FZ of
weld upper and lower part was electrolytically and chemically etched,
respectively. The HAZ was two-step etched. The EBSD samples were
electrolytically polished. The detailed procedures are introduced in
reference [10]. The microstructure was observed by environmental
SEM, and the EBSD samples were tested by an EDAX-TSL OIM system
with step size of 0.15 µm.

Weld no. #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9
3. Results
T (°C) / 350 550 650 750 850 650 650 650 650
t (s) / 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 5 10 15 20 3.1. Weld toughness
vi (m/min) / 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 1.8 0.9 0.6 0.45

3.1.1. Erichsen cupping toughness

this paper. Relevant mechanisms were discussed in detail. The results
would be significant for the optimization design of continuous rolling of
the MSS, especially the designs of the heat treatment parameters and
the subsequent rolling parameter.
2. Material and methods
The base metal (BM) was AISI 420 MSS (Fe-13.29Cr-0.19C, wt%)
sheet with 500 mm (length) × 100 mm (width) × 4 mm (thickness) in
size. The filling wire of ER NiCr-3 (65.8 Ni-21.3Cr- 8.8Mo-4.9 Nb, wt%)
was selected. After milling and cleaning, the sheets were butt-welded
with zero-gap.
A Fanuc robot, an IPG fiber laser and a Fronius arc welder were
employed for laser-arc hybrid welding. On this basis, a Bamac induction
power was employed for online PWHT, as shown in Fig. 1. The PWHT
As shown in Fig. 2, almost all the samples crack along the BM during
the Erichsen cupping test, except for the weld with the T of 850 °C and
the t of 2.5 s. Under given t of 2.5 s, the Erichsen value increases to
maximum of 6.9 mm at 650 °C, about 19.1% higher than that of the as-
welded sample, and then decreases to 3.6 mm when the T reaches
850 °C. Under given T of 650 °C, the Erichsen value continuously in-
creases to 8.7 mm when the t prolongs from 2.5 s to 20 s, 45.9% higher
than that of the as-welded sample.
3.1.2. Cold rolling toughness
Generally, laser-arc hybrid weld is featured by a wine-cup shape
consisting of wide upper arc zone (ArcZ) and narrow lower laser zone
(LaserZ) [17]. As shown in Fig. 3, the as-welded sample only suffers
reduction of 25%, then cracks along the fusion line with reduction of
35%. However, the heat treated sample can suffer a larger reduction of
75% because of the improvement of the toughness

Fig. 2. Erichsen cupping test results and crack locations, (a) effect of heating temperature with the holding time of 2.5 s, (b) effect of holding time at the heating
temperature of 650 °C.

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Fig. 3. Crack morphologies of the as-welded sample, (a) overview of sample with 25% reduction, (b) overview of sample with 35% reduction, (c) enlarged view of
area A, where Crack-FL is crack at fusion line.
As shown in Figs. 4 and 6a, under the given t of 2.5 s, the cracking
tendency reaches the minimum when the T is 650 °C. The crack length
reduces from 0.259 mm to 0.051 mm. When the T reaches 850 °C, the
crack length reversely increases to 0.95 mm. On the other hand, under
the given T of 650 °C, the cracking tendency is thoroughly suppressed
when the t is longer than 5 s, as shown in Figs. 5 and 6b.
Thus, the optimized PWHT parameters free of rolling crack are
confirmed as the T of 650 °C and the t longer than 5 s. In this case, the
Erichsen value reaches more than 7.2 mm. It is noted that the
prolonging of the t longer than 5 s increases the Erichsen value, but has
no effect on the visible cracking behavior under the reduction of 75%.
3.2. Microstructure characteristics
3.2.1. Microstructure of as-welded sample
As shown in Fig. 7, the ArcZ of the as-welded sample is almost to-
tally composed of austenite, the HAZ is mainly composed of martensite,
while the LaserZ is composed of martensite, some δ-ferrite, and bright
structures. The bright structures within the LaserZ are hard to be dis-
tinguished between the carbide and the austenite in morphology be-
cause the austenite always forms around the carbide [18]. It is noted
that the austenite content of the ArcZ is much higher than that of the
LaserZ because the austenite stabilized elements from the filling wire
prefer to stay at the ArcZ.
3.2.2. Microstructure of heat-treated sample
Above results confirm that the LaserZ and the HAZ are the weak
areas because of the formation of brittle martensite. Thus, the micro-
structure and crystallographic characteristics of these areas are mainly
examined.
As shown in Fig. 8, the LaserZ of the heat-treated samples are
composed of martensites, some granular and short-bar-shaped carbides
or austenite. Among them, the austenite content reaches the maximum
of 23.4% at 650 °C under the given t of 2.5 s, and decreases to 4.1%
when the T increases to 850 °C, as shown in Figs. 9 and 10. Under the
given T of 650 °C, the austenite content continuously increases to 29.3%
with the rate slowing down when the t prolongs from 2.5 s to 20 s.
Except for the austenite content in the LaserZ, the content of mar-
tensite with high-angle misorientation (CHM) affects the rolling tough-
ness as well. As shown in Fig. 11, the CHM is only dependent on the T,
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Materials Science & Engineering A 739 (2019) 415–426
but nearly irrelevant to the t, and can be divided into two stages with
threshold T of 650 °C. It keeps at about 60% when the T keeps below
650 °C, and linearly decreases to 49.2% when the T increases to 850 °C.
Generally, the grain boundaries with high-angle misorientation de-
crease the ductile-brittle transition temperature, hinder the crack pro-
pagation, and then improve the toughness [19–21].
3.2.3. HAZ microstructure after heat treatment
As shown in Fig. 12, the HAZ microstructures of all the samples are
similar, which are differed with different tempering degree of the
martensite. Under the given t of 2.5 s, the grain boundaries of the
martensite become fuzzy when the T increases below 650 °C, indicating
an enhanced tempering effect. However, the boundaries become dis-
tinguishable when the T increases to 850 °C, indicating a weakened
tempering effect. On the other hand, under the given T of 650 °C, the
martensite always keeps in the strong tempering state when the t pro-
longs from 2.5 s to 20 s.
As shown in Fig. 13, the CHM within the HAZ also can be divided
into two stages with threshold of 650 °C, which is much similar with
that within the LaserZ. It keeps at about 60% when the T is below
650 °C irrelevant to the t, and then linearly decreases to 47.2% when
the T increases to 850 °C.
4. Discussion
4.1. Austenite formation
The results mentioned above show that the rolling toughness is
mainly attributed to the formation of the austenite in the LaserZ formed
during PWHT [22], which is beneficial to decrease the cracking ten-
dency. During heating, the Cr element is depleted adjacent to the
martensite boundaries because of the formation of Cr-rich carbide [23].
In this case, the reversed austenite forms from the martensite because of
the diffusion of element Ni to these areas [24,25]. Thus, the reversed
austenite is generally formed by diffusion [26], and its stability can be
expressed by Eq. (2) [24].
G= G + E str + (2)
where, ΔG is the critical driving force for the martensitic transforma-
tion, ΔGγ→α is the corresponding Gibbs free energy, Estr is the elastic
K. Hao et al. Materials Science & Engineering A 739 (2019) 415–426

Fig. 4. Effects of heating temperature on the crack morphologies of the sample rolled with 75% reduction, (a) T = 350 °C, t = 2.5 s, (b) enlarged view of area B, (c)
enlarged view of area C, (d) T = 550 °C, t = 2.5 s, (e) enlarged view of area D, (f) T = 650 °C, t = 2.5 s, (g) enlarged view of area E, (h) T = 750 °C, t = 2.5 s, (i)
enlarged view of area F, (j) T = 850 °C, t = 2.5 s, (k) enlarged view of area G, where Crack-LZ is crack within LaserZ, Crack-FL is crack at fusion line.

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Fig. 5. Effects of holding time on crack morphologies of the sample rolled with 75% reduction, (a) T = 650 °C, t = 5 s, (b) T = 650 °C, t = 10 s, (c) T = 650 °C,
t = 15 s, (d) T = 650 °C, t = 20 s.

Fig. 6. Crack length of the sample rolled with 75% reduction, (a) effect of heating temperature with the holding time of 2.5 s, (b) effect of holding time at the heating
temperature of 650 °C.

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Fig. 7. As-welded microstructure, (a) ArcZ, (b) LaserZ, (c) HAZ, where M is martensite, A is austenite, F is ferrite, δ-F is δ ferrite, C is carbide, Inter-C is inter-granular
carbide, Intra-C is intra-granular carbide.

Fig. 8. SEM graph of the LaserZ microstructure, (a) T = 350 °C, t = 2.5 s, (b) T = 650 °C, t = 2.5 s, (c) T = 850 °C, t = 2.5 s, (d) T = 650 °C, t = 20 s.

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Fig. 9. Inverse pole figure (IPF) and phase map of the LaserZ microstructure, (a) T = 350 °C, t = 2.5 s, (b) T = 650 °C, t = 2.5 s, (c) T = 850 °C, t = 2.5 s, (d)
T = 650 °C, t = 20 s.

Fig. 10. Austenite content within the heat-treated samples, (a) effect of heating temperature with the holding time of 2.5 s, (b) effect of holding time at the heating
temperature of 650 °C.

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Fig. 11. Misorientation of the LaserZ, (a) misorientation distribution under varied heating temperature, (b) relationship between high-angle misoritation content and
heating temperature, (c) misorientation distribution under varied holding time, (d) relationship between high-angle misoritation content and holding time.
strain energy, γ is interface energy. It indicates that decreasing the
ΔGγ→α, increasing the Estr or the γ can increase the ΔG, which is ben-
eficial to improve the stability of the austenite.
The reversed austenite can be remained to room temperature at Ni-
rich areas since the enrichment of Ni can decrease the ΔGγ→α and in-
crease the γ [24], which increases the stability. Thus, the formation of
the reversed austenite is closely related to the diffusion behavior of
element Ni [27,28], whose diffusion coefficient can be calculated by
Arrhenius equation, as expressed by Eq. (3) [29].
D = D0 exp( Q/RT )
where, D is the element diffusion coefficient (cm2 s−1), D0 is the dif-
fusion constant (cm2 s−1), R is the ideal gas constant (J mol−1 K−1), T
is the absolute temperature (K), Q is the activation energy of diffusion
(J/mol).
According to Eq. (3), the diffusion coefficient of element Ni in
martensite (DNi-M) and austenite (DNi-A) can be calculated by Eq. (4)
and Eq. (5), respectively [30]. As shown in Fig. 14, the DNi-A is about
three magnitudes smaller than the DNi-M at given temperature, which
can be ignored. Thus, the formation of reversed austenite is only de-
pendent on the DNi-M.
DNi = 4.8 exp( 240000/ RT )
M
DNi A = 3.5 exp( 286000/ RT )
Materials Science & Engineering A 739 (2019) 415–426
According to Fig. 14a, the DNi-M can be divided into two stages with
critical temperature of 650 °C. It slightly increases from magnitude of
10–20 to 10–14 when the T increases from 350 °C to 650 °C, and then
sharply increases to 10–11 when the T continuously increases to 850 °C.
The variation of the DNi-M with the T is well corresponding to the
content of reversed austenite (CRVA). Thus, the formation of the re-
versed austenite during heating can be illustrated.
For the as-welded sample, the element Ni is mainly distributed in
the retained austenite, as shown in Fig. 15a. When employing heat
treatment below 650 °C, the element Ni in the retained austenite
(3)
slightly diffuses to and enriches in part of the martensite, which pro-
motes the formation of reversed austenite during holding period, as
shown in Fig. 15b. At this stage, the content of reversed austenite
(CRVA) increases due to the diffusion of Ni with the T increasing. The
reversed austenite decreases the average concentration of the element
Ni, which promotes partly unstable martensite transforming to auste-
nite in the subsequent cooling period [31]. However, the transforming
rate is lower than the forming rate in general. Thus, the CRVA remained
at room temperature increases with the T increasing below 650 °C yet.
On the other hand, when employing heat treatment above 650 °C, the
reversed austenite forms substantially during holding period because of
(4) the sharply increase of the DNi-M, as shown in Fig. 15c. The austenite
stability decreases significantly because of the reduction of the average
(5) Ni concentration. At this stage, almost all of the reversed austenite and
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Fig. 12. HAZ microstructure of the heat-treated samples, (a) T = 350 °C, t = 2.5 s, (b) T = 650 °C, t = 2.5 s, (c) T = 850 °C, t = 2.5 s, (d) T = 650 °C, t = 20 s, where
M is martensite, Inter-C is inter-granular carbide, Intra-C is intra-granular carbide, FZ is fusion zone, FGHAZ is fine-grained HAZ, T is heating temperature, t is
holding time.
partly retained austenite transform to martensite in the subsequent
cooling period, which results in the decrease of CRVA.
4.2. Toughness improvement
During plastic deformation, the austenite is beneficial to soften the
martensite with low dislocation density, decrease the stress con-
centration around the grain boundaries, and then increase the propa-
gation resistance of the cleavage crack [32]. On the other hand, the
grain boundaries with high-angle misorientation play an important role
in increasing the crack propagation energy and suppressing the crack
propagation [20]. The experiments above show that the cracking be-
havior is mainly related to the T, but nearly irrelevant to the t. On the
basis of the above views and results, the toughness improvement me-
chanism and cracking behavior could be explained as following.
As shown in Fig. 16a, the rolling toughness is only related to the
CRVA because the CHM keeps unchanged when the T increases below
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Materials Science & Engineering A 739 (2019) 415–426
650 °C. At this stage, the CRVA increases with the increase of the T,
which results in an enhanced effect to soften the martensite and de-
crease the stress concentration around the grain boundaries. The rolling
crack is then shortened and suppressed at 650 °C for 5 s with CRVA of
24.8%.
As shown in Fig. 16b, the rolling toughness is related to both the
CRVA and the CHM when the T increases above 650 °C. At this stage, the
decrease of the CRVA weakens the soften effect of the martensite, and
the decrease of the CHM promotes the crack initiation and propagation.
Thus, the rolling toughness is decreased with the formation of the pe-
netrating crack.
5. Conclusions
(1) The weld toughness of the martensitic stainless steel (MSS) can be
improved, and the continuous rolling of the MSS is achieved by
introducing induction heat treatment into laser-arc hybrid welding.
K. Hao et al. Materials Science & Engineering A 739 (2019) 415–426

Fig. 13. Misorientation of the HAZ, (a) misorientation distribution under varied heating temperature, (b) relationship between high-angle misoritation content and
heating temperature, (c) misorientation distribution under varied holding time, (d) relationship between high-angle misoritation content and holding time.

Fig. 14. Relationship between diffusion coefficient and temperature, (a) DNi-M, (b) DNi-A.

The optimal heat treatment parameters are confirmed as heating
temperature (T) of 650 °C and holding time (t) longer than 5 s.
Comparing with the as-welded sample, the Erichsen value increases
by larger than 26%, while the bearable reduction increases by two
times.
(2) The content of high-misorientation martensite (CHM) within the
weld keeps at about 60% except for the samples with the T above
650 °C. The content of reversed austenite (CRVA) increases to max-
imum of 23.4% when the T increases to 650 °C under given t of
2.5 s, and then continuously increases to 29.3% with the rate
slowing down when the t prolongs to 20 s under 650 °C.
(3) The formation of reversed austenite is closely related to the diffu-
sion of Element Ni. The Element Ni slightly diffuses to and enriches
in part of martensite with the increase of the T below 650 °C, which
promotes the formation of reversed austenite and increases tough-
ness. When the T is above 650 °C, the reversed austenite sub-
stantially forms during heating due to sharply increased diffusion
coefficient of Ni, which decreases the average Ni concentration,
promotes the austenite with reduced stability transforming to
martensite during cooling, and decreases the toughness.
(4) The weld toughness is only related to CRVA when the T was lower
than 650 °C because the CHM keeps constant. On the other hand, the

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Fig. 15. Schematic diagram of formation mechanism of reversed austenite under different heating temperature, (a) the as-welded sample, (b) the sample heat-treated
below 650 °C, (c) the sample heat-treated above 650 °C.
Fig. 16. Schematic diagrams of cracking behavior during rolling, (a) heating temperature below 650 °C, (b) heating temperature above 650 °C.
prolonging of t longer than 5 s can increase the weld toughness, but
has no obvious effect on the cracking behavior under 75% reduc-
tion.
Acknowledgments
This research is financially supported by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 51605343, 51775206 and
51771139).
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