Java

Chapter 1
Operating System and Graphical User Interface - Role and Functions

Class 8 - Logix Kips ICSE Computer with BlueJ
Fill in the blanks

Question 1
Hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer that you can see and touch.
Question 2
Software refers to the instructions or programs, that tell the hardware what to do.
Question 3
Application software is a set of programs designed to perform specific type of job.
Question 4
Distributed operating system runs on computers which are located in different geographical areas,
interconnected through a network.
Question 5
A Command line is a space on the display screen in which commands are typed in by the user.
State True or False

Question 1
Computers work with an interaction of hardware and software.

True
Question 2
Application software is a collection of one or more programs that controls and manages the overall operation
and performance of a computer system.
False
Question 3
Operating System acts as a central coordinator between the user and the software.
False
Question 4
Multi-threading operating system allows more than one user to use the same computer at the same time or at
different times.
True
Question 5
CUI requires the user to type commands in order to interact with the computer system.
True
Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1
A computer interprets the instructions given by a user with the help of an
1. Operating System ✓
2. Device Driver
3. Utility Software
Question 2
The ability to perform more than one task together at one time is called
1. Multi-programming
2. Multi-tasking ✓
3. Multi-threading
Question 3
.......... has the capability to prioritise the processes, minimise the execution time and work independently with
no interdependencies.
1. RTOS ✓
2. PTOS
3. LTOS
Question 4
Character User Interface is also known as .......... Interface.
1. Single User
2. Command Line ✓
3. Multi User
Question 5
.......... requires more RAM to run
1. GUI ✓
2. CUI
3. CLI
Application Based Questions

Question 1
While conducting a lecture on the types of operating system, Mohit's instructor asked him to name an opearting
system that is used when the time span required to react to an input is rigid and time bound. Can you help Mohit
in answering the question?
Answer
RTOS (Real Time Operating System)
Question 2
In a quiz competition, the quiz master asked one of the participants, Nyra, "In which user interface, the user
mostly gets immediate visual feedback of the action he performs?" To this Nyra replied "CUI". Is she right? If
not, what is the right answer?
Answer
Nyra is wrong. Correct answer is GUI (Graphical User Interface)
Answer the following

Question 1
Define hardware and software.

Answer
Hardware refers to the physical parts of the computer that we can see and touch. Software refers to the
instructions or programs that tell the hardware what to do.
Question 2
What is a System software? Into how many categories can it be classified?

Answer
System software is a collection of one or more programs that controls and manages the overall operation and
performance of a computer system. It can be classified into the following categories: Operating System,
Language Processors, Device Drivers, and Utility Software.
Question 3
Explain why we need an Operating system.

Answer
Operating system acts as the central coordinator between hardware and software. It fills the communication gap
between the hardware and the user. An operating system encompasses all operations such as What to do?, When
to do?, How to do? For example, when a button is pressed on a hardware, this information is passed to the
operating system which takes care of the final outcome by handling What to do?, When to do? and How to do
it?
Question 4
Explain any two functions of an Operating system.

Answer
Two functions of an Operating system are:
1. Processor Management — The OS (Operating System) ensures that each process/application receives
enough time from the processor to function properly. It also tries to utilize as many processor cycles as
possible for the real time work.
2. Memory Storage and Management — The OS (Operating System) manages the sharing of internal
memory among the multiple applications. It also ensures that one process should not consume the
memory allocated to another process. An OS has to make efficient utilisation of different types of
memory (RAM, Cache, etc.) within the system, so as to ensure proper execution of every process.
Question 5
What are the advantages of GUI over CUI?

Answer
GUI (Graphical User Interface) CUI (Character User Interface)
GUI interface is much attractive and appealing. CUI interface is relatively less appealing.
GUI is easier to learn and more user-friendly due to

CUI is a text based interface and hence is not
the presence of various graphical elements like icons,
as user friendly as GUI.
menu, buttons, etc.
With GUI, a user does not have to learn complicated A user is required to memorize many
commands. commands to operate and control a CUI.
GUI users have Windows that allow a user to work, CUI does not offer the same ease and ability
view, control, and manipulate multiple programs and to work with multiple programs at once on
folders at the same time. one screen.
GUI supports the use of both a mouse and keyboard

CUI supports the use of a keyboard only.
to control and navigate through your system.
In GUI, the user mostly gets immediate visual In CUI, there is no obvious feedback. If we
feedback of the action he is doing. For example, the consider the same example, one or more
user can see immediately that a file is successfully additional commands will have to be issued
moved from one directory to another. to confirm the file transfer action.
Only one task can be executed at a particular

In GUI multiple tasks can run simultaneously at a time.
point of time in CUI.
Question 6
Write short notes on the following:

i. Multi-user operating system
Answer
Multi-user operating system allows more than one user to use the same computer at the same time or at different
times. Some Operating Systems, which fall in this category are: Windows 2000, Windows NT, Windows XP,
Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Linux, Unix. Windows 2000 was the first version of
Windows, which allowed creation of several user accounts on a single machine.
ii. Multi-threading operating system
Answer
These operating systems allow different parts of a software program to run simultaneously. The feature of
multi-threading can delay the execution response of certain processes. For example, if a Game server is hosted
on LAN, then all players connecting to that server will utilise different parts of the same game at the same time.
All resources will be utilised from the server machine, which can be a performance degrading factor. The
common examples of such operating systems are: Windows NT/2000, Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8,
Windows 8.1, Unix, Linux, etc.
iii. Real time operating system
Answer
RTOS (Real time operating system) is designed to handle real life scenarios and problems. Such operating
systems have the capability to prioritise the processes, minimise execution time, and work independently with
no interdependencies. Real time operating system is used when the time span required to react to an input is
rigid and time bound. Even a microsecond of delay will cause the system to fail. Examples are: Air traffic
control, Robots, Weapon systems, and Industrial control systems.
There are two types of Real Time Operating Systems:
1. Hard Real-time systems — These systems guarantee that critical tasks are completed in time.
2. Soft Real-time systems — These systems are less restrictive. Examples are: Undersea exploration, Planetary
rovers, and Virtual reality.
iv. Distributed operating system

Answer
Distributed operating system runs on a set of computers that are located in different geographical areas,
interconnected by a network. It controls these interconnected systems and makes them appear as a single
computer. It allows all the linked machines to access data and software, and the process takes over the common
network from different computers, irrespective of their location on the globe.
Chapter 2
Spreadsheet - Formulas and Functions

Fill in the blanks
Question 1
Formulas are used to perform Calculations.
Question 2
The cell address in a formula is also called Cell reference.
Question 3
The cell address in a formula that does not change on copying, is considered as Absolute reference.
Question 4
Arguments are input to functions, which accept values as number or text.
Question 5
The & character is used for concatenation of strings.
State True or False

Question 1
Formulas must begin with the question mark (?).

False
Question 2
In Absolute Referencing, the relative position of rows and columns changes where you copy a formula.
False
Question 3
In Absolute Referencing, '$' sign is used before the cell co-ordinates.

True
Question 4
A range can be used in a formula.

True
Question 5
The error #VALUE occurs if the number is divided by a zero.

False

Question 1
A Sports teacher has measured the height of the students in a class. Saumya has been given the assignment to
find the maximum and minimum height from the collected data. Suggest the function, which she should use to
accomplish the task.
Answer
Saumya can use MAX() function to find the maximum height and MIN() function to find the minimum height.
Question 2
Ms Priya and her friends got a raise of 10% in their salaries. Find the total amount if their present salary is
₹15,000. Calculate the salary by using the formula.
Answer
Formula is =15000+(15000*10/100)
Question 1
To use the Sheet reference, which address is appropriate out of the following options?
1. D4! Sheet1
2. Sheet1, D4
3. Sheet1! D4 ✓
Question 2
Which key combination is used to get the sum of the values of adjacent cells?
1. Shift + S
2. Ctrl + '
3. Alt + = ✓
Question 3
Which function finds the largest number in a range?
1. AVERAGE ()
2. COUNT ()
3. MAX () ✓
Question 4
Which of the given cell references can be used in a relative reference?
1. $D6
2. A3 ✓
3. A$1
Question 5
Which function is used to count the number of numeric values in a range?
1. COUNT() ✓
2. SUM()
3. COUNTNUMBERS()

Question 1
What is a Formula? Explain with the help of an example.

Answer
A Formula is a user defined instruction to perform calculations. It is an expression that can include cell
addresses, numbers, arithmetic operators and parenthesis. It begins with equal to (=) symbol, followed by cell
references and operators. For example:
=A2+B2*5-SUM(E3:E5)
Question 2
What is Cell Reference? Mention its types.

Answer
The cell address that we use in the formula is known as the cell reference. The address of the cell consists of the
column letter followed by the row number. For example, cell address A1 denotes the column name as A and the
row number as 1. The different types of cell references are Relative reference, Absolute reference and Mixed
reference.
Question 3
What do you know about Absolute Reference? Explain with the help of an example.
Answer
Absolute reference is used when we do not want to change the address of the cell while copying the formula to
another cell. To use absolute reference in a cell, you need to add dollar ($) sign before the column and row
number. For example: =$A$1+$A$2
Question 4
Explain circular reference with an example.

Answer
A circular reference occurs when a formula in a cell refers to its own cell value directly or indirectly. For
example, if you enter the formula =A1+A2*3 in cell A2, you are making the formula to refer to its own cell value,
which creates a circular reference.
Question 5
What do you mean by a Function? Name some of the Functions.

Answer
Functions are the pre-designed formulas in Excel to perform both simple and complex calculations. Functions
begin with the equal to (=) sign followed by the function name and then the list of arguments separated by
comma within the parenthesis. For example, =Function name (argument1, argument2....) . Some of the
commonly used functions are:
1. SUM(range)
2. AVERAGE(range)
3. MAX(range)
4. MIN(range)
5. SQRT(number)
Question 6
What are the rules to enter a Function?

Answer
The rules to enter a Function are:
1. All Excel functions must begin with = sign.

2. Function name must be a valid Excel name. For example: SUM, AVERAGE.
3. Function name must be followed by an opening and closing parenthesis.
4. Arguments are enclosed in the parenthesis. For example, =SUM (A1:A5).
Chapter 3
Charts in Excel
Fill in the blanks

Question 1
F11 function key is used to insert a chart instantly in a worksheet.
Question 2
The mini charts that fit into a single worksheet cell to provide the visual representation of the data are known
as Sparklines
Question 3
Legend depicts the colours, patterns, and symbols assigned to the data series.
Question 4
Radar chart looks similar to a spider net.

Question 5
Chart Title describes the aim and contents of the chart.
State True or False

Question 1
A chart is a textual representation of data in a worksheet.

False
Question 2
Area chart displays data in the form of long rectangular rods also called bars.
False
Question 3
Line chart is in the form of lines and is used to illustrate trends in data at equal intervals.
True
Question 4
Scatter chart is the default chart type in Excel.

False
Question 5
Stock chart has been designed specifically for plotting data related to stocks and shares.
True

Question 1
Ritu is a student of class VII. Her geography teacher has asked her to prepare a chart on the population of four
Metro cities of India. Suggest her the chart type that suits her project.
Answer
As Ritu needs to show only one data series which is the population of four Metro cities and as the number of
cities is small (only 4) so a Pie chart will be best suited for her project.
Question 2
Tripti has created a chart. She wants to improve the appearance of her chart by changing the background colour
of its Plot area. Which option will you suggest her to perform this task?
Answer
Tripti can use the Format Plot Area option that comes on right-clicking the plot area.

Question 1
What type of chart is used to emphasize the magnitude of change overtime?
1. Pie
2. Area ✓
3. Bar
Question 2
.......... chart is designed specifically for plotting data values related to stocks and shares.
1. Pie
2. Area
3. Stock ✓
Question 3
What is the other name for the horizontal axis of a chart?
1. Y-axis
2. Value axis
3. Category axis ✓
Question 4
Which type of chart is used for representing huge amount of data?
1. Line ✓
2. Bar
3. Scatter
Question 5
What is the other name for XY chart?
1. Area
2. Bar
3. Scatter ✓

Question 1
What is a Chart?
Answer
A Chart is a graphical representation of data in a worksheet. It helps to provide a better understanding of large
quantities of data. Charts make it easier to draw comparisons and see growth and relationship among the values
and trends in data.
Question 2
How is a Column chart different from a Bar chart?

Answer
In Column chart, categories are organized horizontally and values vertically to emphasize the magnitude of
change over a period of time. In Bar chart, categories are represented on the vertical axis and values are
represented on the horizontal axis.
Question 3
Explain the different components of a chart.

Answer
The different components of a chart are:
1. Chart Area — Chart area includes all the area and objects in the chart.
2. Category Axis — Category axis or X-axis is the horizontal axis of a chart.
3. Value Axis — Value axis or Y-axis is the vertical axis used to plot the values. It is located at the left side.
4. Data Series — Data series are the bars, slices or other elements that show the data values. If there are multiple
data series in the chart, each will have a different colour or style.
5. Category Name — Category names are the labels, which are displayed on the X and Y-axis.
6. Plot Area — Plot area is a window within the Chart area. It contains the actual chart itself, and includes plotted
data, data series, category, and value axis.
7. Legend — It depicts the colours, patterns or symbols assigned to the data series. It helps to differentiate the
data.
8. Chart Title — It describes the aim and contents of the chart.
9. Gridlines — These can either be Horizontal or Vertical lines depending on the selected chart type. They extend
across the plot area of the chart. Gridlines make it easier to read and understand the values.
Question 4
What is a Pie chart? Describe its features.

Answer
Pie chart displays data in the form of a circle that is divided into a series of segments. These segments show the
relative size of each item in the chart. It always shows only one data series and is useful when you want to
emphasize on a significant element. This chart type works best with smaller number of values.
Question 5
Differentiate between Category Axis and Value Axis of a chart.

Answer
Category axis or X-axis is the horizontal axis of a chart whereas Value axis or Y-axis is the vertical axis used to
plot the values. It is located at the left side.
Question 6
Explain the process of resizing a chart.

Answer
To resize the chart, position the mouse pointer on any of the corner border of the chart. The mouse pointer will
change to a double-headed arrow. Now drag the handle in the desired direction to change the size accordingly.
Question 7
How can a chart be moved to another location?

Answer
To move the chart, place the cursor on the chart area. A four headed arrow appears, press and drag it in order to
move the chart in any direction. Release the mouse button to place it at the desired location.
Chapter 4
Algorithms and Flowcharts

Fill in the blanks

Question 1
The step-by-step procedure to solve any problem is called Algorithm.
Question 2
Flowcharts are the pictorial representation of a program.
Question 3
The process of drawing a flowchart for an algorithm is known as Flowcharting.
Question 4
An algorithm should involve Finite number of steps to reach a solution.
Question 5
The Decision box is used for checking or applying any condition in the program.
State True or False

Question 1
A flowchart is not a pictorial representation of steps to get the solution of a problem.

False
Question 2
Algorithm means a set of rules which specify how to solve a specific problem.
True
Question 3
Flowcharts are helpful in analyzing the logic of problems.

True
Question 4
Connectors are used to connect the boxes.

False
Question 5
The general direction of flow in any flowchart is from bottom to top or from right to left.
True

Question 1
In a flowchart, .......... indicate the sequence of steps and the direction of flow.
1. Flow lines ✓
2. Decision box
3. Processing box
Question 2
.......... is used to accept input and give output of a program.
1. Flow lines
2. Input/Output box ✓
3. Decision box
Question 3
The .......... represents the starting or ending point of a program.
1. Decision box
2. Flow lines
3. Start /Stop box ✓
Question 4
.......... connectors are used to join the parts of a flowchart contained within the same page.
1. On Page ✓
2. Off Page
3. None of these
Draw the flowchart symbols for the following
Start:
Stop:
Input A, B:
A= A + 1:
Is A > B:
Print A:

Question 1
What is an algorithm? Write any three characteristics of an algorithm.

Answer
The step-by-step procedure to solve any logical and mathematical problem is called an Algorithm. Three
characteristics of an algorithm are:
1. Input — An algorithm accepts an input.

2. Generality — An algorithm works in a set of inputs.
3. Definiteness — Each instruction should be written in a simple and precise manner so that everyone can
understand it.
Question 2
Define the term flowchart. Write any two advantages of a flowchart.

Answer
A flowchart is a pictorial representation of the steps or an algorithm used to solve a particular problem. Two
advantages of a flowchart are:
1. Communication — The pictorial representation of the flowchart provides better communication. It is easier for
the programmer to explain the logic of a program.
2. Effective Analysis — It is a very useful technique, as flowchart is a pictorial representation that helps the
programmer to analyze the problem in detail.
Question 3
What is the use of input/output box?

Answer
It is used for accepting inputs or giving output of the program.
Question 4
When do we use the Process box?

Answer
It is used for writing the processing instructions and doing calculations.
Question 5
What is the use of Decision box?

Answer
It is used for checking or applying any condition in the program.
Write algorithms for the following problems

Question 1
To polish your shoes.

Algorithm
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Open the shoe polish
Step 3: Put shoe polish on brush
Step 4: Polish one shoe
Step 5: Put shoe polish on brush
Step 6: Polish the other shoe
Step 7: Close the shoe polish
Step 8: Stop
Question 2
To input three sides of a triangle and print if it is scalene, isosceles or equilateral.

Algorithm
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Read three sides of triangle and store them in a, b, c.
Step 3: Check if a == b and b == c
Step 4: If true, print "Equilateral Triangle" and goto step 8
Step 5: Check if a == b or b == c or c == a
Step 6: If true, print "Isosceles Triangle" and goto step 8
Step 7: Print "Scalene Triangle"
Step 8: Stop
Draw the following flowcharts

Question 1
Draw a flowchart in Microsoft Word for buying stationery from the market.
Flowchart
Question 2
Draw a flowchart in Microsoft Word for the steps required to play music stored in a CD.
Flowchart
Question 3
Draw a flowchart in Microsoft Word to accept two numbers, if the first number is greater than the second
number, print their sum, otherwise print their product.
Flowchart
Question 4
Draw a flowchart in Microsoft Word for the steps required to find the cost of 24 pens when the cost of one pen
is Rs. 12.
Flowchart
Write an algorithm and draw the flowchart for the following
Question 1
Finding the cube of a given number.

Algorithm
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Read the number and store it in a.
Step 3: Calculate cube of number as a * a * a
Step 4: Print cube of number
Step 5: Stop
Flowchart
Question 2
Print the smallest of two numbers.

Algorithm
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Read the two numbers and store them in a and b.
Step 3: Check if a < b
Step 4: If true then print a and goto step 6
Step 5: If false then print b
Step 6: Stop
Flowchart
Correct the Flowchart symbols
Question 1
To wash the face

Corrected Flowchart
Question 2
To multiply the two numbers

Corrected Flowchart
Make flowcharts for the following statements
Question 1
Accept the age of a person. Display the message Eligible For Role if the age is equal to or greater than 18,
otherwise display the message Not Eligible.
Flowchart
Question 2
Input a name. If name is Kabir, then accept marks. If marks are >= 85, then display Good Performance else
display Pass.
Flowchart
Question 3
Accept one character. Display the message Vowel if the entered character is a vowel, otherwise display the
message Not a Vowel.
Flowchart
Question 4
Input a year. Display the message Leap year if the entered year has 366 days, otherwise display the message
Not a leap year.
Flowchart
Chapter 5
Introduction to Java & BlueJ

Fill in the blanks

Question 1
The Java programming language is an Object Oriented Programming language.
Question 2
Encapsulation is the technique of binding both data and functions together.
Question 3
A Class is a blueprint that defines data and functions common to all objects of a certain kind.
Question 4
The smallest meaningful element of a Java program is called a Token.
Question 5
Initialization is a process of assigning some initial value to a variable.
State True or False

Question 1
Polymorphism allows a function to behave differently for different objects.

True
Question 2
Constants mean the fixed values that do not change during the execution of a program.
True
Question 3
The main() function indicates that the execution of the Java program will begin from this point.
True
Question 4
Every Java statement must end with a colon.

False
Question 5
Inheritance is a feature using which an object in one class acquires the properties of another class.
True
Question 6
While comparing two variables, their data types should not be the same.
False

Question 1
Ritika has written a program in Java. After the successful compilation of her program, which option should she
select to run it?
Answer
To run her program, Ritika needs to right-click on the class icon and select void main(String[] args) option from
the pop-up menu.
Question 2
Kareena is writing a program in Java to calculate the average of three subjects. Which operators will she use for
the same?
Answer
Kareena will use the addition operator (+) to first calculate the total marks obtained in all three subjects. After
that, she will use the division operator (/) to divide the total marks by 3 to get the average.

Question 1
A .......... is a named location in the memory, which stores data temporarily.
1. Identifier
2. Keyword
3. Variable ✓
Question 2
What does OOP mean?
1. Object Oriented Programming ✓

2. Object Oriented Procedure
3. Object Origin Program
Question 3
Which among the following feature is used to manage the complexity of the system?
1. Abstraction ✓
2. Polymorphism
3. Encapsulation
Question 4
A Java program is compiled into an intermediate language called ..........
1. Source Code
2. Bytecode ✓
3. None of these
Question 5
The .......... works on a single variable or constant.
1. Unary Operator ✓
2. Arithmetic Operator
3. Relational Operator
Question 6
Which symbol is used to combine two or more items in a single line?
1. ?
2. + ✓
3. !

Question 1
Define objects. Give a real life example to explain objects along with their attributes and behaviour.
Answer
An object represents data (attributes) and its related methods (behaviour) as a single unit. Take the example of a
car. When we describe a car as an object, there are a number of physical factors which contribute to define its
state such as its brand name, colour, speed, size, number of seats, etc. In addition, the car has several functional
definitions. It transports people to different locations by controlling its speed and direction, an accelerator to
increase or decrease its speed and brakes to stop it. Thus we can say that car is an object that combines its
attributes and behaviour as a single unit.
Question 2
What is class?
Answer
A class is a blueprint to create objects. It defines data and functions common to all objects of a certain kind.
Question 3
What do you understand by the term Polymorphism?

Answer
The word Polymorphism means "many forms". Polymorphism helps the programmer to use the same function
name for more than one purpose.
Question 4
What are operators? Why do we need them?

Answer
Operators are special symbols that are used to perform calculations. We need operators to form expressions by
applying them to the variables and constants.
Question 5
What do you understand by the term Keyword?

Answer
Keywords are reserved words that have a special meaning for the Java compiler. Java compiler reserves these
words for its own use so Keywords cannot be used as identifiers. For example, void, public, class, int, etc.
Question 6
What are variables? How are they different from Constants?

Answer
A variable is a named location in the memory which stores data temporarily. A variable has a unique name, a
type and a size that is used to identify it in a program.
Difference between variables and constants is that the value of variables can change during the execution of the
program whereas value of constants are fixed and does not change during program execution.
Lab Session
Question 1
Write a program to print, "Welcome to the World of Computers".

public class KboatWelcome
{
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println("Welcome to the World of Computers");
}
}
Output
Question 2
Write a program to print your Name, Class, Roll_No, Marks and Age. Name this file, `MyProfile'.
public class MyProfile
{
System.out.println("Name: Sneha Nayak");
System.out.println("Class: 8C");
System.out.println("Roll No: 24");
System.out.println("Marks: 87");
System.out.println("Age: 15");
}
}
Output
Question 3
Write a program to print your School name four times in separate lines.
public class KboatSchoolName
{
System.out.println("St. Francis' College");
}
}
Output
Question 4
Write a program to find the sum and average of three numbers.

public class KboatSumAvg
{
public static void computeSumAvg(int a, int b, int c) {
System.out.println("The three numbers are "
+ a + ", " + b + ", " + c );
int sum = a + b + c;
double avg = sum / 3.0;
System.out.println("Sum = " + sum);
System.out.println("Average = " + avg);
}
}
Output
Question 5
Write a program to interchange the value of two numbers without using the third variable.
public class KboatSwap
{
public static void swapNumbers(int a, int b) {
System.out.println("The numbers are:");
System.out.println("a=" + a + " b=" + b);
a = a + b;
b = a - b;
a = a - b;
System.out.println("The numbers after interchange:");
System.out.println("a=" + a + " b=" + b);
}
}
Output
Question 6
Write a program to calculate the compound interest.

public class KboatInterest
{
public static void computeInterest(double p, double r, int t) {
double amt = p * Math.pow(1 + (r / 100 ), t);
double interest = amt - p;
System.out.println("Compound Interest = " + interest);
}
}
Output
Question 7
Write a program to calculate the tax for a taxable income of Rs. 4,10,000, if the tax rate is fixed at 3.2%.
public class KboatTax
{
int income = 410000;
double rate = 3.2;
double tax = income * rate / 100;
System.out.println("Tax = " + tax);
}
}
Output
Question 8
Create a program that will generate a bill at McDonald's for four vegetable burgers (@ Rs 45 per vegetable
Burger) and three vegetable McPuffs (@ Rs 25 per vegetable McPuff). There is a special Independence Day
discount of Rs 50 on the final bill amount.
public class KboatMcDBill
{
int vegBurgerCost = 4 * 45;
int vegMcPuffCost = 3 * 25;
int total = vegBurgerCost + vegMcPuffCost;
int amt = total - 50;
System.out.println("4 Vegetable Burgers @ 45 = " + vegBurgerCost);
System.out.println("3 Vegetable McPuffs @ 25 = " + vegMcPuffCost);
System.out.println("Total = " + total);
System.out.println("Discount = 50");
System.out.println("Final Bill = " + amt);
}
}
Output
Chapter 6
Decision Control Structure

Fill in the blanks

Question 1
The Selection statements cause the program control to be transferred to a specific location depending upon the
outcome of the conditional expression.
Question 2
The Step value determines the increment or decrement of the loop control variable unless the test condition
becomes false.
Question 3
Java provides three basic looping control structures.
Question 4
The for loop is also called an Entry controlled loop.
Question 5
The do while first executes the block of statements and then checks the condition.
Question 6
The order in which statements are executed in a running program is called the Flow of control.
State True or False

Question 1
The break statement takes the flow of control out of the switch statement.
True
Question 2
To execute the while loop, the condition must be false in the beginning.
False
Question 3
Default is the first statement of the switch case.

False
Question 4
While writing programs, the statements should be indented properly for better readability.
True
Question 5
The number of iteration refers to the number of times the condition is met.
True

Question 1
Radhika is writing a program in Java to print her name 10 times. Suggest her the appropriate condition for the
same.
Answer
Radhika can print her name using a for loop in Java like this:
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
System.out.println("Radhika");
}
Question 2
Naina has written a program in which she has entered one number. She wants to check whether the entered
number is divisible by 2 or not. Suggest her the appropriate condition for the same.
Answer
Naina can use the below if condition:
if (number % 2 == 0)
System.out.println("Number is divisible by 2");
else
System.out.println("Number is not divisible by 2");
Question 1
The .......... is a logical situation where either of the two actions are to be performed depending on certain
condition.
1. if else ✓
2. if
3. if else if
Question 2
Name the expression that is used to initialize a loop variable.
1. Initialization expression ✓
2. Step Value
3. Control Variable
Question 3
The unusual execution of more than one case at a time is termed as
1. Infinite loop
2. Time delay
3. Fall through ✓
Question 4
How many times the following body of loop will execute?

for(int a = 1; a <= 10; a++)
{
System.out.println(a);
}
1. 0
2. 9
3. 10 ✓
Question 5
How many times the following message will be printed?

do
{
System.out.println("Hello");
}
ch++;
while(ch <= 1);
1. 1
2. Error in Code ✓
3. 2
Question 6
If none of the case matches, the compiler executes the statements written in the .......... case.
1. for
2. default ✓
3. break
Question 7
Which control structure is used when there is a requirement to check multiple conditions in a program?
1. if else
2. switch ✓
3. for

Question 1
Explain the use of if control structure.

Answer
The if control structure is used to execute a statement or block of statements if the condition is true, otherwise it
ignores the condition. The general syntax of if statement is as follows:
if (Boolean expression)
{
//Java statements
..
..
}
Question 2
What are the unique features of for loop?

Answer
for loop is an entry-controlled loop. Its general syntax is as follows:
for (initialization; conditional; increment/decrement)
{
//Java Statements
..
..
}
1. The initialization expression initializes the loop control variable and is executed only once when the loop starts.
It is optional and can be omitted by just putting a semicolon.
2. The conditional expression is tested at the start of each iteration of the loop. Loop will iterate as long as this
condition remains true.
3. The increment/decrement expression updates the loop control variable after each iteration.
4. The body of the loop that consists of the statements that needs to be repeatedly executed.
Question 3
Explain the switch statement with an example.

Answer
switch statement in a program, is used for multi-way branch. It compares its expression to multiple case values
for equality and executes the case whose value is equal to the expression of switch. If none of the cases match,
default case is executed. If default case is absent and no case values match then none of the statements from
switch are executed. The below program makes use of the switch statement to print the value of a number if the
number is 0, 1 or 2:
class SwitchExample {
public static void demoSwitch(int number) {
switch (number) {
case 0:
System.out.println("Value of number is zero");
break;
case 1:
System.out.println("Value of number is one");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Value of number is two");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Value of number is greater than two");
break;
}
}
}
Question 4
What is the importance of break and default statements in switch?

Answer
1. break statement — The break statement takes the flow of control out of the switch statement. Without the
break statement, execution would simply continue to the next case.
2. default statement — When none of the case values are equal to the expression of switch statement then
default case is executed. Default case is optional. If default case is absent and no case values match then none of
the statements from switch are executed.
Question 5
Give one difference between while and do while loop.

Answer
while do-while
It is an entry-controlled loop. It is an exit-controlled loop.
It is helpful in situations where number of iterations It is suitable when we need to display a menu
are not known. to the user.
Lab Session
Question 1
Write a program in Java using for loop to print all the odd and even number upto 30 terms.
public class KboatEvenOdd
{
System.out.println("Odd numbers: ");
for (int i = 1; i <= 60; i += 2) {
System.out.print(i + " ");
}
System.out.println();
System.out.println("Even numbers: ");
for (int i = 2; i <= 60; i += 2) {
System.out.print(i + " ");
}
}
}
Output
Question 2
Write a program to print all the factors of 20.

public class KboatFactors
{
int n = 20;
System.out.println("Factors of 20 are:");
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
if (n % i == 0)
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
Output
Question 3
Write a program using while loop to generate the first 10 natural numbers and their sum.
public class KboatNaturalNumbers
{
int n = 1;
int sum = 0;
while (n <= 10) {
System.out.println(n);
sum = sum + n;
n = n + 1;
}
System.out.println("Sum = " + sum);
}
}
Output
Question 4
Program to check whether the product of two numbers is a buzz number or not.
[A number that ends with 7 or is divisible by 7, is called a buzz number]
public class KboatBuzzCheck
{
public static void buzzNumCheck(int a, int b) {
int p = a * b;
System.out.println("Product = " + p);
if (p % 10 == 7 || p % 7 == 0)
System.out.println("Product is a Buzz Number");
else
System.out.println("Product is not a Buzz Number");
}
}
Output
Question 5
Generate the following series upto 10 terms:

a) 1, 8, 27, 64, 125 ........
public class KboatSeries
{
int a = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
int t = a * a * a;
System.out.print(t + " ");
a++;
}
}
}
Output
b) 0, 3, 8, 15, 24, 35 .....

{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
int t = i * i - 1;
}
}
}
Output
c) 1, 4, 7,10 ......
{
int t = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
t += 3;
}
}
}
Output
Question 6
Write a program to print all the prime numbers between 1 and 100.
public class KboatPrime
{
for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {
int c = 0;
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
if (i % j == 0)
c++;
}
if (c == 2)
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
Output
Question 7
Write a Java program using the switch case to print the corresponding days of numbers.
For example: 1= Monday.... 7 = Sunday
public class KboatDayName
{
public static void dayName(int n) {
switch (n) {
case 1:
System.out.println("Monday");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Tuesday");
break;
case 3:
System.out.println("Wednesday");
break;
case 4:
System.out.println("Thursday");
break;
case 5:
System.out.println("Friday");
break;
case 6:
System.out.println("Saturday");
break;
case 7:
System.out.println("Sunday");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Incorrect day.");
}
}
}
Output
Question 8
Write a program to print the largest of three numbers.

public class KboatLargestNumber
{
public static void largestNumber(int a, int b, int c) {
System.out.println("The three numbers are "
+ a + ", " + b + ", " + c);
System.out.print("Largest Number: ");

if (a > b && a > c)
System.out.println(a);
else if (b > a && b > c)
System.out.println(b);
else
System.out.println(c);
}
}
Output
Question 9
Write a program to print the Fibonacci series upto 10 terms.

[A series of numbers in which each number is the sum of the two preceding numbers. For example:
0,1,1,2,3, ............... n].
public class KboatFibonacci
{
int a = 0;
int b = 1;
System.out.print(a + " " + b);
/*
* i is starting from 3 below
* instead of 1 because we have
* already printed 2 terms of
* the series. The for loop will
* print the series from third
* term onwards.
*/
for (int i = 3; i <= 10; i++) {
int term = a + b;
System.out.print(" " + term);
a = b;
b = term;
}
}
}
Output
Question 10
Create a program to display whether the entered character is in uppercase or lowercase.

public class KboatLetterCheck
{
public static void checkLetter(char ch) {
System.out.println("Entered character: " + ch);
if (ch >= 65 && ch <= 90)
System.out.println("Uppercase");
else if (ch >= 97 && ch <= 122)
System.out.println("Lowercase");
else
System.out.println("Not a letter");
}
}
Output
Chapter 7
App Development
Fill in the blanks

Question 1
Hybrid Apps combine features both of Web apps and Native Apps.
Question 2
The abbreviation of the word 'application' is app.
Question 3
Before installing an app on our device the manufacturer of the app will ask for certain permissions.
Question 4
Facebook app is an example of a Social Networking app.
Question 5
The E-Commerce app, that was founded by Sachin Bansal and Binny Bansal, is Flipkart.
Question 6
Desktop apps do not need web access and run independently on a computer.
Question 7
We can pay utility bills using the Banking app.
State True or False

Question 1
Google Maps is an e-commerce website.

False
Question 2
SDK stands for Software Design Kit.

False
Question 3
Hungama Music app brings your favourite tunes right to your device.
True
Question 4
Mobile apps can be preloaded on the Smartphones or Tablets.

True
Question 5
For the latest information on the global and Indian markets, install SBI Buddy on your mobile device.
False

Question 1
Sneha and her parents are planning to go for a movie. She wants to book the tickets online. Which app she can
make use of to do the same?
Answer
Sneha can use the BookMyShow app to book the tickets for the movie online.
Question 2
Mannat had a school trip last month, where she clicked various photographs. Now she wants to share these
photographs with her friends. Which app she can use for it?
Answer
Mannat can use Whatsapp to share the photographs with her friends.
Question 1
Reddit is a Social Networking site which is also called a .......... app.
1. News Aggregator ✓
2. Banking
3. Video sharing
Question 2
.......... is an app which lets you build your own apps.
1. Flipkart
2. Facebook
3. Appy Pie ✓
Question 3
Some app-builder apps let you build your own apps without the thorough knowledge of ..........
1. OS
2. Programming Language ✓
3. Both of these
Question 4
Hotstar is an .......... app to watch a movie, catch up on your TV serial or sports.
1. Education
2. Entertainment ✓
3. Social Networking
Question 5
Buying or selling goods or services using electronic means is known as ..........
1. Money control
2. Finance
3. E-Commerce ✓

Question 1
How can you broadly categorize the apps? Explain any one app.
Answer
Apps can be broadly classified into three categories. They are:
1. Desktop apps
2. Web apps
3. Mobile apps
Desktop Apps in detail:
1. These apps are used on a desktop or laptop.

2. They do not need web access/internet.
3. They can run independently on a computer.
4. Desktop apps need to be installed on the device before they can run.
5. For example — Notepad, Word processor, spreadsheet etc.
Question 2
What are the requirements for developing an app?

Answer
The requirements for developing an app are as follows-
1. A good grasp of programming language (JAVA)

2. Android Software Development Kit (Android SDK)
3. Essential knowledge of-
a. Extensible Markup Language (XML)
b. HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
c. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
Question 3
What are the differences between Native apps and Hybrid apps?
Answer
The differences between Native apps and Hybrid apps are as follows-
Point Native App Hybrid App
It is developed specifically for one It is developed for more than one

Platform
platform. platform.
Cost Development is expensive. Development is cheaper.
Maintenance is complex as there are Maintenance is simple as there are only

Maintenance
different versions for different platforms. a few versions.
User Graphics are less accustomed with the

They provide the best user experience.
Experience OS, so user experience is not as good.
Question 4
Distinguish between a Desktop app and a Mobile app.

Answer
The differences between a Desktop app and a Mobile app are as follows-
Point Desktop App Mobile App
Device It is used on desktops and laptops. It is used on Smart phones or tablets.
Size Apps can be of larger size. Apps are usually smaller in size.
Examples Paint, Notepad. Mobile Pixlr, Facebook.
Question 5
How can you download and install an app from the Google Play Store?
Answer
To download and install an app from the Google Play Store, follow these steps-
Step 1 — Tap on the Play Store icon on the screen of your device.
Step 2 — Type the name of the app you wish to download (or the general description of the job that the app
does), in the Search bar.
Step 3 — It will display the relevant list of apps. Now select the most suitable one by tapping on the name of
the app.
Step 4 — Additional information about the app will be displayed. Check out the reviews and comments of
previous users. If it meets your requirements, click on INSTALL button to install the app on your device.
Step 5 — The app will request you for the permission to access certain information on your phone. Confirm
your consent and the app will be downloaded and installed on your device.
Step 6 — The app is now ready to use.
Question 6
Explain the importance of Educational Apps.

Answer
The importance of educational apps is as follows:
1. Students can access high quality educational resources from anywhere in the world.
2. The content is covered through a variety of media — pictures, charts, activities, videos, worksheets etc. This
makes it easier to grasp and retain.
3. Students can learn at their own pace.
4. Teachers can use these apps to distribute study material quickly, conduct tests and grade the students
efficiently.
5. Parents can monitor the progress of their child effectively.
Question 7
With the help of suitable examples, explain the Photo editing tasks that can be done using Desktop, Web, or
Mobile Apps.
Answer
Photo editing means changing or manipulating some elements of a photo. Some tasks that are used to edit a
photo are as follows:
1. Cropping — This tool allows us to adjust the framing of a photo to alter its composition. For example
— we use cropping on photos when we set our Whatsapp status.
2. Colour correction — Photo editors provide various filters to alter the overall appearance of our photos.
For example — we use filters to make our photos attractive.
3. Add text or stickers — We can add text or stickers to our photos using photo editors. For example —
We use this tool to point out things in the photos.
4. Resize — This tool helps us to change the size of our photos. For example — When we fill any exam
form online, the candidate's photo needs to be of a particular size (say less than 16 MB). This tool helps
in resizing the photo.
Chapter 8
Networks
Fill in the blanks

Question 1
Transmission medium is the physical path through which the message travels from the sender to the receiver.
Question 2
Bluetooth is a communication technology that uses low power radio waves to connect electronic devices
wirelessly.
Question 3
A PAN is a computer network that covers a small area of about 10 meters.
Question 4
A Hyperlink is an image, audio, video, graphics or text that connects one web page to another web page.
Question 5
An IP address is a 32 bit address containing a set of four numbers, which varies from 0 to 255.
Question 6
The set of rules that determines how data should be transferred over networks, compressed, and presented on
the screen is called Protocol.
State True or False

Question 1
A Crossover Ethernet cable has got both its ends identical to each other.
False
Question 2
Infrared technology can connect only two devices at a time.

True
Question 3
Wi-Fi stands for Wireless Filtering.

False
Question 4
CAN covers an area smaller than MAN.

True
Question 5
ISP provides Internet connection to the users free of cost.

False

Question 1
Riya wants to transfer pictures of her recent US trip from her mobile to her computer. Suggest a wireless mode
of transmission which she can use for the same.
Answer
Riya can connect her mobile and computer through Bluetooth wireless networking technology. As the mobile
phone can be brought in close range to the computer so the transmission range of Bluetooth is well suited for
this setup.
Question 2
Mr. Nanda is opening a new branch of his office in Noida. He wants to connect the computers of this branch
with the computers of his home branch at Panchkula. Which networking type best suits his requirement?
Answer
As the branches are located in two different cities so Mr. Nanda should use Wide Area Network (WAN) to
connect the computers of the two branches.
Question 3
Which type of network will you recommend in a school for data and hardware sharing?
Answer
To connect the computers present in different buildings of the school, a Cluster Area Network (CAN) is best
suited.

Question 1
Hypertext appears with an underline and is usually in .......... colour.
1. Green
2. Red
3. Blue ✓
Question 2
Which networking device is used to connect multiple computers and computing devices directly to the network
using cables?
1. Switch
2. Hub ✓
3. Router
Question 3
A .......... converts digital signals to analog signals and vice versa.
1. Repeater
2. Bridge
3. Modem ✓
Question 4
Cable television is an example of .......... Network.
1. Metropolitan Area ✓
2. Campus Area
3. Wide Area
Question 5
Which one of the following modes of transmission requires the devices to be in a direct line of sight with each
other?
1. Wi-Fi
2. Bluetooth
3. Infrared ✓
Question 1
What is a computer network?

Answer
A Computer Network can be defined as a group of computers and other peripheral devices that are linked
together for the purpose of sharing data and hardware resources.
Question 2
What is the role of transmission medium in a computer network?

Answer
Transmission medium is the physical path through which the message travels from the sender to the receiver.
Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fibre optic cable and radio waves are some examples of transmission medium.
Question 3
Write any two advantages of networking.

Answer
Two advantages of networking are:
1. Reduction in hardware costs — In a network, the hardware devices that are not used very often, like modems,
printers, scanners, CD-writers, etc. can be shared. This reduces the cost of the hardware.
2. Efficiency — In a network, the deletion, modification or upgradation of the software/data is to be done at a
single point only. This brings more efficiency and effectiveness into the working system.
Question 4
What is a Coaxial cable? Differentiate between Broadband and Baseband Coaxial cable.
Answer
A Coaxial cable consists of central copper wire surrounded by insulation and then a shield of braided wire. It is
used in transmission of video, communications and audio specially in the cable television industry.
Difference between Broadband and Baseband Coaxial cable is that Baseband Coaxial cable supports quick
transmission of a single signal at a time and is mainly used for LANs whereas Broadband Coaxial cable
transmits multiple signals at the same time and is used for longer distances.
Question 5
Differentiate between the Bluetooth and Infrared wireless technology.

Answer
Bluetooth Infrared
Bluetooth uses low power radio waves. Infrared uses infrared waves.
Bluetooth has a transmission range of upto 240 Infrared has a transmission range of 5
metres. metres.
Bluetooth is not limited to line of sight

Infrared works only in direct line of sight.
communication.
Question 6
What is the utility of Domain Name? Explain with the help of an example.
Answer
Domain name is a unique name given to each website or resource connected to the internet. Domain names are
easier to remember than IP addresses since name has strong correlation with the website. For example, to use
Google search engine, the domain name is google.co.in and to use Wikipedia, it is wikipedia.org.
Question 7
What is the role of a Gateway in Computer Networks?

Answer
A Gateway is a network point that acts as an entrance to another network using different protocols. It is a shared
connection between a local area network and a larger system i.e. WAN. It basically works as the messenger
agent that takes data from one system, interprets it and transfers it to another system.
Question 8
Write short notes on each of the following:

i. Wi-Fi
ii. Modem
iii. Cluster Area Network
Answer
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi stands for Wireless Fidelity. It uses radio waves to create a secure, reliable and fast Wireless Local Area
Network (WLAN). The devices require a wireless adapter to connect to the WLAN using WiFi. It is widely
used to share an internet connection among the devices connected to the WLAN. Its advantages are:
1. It can be used to connect to Internet anywhere and anytime and is quickly replacing the wired medium.
2. It is relatively cheaper compared to the wired medium.
3. Multiple devices can be connect with WiFi to create a WLAN.
Its limitations are:

1. Higher power consumption.
2. Slower speeds than wired medium.
3. Transmission breaks or slows down when there is noise interference.
Modem
Modem stands for Modulation/Demodulation. Modulation is the process of converting digital signals to analog
and Demodulation is the process of converting analog signals to digital i.e. reverse of Modulation. Thus,
Modem helps in transmitting and receiving data between devices over a transmission medium like telephone
lines, co-axial cables, radio waves, etc. Modem are of two types — internal or built-in modems and external
modems.
Cluster Area Network
Cluster Area Network (CAN) also known as Campus Area Network, is a network comprising a series of small
LANs over a small geographical area, such as a college campus, office building, etc. It is generally limited to an
area between local area network and metropolitan area network.
Question 9
Write two points of differences for each of the following:

i. Hub and Switch
ii. Router and Repeater
Answer
Hub Switch
Ports of hub do not have individual addresses Switch is aware of the addresses assigned to each
assigned to them. of its ports.
Hub sends all data it receives to all the Switch sends the incoming data it receives only to
connected ports. the correct port.
Performance of Hub is relatively lower than Performance of Switch is relatively greater than
Switch. Hub.
Router Repeater
A Router is a communication device that is used A Repeater is a communication device that is used
to connect two different networks. to regenerate a signal.
Routers help the data packets to travel from

Repeaters help signals to travel longer distances
source to destination over the best route
with the same strength or even at a higher power.
possible.
Chapter 9
Cloud Computing
Fill in the blanks

Question 1
A Hybrid cloud is a combination of both Private and Public cloud.
Question 2
Microsoft renamed Skydrive as OneDrive on January 27, 2014.
Question 3
OneDrive is available as a built-in app on Windows 10.
Question 4
Skype is already integrated in OneDrive and can be accessed directly from it.
Question 5
Picasa is a free program from Google that is used to organize, edit, and share the digital photographs online.
State True or False

Question 1
A private cloud is provisioned for open use by the general public.

False
Question 2
In Cloud Computing, a consumer has to pay a fixed amount even if the cloud services are not being used.
False
Question 3
Cloud Computing provides a reliable recovery mechanism to deal with failures.

True
Question 4
By default, OneDrive displays the files and folders in the form of thumbnails.
False
Question 5
OneDrive allows multiple people to work together on the same document at the same time.
True
Question 6
Picasa is used to edit photos by making changes in their original copies.

False

Question 1
Sonali's instructor has explained her about one of the features of Cloud Computing which allows the consumers
to transparently scale up or scale down the resources according to their computing needs. Can you guess which
feature she is talking about?
Answer
Sonali's instructor is talking about the elasticity feature of Cloud Computing.
Question 2
Rohan wants to upgrade his storage plan of OneDrive. Which button can he make use of to accomplish the task?
Answer
Rohan can use the OneDrive Settings button to upgrade his storage plan of OneDrive.

Question 1
Resources are centralized amongst the various branches of an organization in a .......... cloud.
1. Public
2. Private ✓
3. Hybrid
Question 2
Which of the following applications provides storage services on the Cloud?
1. OneDrive ✓
2. Windows Picture Manager
3. Skype
Question 3
Name the option in OneDrive that allows you to share your file through a link.
1. Create a hyperlink
2. Get a link ✓
3. Send a link
Question 4
Which amongst the following is not a characteristic of Cloud Computing?
1. Rigidity ✓
2. Measured Service
3. Resource Pooling
Question 5
Picasa provides .......... free online storage space to store photos.
1. 5 GB
2. 15 GB
3. 1 GB ✓
Answer in one word or a sentence

Question 1
Which characteristic of Cloud Computing allows multiple consumers to pool the resources available on the
cloud?
Answer
Resource Pooling
Question 2
Which type of cloud is provisioned for use by a group of consumers from different organizations who share the
same concerns?
Answer
Community Cloud
Question 3
Name the OneDrive option that allows you to sort your files and folders on the basis of size.
Answer
Sort option
Question 4
Can you set the sharing settings for an individual document while sharing a folder in OneDrive?
Answer
No, we cannot set the sharing settings for an individual document while sharing a folder in OneDrive.
Question 5
Which shortcut key combination is used to create a new album in Picasa?

Answer
Ctrl + N

Question 1
What is Cloud Computing?

Answer
Cloud computing refers to manipulating, configuring and accessing the applications online. It offers online data
storage, infrastructure and applications.
Question 2
Write any two advantages of Cloud Computing.

Answer
Two advantages of Cloud Computing are as follows-
1. Cost Savings — Cloud Computing is based on pay-per-use model which helps businesses and consumers to
significantly reduce their IT expenses. It also provides access to numerous storage facilities and applications
which in turn saves the consumer from spending a lot of money on the server setup and installation cost.
2. Reliability — Cloud Computing is much more reliable when it comes to data management, backup and recovery
from failures. It provides redundant IT resources, automatic data backup as well as quick fail over mechanism.
Question 3
Write a short note on Picasa.

Answer
1. Picasa is a free program from Google that is used to organize, edit, and share the digital photographs online.
2. Once a user downloads Picasa, it automatically locates photos on the user's PC and moves them to Picasa.
3. It provides 1 GB free online storage space to store photos.
4. It provides a variety of special effects that can be applied to enhance your photos.
5. It lets the user create slideshows, photos collage and videos with the photos.
6. It can easily be synced with any social media account.
7. It also provides online backup for the photos.
8. When a photo is edited, Picasa creates a new version of the photo and the original photo is preserved
separately.
Question 4
How can you upload a file on OneDrive?

Answer
To upload a file on OneDrive, follow these steps-
Step 1 — Click on the Upload button.
Step 2 — Select the file option from the displayed list.
Step 3 — Locate and select the file you want to upload, in the Open dialog box. Click on the Open button.
Step 4 — OneDrive takes a few seconds to upload the specified file. The uploaded file now appears in the Files
pane in the middle of the web page.
Question 5
Explain the characteristics of Cloud Computing.

Answer
The characteristics of Cloud Computing are as follows:
1. On-Demand Self-Service — In Cloud Computing, multiple clients can share the resources and
applications at the same time. These Cloud services and resources can be used on-demand and often
bought on a subscription basis without human interaction with the service providers.
2. Broad Network Access — The services can be accessed on the Internet anytime and anywhere in the
world through multiple devices such as mobile phones, tablets, laptops, etc.
3. Resource Pooling — The resources like virtual server space, network connections, bandwidth etc., are
pooled by multiple users, simultaneously from any location, without being interfered by the other users.
4. Rapid Elasticity — This characteristic allows consumers to transparently scale up or scale down the
resources according to their computing needs.
5. Measured service — Cloud Computing is based on a pay-for-what-you-use model where resource
usage is monitored, measured and reported transparently, based on utilization.
BASIC INTRODUCTION TO JAVA:

IMPORTANT TERMS TO REVISE BEFOR EXAMS:
PURE FUNCTION
A pure function is one that takes objects and/or primitive data as arguments but does not modify the objects hence
the return value of such functions are either primitive data or an entirely new object created inside the function.
PARAMETERIZED AND NON PARAMETERIZED CONSTRUCTORS
A constructor that accepts no parameters are called non parameterized constructors, non parameterized
constructors that initialize the instance variables to zero, null and empty values are called Default
Constructors. Above is an example of default constructor.
A parameterized constructor accepts parameters or values in its argument list which initialize the various instance
data members of the class.
DEFN OF TOKEN
Tokens are smallest individual units of a Java program. There are 5 different types of tokens in Java –
1. Keywords
2. Identifiers
3. Literals
4. Operators
DEFN OF KEYWORD
Keywords are the reserved words which convey a special meaning to a language compiler. They can not be used
for any other purpose like function name, variable name or object names.
DEFN OF DEFAULT CONSTRUCTOR-CREATED AT THE TIME OF CREATION OF CLASS. NOT
PARAMETERISED AND NO RETURN TYPE.ALSO HAS THE SAME NAME AS THE CLASS NAME.
DIF BETWEEN ACTUAL AND FORMAL PARAMETER
The actual parameters are those that appear at the point of function invocation or function call are called Actual
parameters.
The formal parameters are those that appear at the point of function declaration or function signature are called
Formal parameters.
TERNARY OPERATORS , UNARY OPERATOR AND BINARY OPERATOR
1. Unary (works on 1 operand) e.g. + + and – –

2. Binary (works on 2 operands) e.g. +, – , * , / , >, <, == etc…
3. Ternary (works on 3 operands) e.g. ? :
FEATURES OF JAVA( )
Basic Features of Java:-
1) Write once run anywhere(WORA)
2) Platform Independent
3) Offers many security features to make its program safe and secure
4) Built in graphics & supports multimedia
5) Light Weight code
6) Open Product… i.e., freely available to all.
FEATURES OF OOP:
ENCAPSULATION,DATA ABSTRACTION,INHERITENCE ,POLYMORPHISM ETC.
TYPES OF CASTING(EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT)
EXPLICIT:DOWNSIZING, IMPLICIT :UPSIZING
WRAPPER CLASS DEFINITION-PROVIDES THE MECHANISM TO CONVERT PRIMITIVE TO OBJECT AND VICE
VERSA.
CLASS IS CALLED A COMPOSITE DATA TYPE.EXPLAIN.
CREATED BY USERS, NO FIXED SIZE,, CLASS IS A NON PRIMITIVE DATA TYPE.
CLASS IS AN OBJECT FACTORY.EXPLAIN:
CLASS IS USED TO CREATE VARIOUS TYPES OF OBJECT, CLASS IS A BLUEPRINT OF OBJECTS. THUS...
Q. The two types of Java programs/applications are? [2007]
Ans: The two types of Java Applications are 'Internet Applets' and 'Stand alone application'.
Q. State the distinguishing features of Java and C++?

Ans: (i) Java does not support operator overloading.(ii) Java does not use pointers.(iii) There are no header files in
Java.(iv) Java does not have template classes as in C++.
Q. State the differences between Syntax errors and Logical errors.

Ans: The compiler can only translate a program if the program is syntactically correct; otherwise the compilation fails
and you will not be able to run your program. Syntax refers to the structure of your program and the rules about that
structure.The second type of error is a run-time error, so-called because the error does not appear until you run the
program. In Java, run-time errors occur when the interpreter is running the byte code and something goes wrong.
Q. "Object is an instance of a class", explain [2010]

Ans: Object of a class contains data and functions provided in a class. it possesses all the features of a class.
Hence object is termed as instance of a class.
Q. Name four basic features of JAVA.

Ans: Basic features of Java as follows:i) It is an object oriented language.ii) Java program is both compiled and
interpreted..iii) Java program can be application or applet.iv) java is case sensitive language, i.e. it distinguished
upper and lower case letters.
Q. Differentiate between Compiler and Interpreter.

Ans: Compiler convert source code to machine language whole at a time. Interpreter converts program from high
level language to machine level language line by line or statement by statement.
Q. Java uses compiler as well as interpreter, explain.

Ans: Java compiler converts Java source code to byte code. This byte code is further converted into machine code
to make it applicable for the specific platform by using interpreter.
Q. Differentiate between Source code and Byte code.
Ans: Source code is the program developed in Java Language, which is input to a computer through the keyboard.
Compiler converts source code to byte code for interpretation.
Q. Differentiate between Testing and Debugging.

Ans: Testing is the process of checking program logic manually to ensure whether it contains any error or not.
Debugging is the process of removing errors from a program.
Q. Why is Java often termed as a platform?
Ans: Platform is the environment in which programs execute. Instead of interacting with the Operating System
directly, Java programs runs on a virtual machine provided by Java, therefore Java is often referred to as a platform
also.
Q. What is a bytecode?
Ans: Bytecode is a set of pseudo mechanic language instructions that are understood by the JVM (Java Virtual
Machine) and are independent of the underlying hardware.
Q. What do you understand by JVM?

Ans: JVM or Java Virtual Machine is an abstract machine designed to be implemented on top of existing processors.
It hides the underlying OS from Java application. Programs written in Java are compiled into Java byte-code, which
is then interpreted by a special java Interpreter for a specific platform. Actually this Java interpreter is known as Java
Virtual Machine (JVM).
Q. What is JDK (Java Development Kit)?

Ans: The Java development kit comes with a collection of tools that are used for developing and running java
programs.
Q. What are Java APIs?

Ans: The Java APIs (Application Program Interface) consist of libraries of pre-compiled code that programmers can
use in their application.
Q. Write the five characteristics of Java/BlueJ?

Ans: 1. Write Once Run Anywhere 2. Light weight code 3. Security 4. Built in Graphics 5. Object Oriented Language
6. Support Multimedia 7. Platform Independent. 8. Open Product.
Q. What do you know about BlueJ?

Ans: BlueJ is a Java development environment. It is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which includes
an editor a debugger and a viewer.
Q. How you create, compile and execute a program in Java or BlueJ? Explain your answer?
Ans: Create: Click on new class button from BlueJ editor, then type the class name a program icon will be created.
double click on it, a program editor will be open, erase the code and type your program coding. Compile: click the
compile button on the left of the window or right click on the class icon and select compile from the menu options.
Execute: Right click on the class icon and select new class name option. A dialogue box appears type the name of
the object. A object icon will be created at the bottom. Right click on the object icon and select the method we want
to execute.
Basic Principles of OOP

1) Encapsulation – Binding up of data members and member functions together into a single unit called (class) is
called Encapsulation.
2) Data Abstraction – Act of representing only essential features without including its background details is called
Data Abstraction.
3) Polymorphism – The ability of a method to behave in more than one form is called polymorphism. Function
Overloading is a way to implement it, in which more than one function has the same name but different argument
list.
4) Inheritance – The ability of a class to derive the properties from another class is called Inheritance. The class that
inherits is called the Derived / Sub / Daughter class and the class from which it is derived is called Base / Super /
Parent class. The keyword used to implement Inheritance is ‘extends’.
5) Object – It is an identifiable entity with some characteristics and behaviour.
6) Class – It is a blueprint that represents a set of objects which share common characteristics and behaviour.
Related Terms :
Data binding – is the process to link to the function call with function signature at run-time i.e., during execution of a
program.
Attribute:-The characteristics which make every object having its identity make them distinguished is called
attribute.
Behaviour – The behaviour of any class or object is represented through various functions and methods.
Message Passing – When object need to interact with one another they do so by passing information to and from
one another, this is called Message Passing
Data Hiding – is the data which cannot be accessed directly outside, class premises although they are available in
the same program
IMPORTANT TERMS:
PURE FUNCTION
PARAMETERIZED AND NON PARAMETERIZED CONSTRUCTORS
DEFN OF TOKEN
DEFN OF KEYWORD
DEFN OF DEFAULT CONSTRUCTOR-CREATED AT THE TIME OF CREATION OF CLASS. NOT
PARAMETERISED AND NO RETURN TYPE.ALSO HAS THE SAME NAME AS THE CLASS NAME.
DIF BETWEEN ACTUAL AND FORMAL PARAMETER
TERNARY OPERATORS , UNARY OPERATOR AND BINARY OPERATOR
FEATURES OF JAVA(DEFINITIONS )
TYPES OF CASTING(EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT)
WRAPPER CLASS DEFINITION-PROVIDES THE MECHANISM TO CONVERT PRIMITIVE TO OBJECT AND
VICE VERSA.
CLASS IS CALLED A COMPOSITE DATA TYPE.EXPLAIN.
DEFINITIONS
Object: An object is an unique entity of Object Oriented Programming Language, which posses some state and
attributes.
Class: A class is a set of objects. Each object posses similar state and behavior defined within the same class.
Data Abstraction: Data Abstraction is the act of representing essential features without including the background
details.
Encapsulation: The Binding/Wrapping up of data and its functions into a single unit is known as Encapsulation.
Data Hiding: The insulation given to the data, due to which it cannot be accessed directly outside the class
premises.
Inheritance: Inheritance is the process of linking and sharing the common properties of objects from two different
classes.
Polymorphism: It is the process of using a function more than one purpose, with same external structure and with
change in the internal structure.
Dynamic Binding: Dynamic binding is the process of linking function call with function Signature during the
execution of the program.
OOP: -Object Oriented Programming. It is a modular approach ,which allows data to be applied stipulated program
area. It increases the programmer’s productivity. It gives more Emphasis on the data.
Instance : An Object is said to be an Instance of a class. Each Object show same properties described in the
class.
Instantiation : Using the keyword new and creating a space for allocating the object in the dynamic memory is
known as Instantiation.
Initialization : It is the process of calling the constructor to initialize the attributes of an object.
Declaration : Using Class as a data type to create a new object of that class.
API : A set of functions and procedures that allow the creation of applications which access the features or data of
an operating system, application, or other service.
IDE : An integrated development environment (IDE) or interactive development environment is a software
application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development. An IDE
normally consists of a source code editor, build automation tools and a debugger.
Attribute : It is the state on which Objects differ. It deals with the contents of an object to make each object distinct.
(belongings of a class)
User Defined Data Type :Class is considered as User defined data type. User can use a class to create a new data
type with some certain characteristics and behavior. So class is called user defined data type.
Reusability : The process of adding some essential features to a class without modifying its contents. It can be
done by inheritance.
Applet :An Applet is written program in java language that can be included in an HTML page.
Compiler :A software which converts high level language to machine level language. It complies the instructions at
once and lists all the errors.
Interpreter : A software which converts High level language to machine level language line by line .It does not move
to next line until the error is corrected.
Source Code : A set of instructions written in high level language which is taken as an input from the user .
Machine code : The source code which is Complied/Interpreted is known as Machine code .
Byte Code : Byte code is the simplest Form of Source code. Source code is compiled to an intermediate code
called Byte code. It can easily pass from one computer to another.
Object Code :The conversion of high-level language to a machine code with help of a translator known as Object
code.
Java Virtual Machine (JVM) :It is a virtual processor which processes byte code to machine code for various
platforms. So ,Java Interpreter is known as JVM.
Compilation :The type of language conversion is termed as Compilation.
Interpretation : The process of conversion of the language is called Interpretation.
Case Sensitive : It is a Feature of Java Programming. It differentiates between lower case and upper case Letters.
Keywords : Keywords are prereserved words which cannot be used as any other alternative. They are reserved
words of java which carry out a value/function/task.
Java libraries :A java Library is a set of packages .Each package is made for
a purpose.Ex:java.lang,java.io,java.util,etc.
Comment : Comments are used to tell the user about the purpose and action of different steps in the program.
Comments increase the readability of the program. Comments are executed during the program.
Program : A program is a set of instructions ,data, functions which perform a specific task .
Programming : The Process of Executing a program is known as programming.
Function : A program module which is simultaneously used in the program at different instances to perform a
task .It is also known as Method.
Syntax : It is the Structural format of various keywords of java programming. The program segments are valid only if
they are in format according to the Syntax given.
Step Value : It determines the update of the control variable of looping structure until the test condition is false.
Body of Loop :It contains a set of statements which are executed along with the loop simultaneously.
Null Loop : A loop which does not contain any statement in the body of the loop is known as Null Loop or Bodyless
Loop.
Endless Loop : A loop structure not having any end, it skips the step value of the loop structure and the test
condition will be true always. So the Loop will run infinite times. This loop is called Endless loop or Infinite Loop.
Nested Loop : A loop within a loop is known as nested loop.
Delay Loop : A loop can be used to delay for some loading during the execution. The boy of the loop does not
contain any meaningful operation but it is used to Delay the Operation.
Stream :It is the flow of Characters maintained by the System .Characters flow from either input devices or
processors to the Standard Output Device (VDU).
Exception : An Exception is an unexpected situation that occurs during the execution of the program. It may be due
to improper use of input resources or overflow situation.
Error : An error is an improper situation ,misuse of terms ,undesired result giver ,grammatical error in the program.
Exception Handling :Overcoming an exception is known as Exception handling. In java Programming generally it is
done with Try-Catch keywords.
Wrapper Class :Wrapper class is used to create objects for the values of primitive data types. It wraps the primitive
data type values into an object. It also provides conversion between character/string to other primitive types.
Data Member :The state or characteristics of an object are considered to be as A Data member.
Member method :The behavior and functions of an object are considered to be the Member methods.
Static Data member : It is an instant variable which is global in the class and used commonly by all the objects of
that class.
Static member Method :It is a member method which uses only static data members or static instant variables.
Package : A Package is a set of classes. Which carry out a certain task. They are imported in the program .
User Defined Package : A User can create a package to use them in the program logic. A package may be defined
by the users to be used in various program logic. These are known as user defined packages.
Input Stream : A Input Stream contains functions related with input/output operations. It allows the user to enter
value from the console at the time of execution.
Buffer : It is an high speed temporary memory storage which is applied between I/O devices and processor to
synchronize their speeds.
Array : An array is a structure created in the memory to represent a number of same type of data using only single
variable.
Subscripted variable :When the elements of an array are specified by a single Subscript,the array is called
subscripted variable.
Subscript :Each Individual element of an array is termed as Subscript.
JDK :Java Development Kit contains various libraries that can be used in the program.It is needed to run or write a
Java Program.
JRE :Java Runtime Environment.
Tokens :Each individual and functional unit of a Java Program is considered as Tokens.
Literals :Literals are the constants in the java Program.Their Value remain fixed throughout the program.
Escape Sequences :These are the non-Graphic Characters which are used to control the cursor while printing.Ex: \
n – new line ,\t – horizontal tab.
Separators :These are the special characters in java ,used to separate or enclose different variables
or characters.Ex : (.),(,)(),[],{}.
Punctuators : Punctuation signs are used in program as special characters to terminate or for reference ,etc. Ex:
(.),(;).
Data Type : Data types are built in java to differentiate between the types of data taken as input from the user. So
data types are defined already to differ all the type of data.
Primitive Data Types (or)
Composite Data Types : The data types which are independent of any other type are known as Primitive data
types.(Basic data types).
Non Primitive Data types (or)
Reference Data Types :: These are derived data types. They are directly or indirectly independent on Primitive data
types.
ASCII : Each character in Java, are given(assigned to) a ASCII code .These codes are taken into consideration
during java programming.
Identifiers : Identifiers are the variables in the java Program. A variable is a named memory location.
Dynamic Initialization : When a method or functions is called and the return value is initialize to a variable is called
dynamic initialization.
Static Initialization :This process uses direct assignment of a variable constant. The variable is initialized during its
declaration.
Assignment : Storing constants to variables using token ‘=’. So, ’=’ is called Assignment operator.
Erythematic Expression :It contains variables ,constants and arithmetical operators together to produce a
meaningful result.
Pure Expression : An arithmetic Expression which contains same type of data items.
Mixed Expression :An expression which includes different types of variables or values which yield a result.
Expression : A Set of variables or values which yield a result.
Type Conversion : The process of converting one predefined type into another is called Type Conversion.
Type Casting : The explicit conversion of an operand to a specific type is called type casting. The operator that
converts its operand to a specified type is called the typecast operator.
Explicit Conversion : an explicit type conversion is user defined that forces an expression to be of specific type.
Coercion : A implicit type conversion is a conversion performed by the compiler. The Java compiler converts all
operands up to the type of the largest operand. This is also known as type promotion.
Operator :A symbol or a token which performs arthematicla or logical operations and yield a result.
Operand : An operator acts on different data items/entities called operands.
Statement : An expression which is assigned to a variable is completely known as statement.
Unary Operator :An arithmetical operator which is applied with a single operand is known as Unary operator.
Binary Operator :An arithmetic operator which deals with two operands, is known as Binary Operator.
Ternary Operator (or)
Conditional Assignment Operator ::Ternary operator deals with three operands. The value assigned to a variable
depends upon a logical expression.
Prefix :When increment or decrement operators are applied before the operant ,it is known as prefix operators.
Postfix : When increment or decrement operators are applied after the operant ,it is known as prefix operators.
Increment Operator :Increment operator increases the value of operand by one.
Decrement Operator : Decrement operator decreases the value of operand by one.
Erythematic Operator :An Operator which performs arithmetic functions is known as Erythematic Operator.
Logical Operator :These Operator yield results in 0 and 1 depending upon the outcome of the result. They check
between two variables or values.
Relational Operators : Operators which are used to show or check relationship between operands are known as
relational operators.
Precedence of operators : Specific order in which the operators in an expression are evaluated when the
expression has several .
Bitwise Operator : The Bitwise operators calculate each bit of their result by comparing the corresponding bits of
the two operands.(a) the AND operator &(b) The OR operator |(c) The XOR operator ^(d) The compliment operator
~.
Compound Statement : It is a block of code containing more than one executable statement. In Java the { } is
called block and the statements written under {} is called compound statements or block statement. The { } opening
and closing braces indicates the start and end of a compound statement.
Mathematical Functions : The methods which perform mathematical calculations and which are included in a
package of java. This package is automatically imported into the class.
Return Type :It is the data type used before the method name in the method header that indicates the type of the
outcome value.
Return value : It is the value that returned to the caller when the function is invoked.
Variables : A variable is a stored memory location .It is used to store different constant values.
Label :Default and case keywords are known as labels.
Fall through :The unusual execution of more than one cases at a time is known as fall through. This occurs when
case is not applied between two or more cases. The control executes to the next case also for execution.
Statement Terminator : Semicolon is the statement terminator in Java. It indicates the end of a statement.
Case Terminator : Break keyword is used as case terminator. Break does not allow the control to execute on to
the next case. It indicates the end of the case.
Jump statement : Break and Continue are the two jumping statements. Break terminates the execution of the loop
or program. Continue skips the execution of one iteration of a loop.
Testing : Testing is the process in which the program is validated by checking all the specifications desired.
Debugging :Removal of errors in the program is known as Debugging .
Iteration : Process of repeating mathematical or computing process or set of instructions again and again each time
applying it to the previous stage is called Iteration.
Loop : Set of instructions that are repeated again and again until a particular condition is satisfied.
Control Variable : A variable ,which starts with an initial value and determines the duration of repetition is known as
Control variable.
Test Condition : Each loop contains a test condition. It determines whether the loop has to be repeated or
terminated.
Linear Search : It is the simplest way of searching a value. The every element of array is checked with the value
given by the user until the last element. It starts from the 0th position of the array.
Binary Search : Binary Search takes place only on sorted data items where array is divided into halves and the
value is checked in the desired half.
Bubble Sort :In this method, many iterations takes place during each iteration pairs of consecutive elements are
compared and arranged according to the order.
Selection Sort : In this method , Successive rounds are executed to select the elements in some order and place
them in their positions.
Single Dimensional array : When the elements of an array are specified by a single Subscript,the array is called
subscripted variable or single dimensional array.
Scanner class :It is available in System package java.util .It is used to enter values from the user from console
during the execution of the program.
Delimeter : It is a special character used to take out tokens using Scanner class.
Constructor : It is a member function with name same that oa class name used to initialize the values of instant
variables.
Invoking :The process of usng a method in the function in the program in called Invoking a method.
Module : It is a program segment.
Function prototype : The function prototype is the first line of the function definition that tells the program about the
type of the value returned by the function and the number and types of arguments.
Function Signature : Function signature basically refers to the number and types of the arguments, it is the part of
the prototype.
Function Header :It is the first line of a method. It contains parameters list,return type,access specifier,method
name.
Parameter list : It is list of parameters which are called during its invoking.
Access Specifier : It gives the publicity modes of the method.It can be either public or Private or Protected.
Return Statement :The statement which sends value from method to caller program is known as Return statement.
Actual Parameter : The parameter that appears in function call statement are called actual parameter.
Formal Parameter : The parameter that appears in function definition are called formal parameter.
Pass by Value (or)
Call by Value : Pass by value is the process of passing a copy of actual parameters to the formal Parameters.
Pass by reference (or)
Call by Reference : It is the procsee of passing the reference of actual parameters to the formal parameters.
Pure Function (or)
Accesor : It is a Function which returns a value to the caller module.It does not change the state of an object.
Impure Function (or)
Mutator : This function may or may not return a value but it changes the state of an object.
Function Overloading :It is the process of defining functions with the same function names but with different
number and types of parameters.
Static Binding (or)
Early Binding : The System finds the best match of function arguments and parameter list during
program compilation.This phenomenon is known as Static Binding or Early binding.
Recursive Function : A function designed in such a way that it calls itself in its body is known as Recursive
Function.
Parameters : Parameters are the list of variables which are defined in the function definition or function call.
Arguments : Arguments are the values passed to the actual parameters by pass by value or pass by reference due
its invoking.
Boolean Search : It is a type of searching in which Boolean variable is used to check if the given value is present
in the array elements or not.Example Prg : Boolean search.
Nested Class : A nested class mean a class within a class.
External Wrapper :External Wrapper is the class declaration enclosing inner part within a pair of curly brackets.
Visibilty Modes : Visibilty modes are the Access Specifiers.They deal with the scope of usage of function.They are
public,private,protected.
Scope of Variable : It determines the visibility of a instant variable throughout the class.It shows the usage of
variable in the program.
Referencing member methods :The process of referring the member methods from the main class through class
objects.
Nested member method : A method within a method is known as nested member method.
Invoking a constructor : The process of using a constructor in the program is known as Invoking a Constructor.
Default Constructor : A constructor which initializes instant variables of an object with definite values readily
defined is known as Default Constructor.
Parameterized Constructor : It is a member function with same name as the class name which is used to initialize
the object variable by passing parametric values at the time of its execution.
Copy Constructor : This Constructor is used to copy the initial values of the instant variables of an object to the
instant variables of another object.
Constructor Overloading : It is the process of defining constructors with the same function names but with
different type of parameters.
Base Class (or) Super Class : A class from which another class inherits .
Derived Class (or) Sub Class : A class inheriting properties from another class.
Single Inheritance : If a Base class is derived by a single target,then it is known as Single Inheritance.
Multiple Inheritance : When a sub class inherits from multiple Base classes is known as multiple Inheritance.
Hierarchical Inheritance : When many Targets inherit from a single base class ,it is known as Hierarchical
Inheritance.
Multilevel Inheritance : A target which inherits a Base class can in turn be used as a Base for
another target.Such System is known as Multilevel or Nested Inheritance.
Hybrid Inheritance : When more than one type of Inheritance Systems are used together,it is known as Hybrid
Inheritance.
WORA :Write Once Run Anywhere .It is a special feature of java which makes it java platform independent.If a
Program is written once,it can run on any platform.
Keyword new :It is used to create a new object or a new array.It creates a memory for the variable or object .
Keyword this : It is the reference to the current object.
Keyword extends : It is used to inherit a sub class to the super class.
Type Promotion (or) Implicit Conversion : The Java compiler converts all operands up to the type of the
largest operand.This type of Conversion is known as type promotion or implicit conversion.
Intrinsic data types : These are the primitive data types.They are independent of themselves.Ex:
int,float,byte,char,double,etc.
Output Stream : System maintains a flow of charaters from proceesor to the VDU known as Output Stream.
Syntax Error (or) Sematic Error : Error resulting when the grammer rules or the grammer of the programming
language are not followed.
Logical Error : It is an error in planning the program’s logic .There may be no errors while compiling but the result
or outcome will not be correct.
Runtime Error : These are mistakes other than the syntax and logical error which come during the time of
execution.
ConditionalStatement : A statement which works on the given condition In the expression is known as Condition
Statement.
Index : It is the position of the character in a given string.The numbering of characters generally start from 0.
Exit Control Loop : This loop checks the given test condition at the end of the loop structure.It checks the condition
after executing the body of the loop.
Entry Control Loop : This loop checks the condition and executes the loop only if the condition is true i.e.,It checks
the condition at the entry of the loop.
NaN : -Not a Number.When a negative number is given in Math.sqrt() function.It results NaN.
Infinity :When a number is divided by zero0. It results in infinity.
Absurd Value : When a variable is not initialized with a value.It stores an absurd value in the space given for the
variable in Compiler Allotment Phase.
String – String is a series of character which includes spaces also . String is a class not a data type.
1. length();
Syntax- int length();

Usage- This function returns the length of characters present in the string.
1. charAt();
Syntax- char charAt(int n);

Usage- This function returns nth character of the string.
1. toUpperCase();
Syntax- String toUpperCase();

Usage- This function/method is to convert all the character of the string into uppercase.
1. toLowerCase();
Syntax- String toLowerCase();

Usage- This function/method is to convert all the characters of the string into lowercase.
1. replace();
Syntax- String replace(char ch1,char ch2);

ch1- character to be replaced.
ch2- character by which to be replaced.
Usage- This function replaces all the occurrances of the character ch1 with ch2 in the string.
1. trim();
Syntax- String trim();

Usage- This function is used to remove all the white spaces at the beginning and end of the string .
1. equals();
Syntax- boolean equals(String2);
Example-s1.equals(s2);
Usage- This function gives true if s1 equals to s2.
1. concat():
Syntax- String concat(String2);

Example-s1.concat(String s2);
Usage- This function concatenates s1 equal to s2 .
1. substring();
Syntax- String substring(int n);

Usage-This function returns substring starting from the nth character of the string.
1. substring();[another format]
Syntax- String substring(m,n);

Usage-This function returns substring starting from mth character upto the nth character without including the nth
character.
1. indexOf();
Syntax for string- int indexof(String str);

Syntax for character- int indexOf(char ch);
Usage-This returns the position of the first occurrence of the character or string in the string.
1. indexOf()(another format)
Syntax- int indexOf(String str, int start index)

int indexOf(char ch , int start index)
Example- int indexOf(“the”,n);
int indexOf(‘y’,n);
This format gives the position of ”the” and ‘y’ starting from the nth position in String.
1. compareTo();
Syntax- int compareTo(string str);

Example-s.compareTo(s1);
Usage-This function returns negative if s is less than s1,positive if s is greater than s1 and zero if s is equal to s1.
This compares two string lexicographically.
14.boolean endsWith(String str)
Usage- Tests if the this string (current Stringobject)ends with the specified suffix (str).
15.int lastIndexOf(char ch)
Usage-returns the index within the this string of the last occurrence of the specified character.
1. stringreplace(string s1, string s2)
Usage-It replace string s1 with string s2.

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Chapter 1

Operating System and Graphical User Interface - Role and Functions

Fill in the blanks

Application software is a set of programs designed to perform specific type of job.

State True or False

Computers work with an interaction of hardware and software.

Multiple Choice Questions

A computer interprets the instructions given by a user with the help of an

Character User Interface is also known as .......... Interface.

.......... requires more RAM to run

Application Based Questions

Answer the following

Define hardware and software.

What is a System software? Into how many categories can it be classified?

Explain why we need an Operating system.

Explain any two functions of an Operating system.

What are the advantages of GUI over CUI?

GUI (Graphical User Interface) CUI (Character User Interface)

GUI is easier to learn and more user-friendly due to

GUI supports the use of both a mouse and keyboard

Only one task can be executed at a particular

Write short notes on the following:

iv. Distributed operating system

Spreadsheet - Formulas and Functions

Formulas are used to perform Calculations.

The cell address in a formula is also called Cell reference.

Arguments are input to functions, which accept values as number or text.

The & character is used for concatenation of strings.

State True or False

Formulas must begin with the question mark (?).

In Absolute Referencing, '$' sign is used before the cell co-ordinates.

A range can be used in a formula.

The error #VALUE occurs if the number is divided by a zero.

Application Based Questions

Which function finds the largest number in a range?

Which of the given cell references can be used in a relative reference?

Which function is used to count the number of numeric values in a range?

Answer the following

What is a Formula? Explain with the help of an example.

What is Cell Reference? Mention its types.

Explain circular reference with an example.

What do you mean by a Function? Name some of the Functions.

What are the rules to enter a Function?

1. All Excel functions must begin with = sign.

Fill in the blanks

F11 function key is used to insert a chart instantly in a worksheet.

Radar chart looks similar to a spider net.

Chart Title describes the aim and contents of the chart.

State True or False

A chart is a textual representation of data in a worksheet.

Scatter chart is the default chart type in Excel.

Application Based Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

What type of chart is used to emphasize the magnitude of change overtime?

What is the other name for the horizontal axis of a chart?

Which type of chart is used for representing huge amount of data?

What is the other name for XY chart?

Answer the following

How is a Column chart different from a Bar chart?

Explain the different components of a chart.

What is a Pie chart? Describe its features.

Differentiate between Category Axis and Value Axis of a chart.

Explain the process of resizing a chart.

How can a chart be moved to another location?