Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Eliminating Drainage at The Forming Board and Its Effects On Form
Eliminating Drainage at The Forming Board and Its Effects On Form
ScholarWorks at WMU
6-1984
Recommended Citation
Scholly, Michael F., "Eliminating Drainage at the Forming Board and Its Effects on Formation and
Retention" (1984). Paper Engineering Senior Theses. 486.
https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/engineer-senior-theses/486
by
Michael F. Scholly
ABSTRACT ............................................. ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
FORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
RETENTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
THE FORMING BOARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Design and Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, 8
Modification ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Paper Machine Trials ............................ 9
Anticipated Effects ............................. 13
DATA COLECTION AND ANALYSIS .......................... 13
Machine Wire Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lJ
Fiber and Filler Retention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Paper Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
APPENDIX A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
ABSTRACT
ii
INTRODUCTION
FORMATION
1
include the controllable headbox variables and the water re
moval devices. The primary controllable variables of the head
box ares the consistency, the jet velocity to wire speed ratio,
the slice geometry, and the liquid level. Water removal devices
include the forming board, table rolls, hydrofoils, vacuum
augmented foils, suction boxes and the vacuum couch roll.
Formation will be influenced by these devices until a consis
tency of 1.2 to 1.4 percent; where the sheet becomes set. Suc
tion boxes and couch rolls remove water from the sheet at much
higher consistencies and therefore do not influence formation. 3
Turbulence is essential to good sheet formation on the
fourdrinier paper machine. It is developed to keep the fibers
in suspension and to disperse fiber floes as they form. The
main reason turbulence is necessary is that at commercially
used headbox consistencies (0.5% - 1.0%), fibers in suspension
do not exist individually. They are present in the form of
interwoven networks or floes of considerable mechanical strength.
In the absence of turbulence, fibers will flocculate within
milliseconds.4
To develop good formation, turbulence is needed until
sufficient amounts of water have been removed, and the sheet is
set. The forming board is the first place on the table where
turbulence can be developed. The forming board's design and
alignment with respect to the wire and headbox discharge af
fect format1on. This will be discussed later.
RETENTION
Histocr
Forming boards were first applied to bridge the gap between
the breast roll and the first table roll. Another reason for
their use was to guide the initially drained whitewater into
the tray below the wire. For a long time, forming boards were
constructed of wood. Today the main structure is stainless
steel with the blade material being some form of polyethylene
or ceramic.7
The objectives of the forming board and its relationship
to the jet are: to avoid excessive pressure forming, minimize
breast roll pumping, maximize retention and formation and pro
mote good formation.8
Design and Operation
There are three basic designs of forming boards: solid top,
perforated top, and the bar or cattle crossing type. The solid
. �
forming board is commonly used when it is desireable to del�y
drainage. Perforated type boards are used with drop legs to
remove water over their surfaces. The bar type forming boards
are. now the most commonly used. They consist of one or more
bars (or blades). The critical design considerations are: the
blade spacing, the blade size, and the blade-to-wire angle.
J
The blade spacing is often referred to as the open area of
the board. The drainage that occurs early on the table is
induced by gravity. Therfore, greater open area will cause
more drainage on the forming board. The leading edge of each
blade must be designed like a hydrofoil to doctor off the water
that is draining through the wire.
Blade size has varied greatly. The trend is to have a
large first blade with a large nose. This endbles the forming
board to be m�ved very close to the breast roll if desired.
This first blade rarely exceeds nine inches. The remaining bars
are usually much smaller in an attempt to reduce drag. They are
rarely larger than four inches.
The blade-to-wire angle can have a significant effect on
the performance of the forming board. The board can be placed
flush with the wire or sloping up or down. If the forming
board slopes upward, then the leading edge of the first blade
is lower than the wire. This condition accomodates the pressure
pulse of the jet impinging on the wire, but reduces the doctor
ing at the nose of the blade. This can be used to cevelop some
turbulence, however stock jump can occur on high speed machines.
Angling the blade in the other direction will increase doctor
ing at the leading edge and cause increased drainage at the
trailing edge as the blade will operate as a foil. This is used
to increase water remo,.1al, but excessive wear at the nose of the
blade can occur.9
Position
The position of the forming board with respect to the point
where the jet impinges the wire is also critical. An under
standing of the jet flow as it contacts the wire is necessary
when considering the position of the forming board. Figure 1
4
illustrates how the angle of impingement,,B, varies depending
on the geometry of the slice and the stock velocity. � can
be calculated.10
When the stock contacts the wire, a portion travels back
wards or upstream. This is known as jet back-flow. The amount
that travels backwards is equal tos J,'2 (1 -Cos�) . The smaller
the angle, B , the smaller the back-flow.
The point where the stock contacts the wire is lmown as
the turbulent region. This region is identified in Figure 1.
Turbulence in this region is mainly caused by the angle of
impingement, the velocity difference between the jet and the wire,
and the jet disturbances developed in the headbox and at the slice.
Turbulence in this region is necessary to prevent the occur-
rence of flocculation, however if excessive, defects in the
sheet will appear.11
Another important characteristic of the jet flow is the
forming pressure developed. This, also, is dependent upon the
angle of impingement,�. The forming pressure = h(sine (3).
Where h is the total head developed in the headbox at the slice.
This pressure is the force with which the fiber is being driven
into the wire. Forming pressure will therefore affect the
drainage rate and solids' retention.
The position of the forming board influences the effect
of the angle of impingement, particularly the turbulence and
the forming pressure just discussed. The forming board can be
positioned so that the jet contacts the wire before the board,
at the leading edge, or on top of it.
Allowing the jet to contact the wire before the forming
board will "set" the sheet faster, removing a large amount of
water. The water is removed by the forming pressure, the force
5
of gravity, and possibly breast roll suction if the L/b ratio
is negative. This condition is known as breast roll pumping
and occurs wpen the stock leaving the slice is in contact
with the top dead center of the breast roll. The stock is
subjected to the suction developed by the rotating breast roll.
This suction (P) was shown to be related to the roll speed by
Burkhard and Wrist. 12 They found that the suction of a rotating
roll to be expressed by the equation: P - l/2pU 2 • Wheres
p is the density of the whitewater and U is the tangential
·velocity of the roll ( or simply the wire speed). Figure 2
is an illustration of the slice geometry with a negative L/b
ratio. Fibure 3 is a plot showing the suction developed from
the roll velocity. At high speeds, the breast roll suction
is much larger than the forming pressure.13
Landing the jet before the forming board will reduce
turbulence and settle out jet disturbances, The pressures
that are present, increase the drainage rate and will reduce
solids' retention. Under this condition, the forming board
will only act to guide the drained whitewater into the tray.
If the jet lands on the wire at the leading edge a portion
of the lower side of the jet will be doctored off. This is
generally do
· ne to remove the back-flow portion of the jet.
With this.relationship, the initial violent drainage is sig
nificantly reduced, thus improving retention. Most of the jet
disturbances developed in the headbox and at the slice will not
settle out. These disturbances may result in poor formation
of the final sheet.14
Allowing the jet to land on top of the forming board
eliminates pressure forming and delays drainage. At high jet
velocities or large angles of contact, turbulence and jet dis-
6
-·&1
, ..... _____ __ '
Wire Velocity ·11
Fig.1.
·Definition sketch for jet back-flou·.
.I·'
1·· .
'.
Suc.T•ON IN RoLl, NtP 'I''·:':
p. i e u
.I I"!' .
>1
2 I
a . ·' •.' i;
'! . ,"·;.:,: ,,,;,11+-
. °
•.·., ! .:,t1: ;J '•i:!;!,;!,
..
a.o . .' I I ,t ,· •1 •; •· 1•!9:
.. :i;: ••·',-�•••
: .;,, ..,..•. , .••'!',·:•tj,::, ':t
.. . ..... ,··1· t , ,. • •• .•• ··
�t!' · 1
i .:,,.. '. ·• 11 ·1
:r 1$ I!
.·•· ,,,,•
.. :· I
. ,·,. ,·
... ., W,--: II :1,,:1
. \ · ,.,. W
I
I , .
,o · . : ·; ·. U• W1flt1SrHD · 1,·•:
; .:··::;· :;== L!ji;
0.
· l.l,:.:;:. : :;:!:1·u••(
:·;1·:·: i1.n1 I· 1l
, ... ·,. !.,.:.; ,-i . 1
,,.. .. ::;Iii•.,..,.111 •.,;.l',,!,
: .... ,f, 1': .... ,;
I11,.,,,','1 1:1·111"''I
., I : '!"I!.; ,,:.
. ", ·:·: . . ...: ......··•!.:Ir
• • 1,: • 'I •
•, 1 • ,
.
. · 1-fl,',t:rjl I: ... :.,
•
.
· .
I ..
7
turbances are magnified and it is possible for the stock to jump
off of the wire. If the angle of contact and the jet disturb
ances are small, the forming board can redisperse the fiber
and improve sheet formation.
Positioning of the forming board has taken the following
approach, If the jet disturbances and turbulence are excessive
and promote poor formation, the trend is to move the forming
board out or downstream. As hydraulic headboxes have become
more common with lower contact angles, formation has been
improved by landing the jet at or near the leading edge of the
board to increase turbulence.15
In general, the forming board has less theory and design
behind it than any other part of the fourdrinier. The deposition
and initial dewatering of the stock on the wire is one of the
most critical aspects of the sheet forming process. An author
recently reported that the forming board should prevent de
watering from occurring and it should develop turbulence in the
stock for redispersion.16• 1 7 This coincides with the belief
that the sheet should be made on the fourdrinier table and not
in the headbox.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
9
FIGURE 4
0
r-f
J-/cAJbot Brust Firlt Foil TAird F'oil TAble. Rolls 5w d,011 Borel S�t,'ol-,/ Bates
S t.c. o,.J Fo.-l Cou.c.h
Roll Sc,f,ot1 5,. cf,'011 Se.cl:.-o"
V
V
V
u
FIGURE
\J'\
11
A.
B.
V\
�
r
.0
\)
�
n ·
n.
1J
�
0
V 0
FIGU
D D �
V D °'
D D
D D
12
The furnish used was a 50% hardwood, 50% softwood blend
refined to 400 Canadian standard freeness in the Claflin re
finer. 20% #2 KWW Englehard filler clay was added at the
beater along with 5% pH was adjusted to 5.0 with H2 so4•
alum.
The paper machine conditions are summarized in Table I.
Anticipated Effects
Eliminating drainage at the forming board of the pilot paper
machine should affect the papermaking process. Depending vn
what was originally occurring, I anticipated the modifications
to have the following effects:
1. increased drainage on the table because sheet sealing
was eliminated
2. increased fiber and filler retention due to a delayed,
less-rapid drainage
J. improved formation because of a more turbulent, dis
persive jet landing on the wire.
13
ficient to blow the stock high enough off of the wire for collect
ion. This meant the sample had to be pushed into the container
by hand. The second problem arose when samples were being blown
off of the wire after the dry line. The web was lifting off of
the wire back past the preceding foil.
Higher air velocity was developed for the second trial, but
it was also insufficient for raising the stock from the wire.
For this second trial, the samples were scooped up from the wire
into a special container. This method proved much better than
blowing the samples from the wire. Each sample was placed in an
air-tight jar and refrigerated until it's concentration could be
determined. Figure 7 illustrates the locations of the collected
samples.
14
TABLE I
Trial# 1 Trial# 2
15
FIGURE 7
'°
r-i
X
1-/c..(Jbot BrCAst Firlt Foil S e.c. o..d Fo;l
'TAird Foi I TAble. Rolls 5w. d,011 Boru s�-t ,'o/.J Bo/c.S
CotU:.h
�oil Sccf,'oi1 Se.d,'011
Secf,'o/'I
TRIAL# 1 TRIAL# 2
Sample Taken Run# 1
After % Consis % Ash % Consis % Ash
Headbox .467 29.9 .6J6 29.6
1st Foil l.J0 21.0 1.11 2J.6
2nd Foil 1.98 20.6 2.27 21.4
Jrd Foil J.90 17.5 J.J7 21.J
Table Roll� 4.09 17.J 4.01 19.0
2n�1 Box 4.15 17.8 4.25 20.2
Jrd Box 9.41 lJ.0 lJ.2 14.6
4th Box 12.0 lJ.0
Couch Rol� 17.J 11.5 19.5 14.J
Run# 2
Headbox .467 29.9 .659 29.6
1st Foil 1.09 22.0 l.lJ 22.2
2nd Foil 1.72 20.J 2.JJ 20.6
'3rd Foil 4.2J 17.8 J.J7 20.5
Table RoJ.2-s 4.52 16.6 J.74 20.6
2nd Box J.8J J 9.2 4.19 21.2
Jrd Box 11.6 12.1 14.6 lJ.6
4th Box 18.1 11.4 2J.J 12.2
Couch Ro::.2. 18.4 11.2 26.1 12.6
Run# J
Headbox .467 29.9 .758 27.4
1st Foil .790 24.4 .961 23.7
2nd Foil l.6J 20.4 2.18 20.0
Jrd Foil 4.19 17.4 J.24 21.2
Table RoJls J.86 16.7 J.60 22.J
2nd Box 4.04 15.0 J.86 20.l
Jrd Box 11.J 11.9 12.6 15.J
4th Box 16.2 10.4 2J.5 1).0
Couch RoU 17.J 10.2 26.5 12.9
17
TABLE III
18
Paper Properties
19
opposed to 19.5% for the control run. Filler retention was lower
for the modified forming board however. As with the 40 lb. paper
trial, formation was found to be the best when no modification
was made to the forming board.
20
TABLE IV
21
....
::c.
-.u
-
V)
-4
-0
o /Ot>
/,eo
(,t)
'/0
/i/4)
~o
/{,o
;2M
/20
;&.o
0~W
Fo."
tsr,
•
'
'
I
- ·-··- £I',. ·- .
X
I
:0--��--;-�
1 • . '
0---:--c_--:���-�- ��=-r:,·
I
- -------· J.
� =��- ==
lit ' ·1----·--•--·-•-,·--•-·--- --,-·-··-•···• ·--··
I
I
i
, I
- - · -- -
-I -l-__
·
__ , __ � - -·-" ·-!.. ·•-------.;. '· ··- -- -
• •
!
'I
'- .
- �--- �.'
-.: �-
'
''
I
'
I
I - ;
I
. �- --
'
I
I
I
.. --�-'
�
___.
·- •
- - - -- - -- - - - ·-
----
'1
tu �-,1-------------,---------------- ------
- . -
I
'
---·--------·
., I
J
. )'\
C)
l
·•··---- -- - ···
I
'
Ii ....--_
- - --- -- �
;r/ACfuNe '. Prof,i~
'
I
-
::-
:I
! ----.-1
- - �
:I
'
'
I
'
i
I
I
I
:
. - .'-l .
,~
-F_
I
I
'
I
I
i
I
'
I
:
I
I
I i I :
.
-.......:.
'
I
'
I
i-~u r-e. .-- 8
I
I
i I
:
I
1
-
j
'
•
c~~1t:eNf~Al dl'/
· ·
.
s
- - ·-·
-
---
I or,,blt..o/!oils;q---'--
;.. 0--
I
I'
I
I
'
II
I
I
'
i
'
-
.-
.
-- ')-, 11
I , .
� � i
��
I
- - -
·
"
· -
I
I
I
.. -· �
- · c:) - ..· -- � �- - - · ____ -
� c,.,
'
I
I
I
I
. - � -- �
� �
I
I
i '
I
I •
I
__,, _ __ _ ··- ..
• - • -- • •--••-
[:J
I
• I
____0
-----!?>
----·- - ----- ·-
-
11
ke
Co,:,lrol
I
5 Pt11le
'
I
I
I
'
10 ,, Pt~tc
/<un
'
I
I
i
'
'
'
I
I
22 .
. '
I
I
I
''
I.
v
,<)
-.;::_
'->
. <t .
%
/0.0
2.ao
30.0
'
I
I
I
i
r ·
I!l ...
1 ··
i
;
r
t·
j·
---------•r--, --.
j_
' -1···.;_
' i
-,
I 1
'1
�- •-
-,
I
..
' �----
-:--;- ----
'
- '
: •
--·
I
7
'
t·
-·----�. '
'
1'
7
I. I'
-·
I
---
I
__ _!·
!- !
-··- ---···
: I
·:-
�-:
-,
-
I
-,--:-
I I ' •
J:
•
I
I-
.
.J �,
__ _ ; _
-!
]
.
i ··
! r... � - ·. e:, •·•· -:,
I
.
I
I
I
1
---- .. -· - . -- -�
i
--
.l _i
I
I
I
I
i
I
i -:i
i
'
I
li
I I . '"
!
i -
..l J_
i
.
I
:
1
·--'---J... -- -·
•
I
! i
I
,._
' iI .
- _1 -- 1-1
'
II
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I -'
l
!
- 1-
-�
.
'
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
!
I
!.
--:---
--1
--
I
I
I
I
i'
I
I
j
I
I
t-
' i
- -'---
I ·
' - ----0
i:-
-
_I
I ..
I
I
I
I
t.
I
I
I
·!
I
-·--.-- .- -' - �
---
-,---- , e:,
- ·
J
I
I
- I
• I
I
II
I
·--- --r--.
I
I
I
I
I
I
---11.,--�
I
I
I
..:. \ -�-1'1
r
-
�.si... - - - . -::-,..:·- �Q -- I\
,.. .
I
I
I
I
I
!
- . --r
I -
� .:;.....�
I -
-
-
., ... � s::
'
I
I
'
•
I
I
'•
!- i
t
I- :
I
I
I-
Ii -
...
- --�
I
I
I
'I
- I
;· . ' . ;
II !'\
. g,.,4, '
�--- I,�
I
' �--·
I
'
!I -.
.. --·
�:-
' . '
'
I
, I
I
. l!L
'> ___ - � �
-� --· - i.-- .
I
'
I
'
I
I
i
i' - Ii S' .'-.,
'
I
'I
I
I
:
I
I
'
.. �-
:
:
I'
I
I
I
I
I
I
;
�---
I
•
I
I II
:
I
I
I
I
II
' I
i I
! -! -: I -
I
I
:
I
I
I
I
�0--·
I
I
-
I
I
I
I
! i
I I
I
IIl � ---
"""
iI
- �--
I
I
l
I
'
I
'I
'I
i
I
. ---- \)
----- ·--z;-·
I
I
:
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.' : I
I
I
-- -�-
-
/I
I
I
I
i
I
---�----
---
'
I
·�·
f
I
I
I
----
!I! I
'
I
I
I
I
-
--�·--fil--: 0- �-� -� - ·
I
I
I
I
I
� ·
II .I
----
�-
I
I '
j
i
I
.iI
.iI
I
; I
I
I I I .
..:t, ..
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
l.
I
--- -
I
I
I
I
I
'j
!
I
I'
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
I
!
I
I
-----· --
f/1~
z ___ _
if
'
'
I
-··r-
;m
-�-
I
C()
I
I
•
I
I
_I' I I ; : !
I-
... s::.
I
I
'I
!..:I
�-
I
I
I
I
I
I
l'
I
I
·----
I
I'
IN
•
"'"'
-- . \.:J
r:-, �®-·---
I
I
I
1
- ------·-
I.
·
\::,,.._ '
I
I
I
'I
I
I
I
I
I
·- ----
f'O
/60
/'iO
El
·i I
I
-,-
I
I
:
1
-··--.... -- ----- ------ -r--- ..
j i t
.
I
j : I : I I
- .
!
1
r
I,-
' '
• � -l-1--• - ---···• _____ --,-- ➔--- ,___J --•·--·•
I - --
.1• 1
'I
.
:
'. - 1-- .
'
I
I
i -i
!
ro,·J &',,t!
.. ' .
1-
____ :... � --� �--��-?ff:;· ��- : --�_:
•
. I. .:
I :
I
t
·;
'
I
I
I
+ I . ____ : ---�---·
i -i
__ :_�.
·-
·--r·---- -.----·--·-·1--•· - - ·----· ·-·
.- I-
I-
:
I • 1
'
.'
:.
I
I
.. I
-
. I
:
--
, •
·
I
. -�- --- - - -t- :----' --------- :_. -- --- --1 --- ·--
'
• I I I I j '
' I
-
l '
'I".'.".'/
I
!
:- •
.'
I
I
-,o, ,I
I
!
!
I
. .
.i
I
r , •-- -•- - ' r i I
I
0
, . :
'
I-
' � t (
f
'
I
'
l
I
- - -
.I .I
-
I •
I
I
'
I
I
I
- �--
I sf -: · JM . . -,-
• .
� -- -
:-
I'
B,fN•1,
---·- ---·- -------- - -� -�j -----' ,! ----r- --- ·- ·- -1-----.-
I
I
I
I
I
•
' I
I
• I I
•
- �
-
' -
---�--:- _:- -�--� � -!- ! l_i_L_;_: -r-: �-:
I
I
;. . .1
:
.... - ' __ ;-:·-' -··--· -- -- �-
-
I
J\:;"'
I
.,______ __
. _l'
_! ,
I
-1
-
l-
.' ·--• - ·
'
l
I
I
I
-
, • I
. 1-
I
�--------.--. -·. --·, -.--- :--1
..
•· . BANK__
I
I
I
l_
,F/~ l).V-e
I So /,'ds . Co/J
I
I
I
('-
'
1
l
:+-
I
I
I
I
I
-�
fr~l,les;- ; Tr,A I # Z
/0
•
'
j
I
I
I
I
I
I
J
1
1
l .
�
. I
I
- �-
I
I
7!ble /2.o Is I
-- ------�
I
I
( 80
I
I
--------- - !
l.J\
-· - ·\ --- - - � - -_ - -·-----::�-===--·---_ _·-___ --·-·
:
I
0,--
i
I
'
�
J
I'
I
I
-!
'
I
I
I
I II I,
I
II i I i
I
'
I
I
I
I
I
!
I . I
I
I
- --
I
- --- - - -
I
·- - --- -
- -1---- . �=--�-- �.
I
.
I
--�-- _...._
II
-- - -- - -- - - --- -- ----- -- - .. _
">.: <Al
I
!
I
I
I
I
IJ
I
- . �
�-. � (t_.-
I
I
I ,
-
�- --- - ·---···
I
t
I
1
I
I
I
I I
I
I
I
I
II
I
.. I '
I
I
I I
I
I
/<ie
)
I
I
I
•
I
I
I
i-
I
I
!
t
-------------- --- -
b-N
'
!
'
.. - F"t.'
f :-!
-
-
�
�
s::
I I I
: ; 111~;1,,;' , rof. it S
·---�--
- �-
------. -�--- ··-
· --¢•-�-
1·
..... - --
/6 ' !wt,gf,f\
0. - ::;i'
'
� - �-
� .. A.I.
f
-
......
"".
� -�
�
I
r ; .I
�
:
I
-
I j
I :
��--
1 '''
i ;. I I :f,'/ler
' '.
- - I I i : • I
I
-,---
I
�
I
I ' I '. I
e
I
..
�
1 • .
1
i_
I 1 ,
I .I '
I
I : I ' I
· - ·--
I
:( ~nfro ·l
I - • •-
I :
I : ; : '1
I · I
I
I
'
I I
I
.I
,
1
.
: ' el ; S 11 PtA I e : :
---
I - ' I ' 1
, : cl] IQ // ?l,;te:
I '
I ' I I 1
I I ' l I
- � -- :
--�
,
-
I •
.
I '
----- -- ◄
I '
Jo.O
-------
e) ___ ;__J_�---;-· ..
I
l ' I
1 I- ! i I I I
I i i
i I I I I- l i I I
---;---.-
I
I - ·1 : - i I '
-! -,- :
'I
•----
I.. I
----;-
I
. - ,- I I
I ' . I
,
I
·-· '
I
I •
I
.'
I I I
··1· ·- .. - ..
�------�-
(o/o)
-
------ �__.__ - �-0
I t
� [?)_ ·--
-
. I
�-- -
ll" I
25--
r-----,--, ---�- ---·
·- -
·
I I I
I
Co ,Jcr,-.J/r,4 /,0,-1
El
t!:>0
I
---r---
~1
'
JIJ.0
________ , -
-----°7"", --�
I
...:
I
I
I
I
i I
iI:
I
·-r--·-- --
-· ---
l
i
··-,
II I I I I
I
I
'
I
I
--j-
9> E)____
'
l-�----1- -- --
I I ,I
I
II
·- 1.?l
I. I 0
I
I ,. G)
-- .- !-,
' ··-
, �
!..
I I I I I I ' tiJ
V
. I .Q '
'
i &
I -- - I
!
- -- -
I
I II , 6 I . II
·rI
I
'
••
I
I I
_:_ ,----;--r--;
I I'
---- --
i
1
1
' :
I I I
I
. ! ,.
Ii
.
--- - I
JfJ.0 ... . ' I ; I I I '
I
----,-,
I. . -1'
'
I I I '
: I i ! I
' J ___J_
�('\)_
-
:_ I
.• - I
I . ! I
I
-1
0 �
M6/c ·~o/ls 1
i
·---�
·.>.,
'
I / s-k ---. -- ; -- .
' • I
·-
-��
-;p sl.
--::--r-v
�
-"'-·
··-
---------�
,l ' I I I I
. f;,'t.ilf,Jr- . ;
'. c~~ct '
I
-
4'
I '
�
I
-
I I
I
•.
.
I
'
-
I I
-
REFERENCES
12. Burkhard and Wrist, Pulp and· Paper Magazine of Canada 57(4),
(�arch 1956).
26
References (cond.)
17. Kallmes, O., Paper Trade Journal 162(14): 35-36 {June 15, 1979).
18. Jones, Graham, Pulp And Paper, pp. 78-82 (April 1981).
27
APPENDIX A
28
deviation is computed. The standard deviation is a measure of
the formation. A high standard deviation suggests poor formation.
29
FIGURE 12
Photo - c e//
~/IAJC - - - -= /,S"V
5ource
30
FIGURE 13
31