wnmveweÁvb (Accounting)

Lecture on
Financial Statement Analysis
(Part 2)
mwµqZv/Kg©ZrciZv AbycvZmg~n (Activity ratios)
†h AbycvZmg~n cÖwZôv‡bi mwµqZv/Kg©ZrciZv cwigvc K‡i A_©vr cÖwZôvb Zvi
wewb‡qvMK…Z m¤úwË KZUzKz mwµqfv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Q Zv g~j¨vqb K‡i Zv‡`i‡K
mwµqZv/Kg©ZrciZv AbycvZ e‡j|
 wbU av‡i weµq
(1) †`bv`vi AveZ©b AbycvZ (Debtors turnover ratio) =
Mo †`bv`vi
[wbU av‡i weµq = (wbU weµq  bM` weµq) A_ev (mgvcbx †`bv`vi + †`bv`v‡ii wbKU †_‡K Av`vq  cÖviw¤¢K †`bv`vi)]
[Mo †`bv`vi = (cÖviw¤¢K †`bv`vi + mgvcbx †`bv`vi)  2]

†`bv`v‡ii wbKU †_‡K cÖvc¨ A_© Av`v‡qi Mo mgq cwigvc K‡i|

 †`bv`vi AveZ©b AbycvZ-Gi weKí n‡jv ÔMo Av`vq mgqÕ|

365 w`b
Mo Av`vq mgq =
†`bv`vi AveZ©b

†`bv`v‡ii wbKU †_‡K cÖvc¨ A_© Av`v‡qi Mo mgq cwigvc K‡i|

 weµxZ c‡Y¨i e¨q
(2) gRyZ AveZ©b AbycvZ (Stock/Inventory turnover ratio) =
Mo gRyZ
[weµxZ c‡Y¨i e¨q = (wbU weµq  †gvU jvf) A_ev (cÖviw¤¢K gRyZ + µxZ c‡Y¨i e¨q  mgvcbx gRyZ)]
[Mo gRyZ = (cÖviw¤¢K gRyZ + mgvcbx gRyZ)  2]

gRyZ cY¨ e¨env‡ii mwµqZv/Kg©ZrciZv g~j¨vqb K‡i|

 gRyZ AveZ©b AbycvZ-Gi weKí n‡jv ÔgRyZ weµ‡qi Mo mgqÕ ev ÔMo weµq mgqÕ|
365 w`b
gRyZ weµ‡qi Mo mgq =
gRyZ AveZ©b
gRyZ cY¨ wewµ n‡q hvIqvi Mo mgq cwigvc K‡i|

we`ª: Ò†`bv`vi AveZ©b I gRyZ AveZ©bÓ AbycvZ `ywU‡K A‡bK wnmveweÁvbx ÒZvij¨ AbycvZÓ wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡ib|
 wbU weµq
(3) m¤úwË AveZ©b AbycvZ (Asset turnover ratio) =
Mo m¤úwË
[wbU weµq = weµq  weµq †diZ  weµq evÆv]
[Mo m¤úwË = (cÖviw¤¢K m¤úwË + mgvcbx m¤úwË)  2]

weµq m„wó‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi wewb‡qvMK…Z m¤úwË e¨env‡ii mwµqZv/Kg©ZrciZv g~j¨vqb K‡i|

we`ª: Òm¤úwË AveZ©bÓ AbycvZ‡K A‡bK wnmveweÁvbx Ògybvdv-AR©b ¶gZvi AbycvZÓ wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡ib|
gybvdv-AR©b ¶gZvi AbycvZmg~n (Profitability ratios)
†h AbycvZmg~n cÖwZôv‡bi DcvR©b ev gybvdv-AR©b ¶gZv cwigvc K‡i A_©vr `¶Zv
cwigvc K‡i Zv‡`i‡K gybvdv-AR©b ¶gZvi AbycvZ e‡j|
 †gvU gybvdv
(1) †gvU gybvdvi nvi/AbycvZ (Gross profit rate/ratio) =
wbU weµq
[†gvU gybvdv = wbU weµq  weµxZ c‡Y¨i e¨q]

weµ‡qi mv‡_ †gvU gybvdv Zzjbv K‡i cÖwZôv‡bi `ÿZv cwigvc K‡i|

wbU gybvdv
(2) wbU gybvdvi nvi/AbycvZ (Net Profit rate/ratio) = [cÖvwšÍK nvi (Profit margin)]
wbU weµq
[wbU gybvdv = (wbU weµq  weµxZ c‡Y¨i e¨q  cwiPvjb e¨q + AcwiPvjb Avq  AcwiPvjb e¨q  AvqKi)
A_ev (†gvU gybvdv  cwiPvjb e¨q + AcwiPvjb Avq  AcwiPvjb e¨q  AvqKi)]
weµ‡qi mv‡_ wbU gybvdv Zzjbv K‡i cÖwZôv‡bi `ÿZv cwigvc K‡i|
 wbU gybvdv
(3) m¤úwËi Dci DcvR©b nvi / m¤úwËi Dci gybvdvi nvi (Return on assets) =
Mo m¤úwË
[Mo m¤úwË = (cÖviw¤¢K m¤úwË + mgvcbx m¤cwË)  2]
†gv‡Ui Dci DcvR©b ¶gZv cwigvc K‡i|

wbU gybvdv
(4) gvwjKvbv ¯^‡Z¡i Dci gybvdvi nvi (Return on equity) =
Mo gvwjKvbv ¯^Z¡
[Mo gvwjKvbv ¯^Z¡ = (cÖviw¤¢K gvwjKvbv ¯^Z¡ + mgvcbx gvwjKvbv ¯^Z)¡  2]

gvwjKvbv ¯^‡Z¡i mv‡_ wbU gybvdv Zzjbv K‡i cÖwZôv‡bi `ÿZv cwigvc K‡i|
 wbU gybvdv
(5) wewb‡qv‡Mi (wewb‡qvwRZ g~ja‡bi) Dci gybvdvi nvi =
wewb‡qvMK…Z/wewb‡qvwRZ g~jab
[wewb‡qvMK…Z/wewb‡qvwRZ g~jab = (gvwjKvbv ¯^Z¡ + `xN©‡gqvw` `vq) A_ev (†gvU m¤úwË  PjwZ `vq)]

wewb‡qvwRZ g~ja‡bi Dci gybvdv-AR©b ¶gZv cwigvc K‡i|

wbU gybvdv  AMÖvwaKvi †kqv‡ii jf¨vsk

(6) †kqvi cÖwZ DcvR©b nvi {Earnings per share (EPS)} =
we`¨gvb mvaviY †kqvi msL¨vi Mo
[we`¨gvb mvaviY †kqvi msL¨vi Mo = (cÖviw¤¢K we`¨gvb mvaviY †kqvi msL¨v + mgvcbx we`¨gvb mvaviY †kqvi msL¨v)  2]
 bM` jf¨vsk
(7) jf¨vsk cÖ`vb AbycvZ / †c-AvDU AbycvZ (Payout ratio) =
wbU gybvdv
wbU gybvdvi mv‡_ bM` jf¨vsk AvKv‡i ewÈZ gybvdv‡K Zzjbv K‡i|
 MCQ
Practice
01. GKwU †Kv¤úvwbi 2017 m‡bi Z_¨mg~n wbgœiƒc: wbU weµq 1,75,000 UvKv, wbU Avq 95,000
UvKv, †gvU m¤úwËi cÖviw¤¢K I mgvcbx †Ri h_vµ‡g 3,00,000 UvKv Ges 4,00,000 UvKv|
†Kv¤úvwbi m¤úwËi AveZ©b AbycvZ KZ? (The following information is given for a
company for the year 2017: Net sales Tk. 1,75,000; Net income Tk. 95,000;
Beginning balance and ending balance of total assets account are Tk. 3,00,000 and
Tk. 4,00,000 respectively. What is the company's asset turnover ratio?) [Xvwe 2018-19]

A. 0.24 (0.24) B. 0.27 (0.27)

C. 0.50 (0.50) D. 0.54 (0.54)

02. Ab¨ me wKQz AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j, wb‡Pi †Kvb †jb‡`bwU PjwZ Abycv‡Z †Kv‡bv cÖfve †dj‡e
bv? (All other things remaining constant, which of the following transactions would
not affect the current ratio?) [Xvwe 2018-19]
A. ¯^í‡gqvw` FY w`‡q PjwZ `vq cwi‡kva| (Short-term loan is issued to pay off current liabilities)

B. wewea †`bv`vi n‡Z bM` Av`vq| (Accounts receivables are collected)

C. wewea cvIbv`vi‡K bM` cÖ`vb| (Cash is used to pay off accounts payables)

D. bM‡` ¯’vqx m¤úwË weµq| (Fixed assets are sold for cash)
03. wb‡gœi †KvbwUi d‡j Z¡wiZ Abycv‡Zi n«vm N‡U? (Which of the following results in a
decrease in acid-test ratio?) [Xvwe 2017-18]

A. gRyZc‡Y¨i n«vm (Decrease in inventory)

B. cÖ‡`qmg~‡ni e„w× (Increase in accruals)

C. cÖvc¨mg~‡ni e„w× (Increase in receivables)

D. RgvK…Z gybvdvi e„w× (Increase in retained earnings)

04. wb‡gœi †KvbwU ¯^í‡gqvw` Zvi‡j¨i gvcKvwV wnmv‡e A‡cÿvK…Z Kg ¸iæZ¡c~Y?© (Which of the
following is less important as a measure of short-term liquidity?) [Xvwe 2015-16, 2002-03]

A. Z¡wiZ ev AwMœcixÿv (Quick or Acid Test ratio)

B. PjwZ AbyycvZ (Current ratio)

C. `vq AbycvZ (Debt ratio)

D. PjwZ Kvh©µg †_‡K bM` cÖevn (Cash flow from operating activities)

E. †`bv`vi AveZ©b AbycvZ (Receivable turnover ratio)

05. wb‡Pi †KvbwU cwi‡kvwaZ Av‡qi AbycvZ? (Which of the following is payout ratio?) [Xvwe
2013-14, Bwe 2017-18]

A. bM` jf¨vsk/wbU gybvdv (Cash dividend/Net Income)

B. wbU gybvdv/wbU weµq (Net Income/Net Sales)

C. wbU weµq/Mo m¤ú` (Net Sales/Average Assets)

D. †gvU FY/†gvU m¤ú` (Total Debt/Total Assets)

E. wbU Avq/Mo m¤ú` (Net Income/Average Assets)

06. G‡c· wj.Gi 31 wW‡m¤^i 2011 Zvwi‡L mgvß erm‡ii wbqwgZ Kvh©vewji Z_¨mg~n wb‡gœ †`Iqv n‡jv:
weµq 10,00,000 UvKv; weµq LiP 1,25,000 UvKv; †gvU gybvdvi nvi 30%; cÖkvmwbK LiP
50,000 UvKv; 31/12/2011 Zvwi‡Li mgvwß gRyZ 80,000 UvKv I 31/12/2010 Zvwi‡Li mgvwß
gRyZ 60,000 UvKv| D³ 2011 m‡bi gRyZc‡Y¨i AveZ©‡bi mgq KZ gv‡m? (Operating data for
Apex Ltd. for the year ended on December 31, 2001 is given below: Sales Tk. 10,00,000;
Selling expenses Tk. 1,25,000; Gross profit rate 30%, Administrative expenses Tk. 50,000;
Ending inventory on 31/12/2011 Tk. 80,000 and Ending inventory on 31/12/2010 Tk.
60,000. What is the stock-turnover period in months for the year 2011?) [Xvwe 2012-13]

A. 1.16 (1.16) B. 0.96 (0.96) C. 0.84 (0.84)

D. 1.2 (1.2) E. 1.02 (1.02)

07. Z¡wiZ AbycvZ wbY©‡qi †¶‡Î wb‡Pi †KvbwU we‡ePbv Kiv nq bv? (Which of the following is
not considered in calculating the quick ratio?) [Xvwe 2012-13; RvKKvbBwe 2017-18]

A. bM` UvKv (Cash) B. cÖvc¨ wnmve (Account Receivable)

C. AwMÖg cÖ`Ë LiP (Prepaid Expenses) D. gRyZ cY¨ (Inventory)

E. cÖ‡`q wnmve (Accounts Payable)
08. †KvbwU Zvij¨ AbycvZ bq? (Which of the following is not a liquidity ratio?) [Xvwe 2011-12
evwZjK…Z, 2008-09; Pwe 2002-03]

A. PjwZ AbycvZ (Current ratio) B. GwmW †U÷ AbycvZ (Acid-test ratio)

C. m¤ú` Uvb©Ifvi (Asset turnover) D. gRyZ c‡Y¨i Uvb©Ifvi (Inventory turnover)

E. cÖvc¨ wnmv‡ei Uvb©Ifvi (Receivable turnover)

09. †KvbwU m”QjZv wb‡`©kK AbycvZ? (Which one is an indicator of solvency?) [Xvwe 2004-05]

A. PjwZ AbycvZ (Current ratio) B. gybvdvi nvi (Rate of return)

C. FY-g~jab AbycvZ (Debt equity ratio) D. `ªyZ AbycvZ (Quick ratio)

E. m¤ú` AveZ©b nvi (Asset turnover ratio)

10. ¯‹vBjvK© †Kv¤úvwbi Avq weeiYx †_‡K wbgœwjwLZ Z_¨ †bIqv n‡q‡Q: weµq 64,20,000 UvKv;

cÖviw¤¢K gRyZ 9,80,000 UvKv; µq 45,40,000 UvKv; ermiv‡šÍ gRyZ 10,20,000 UvKv|
gRyZ c‡Y¨i AveZ©b nvi n‡e: (The following data are taken from the income
statement of Skylark company. Sales Tk. 64,20,000; Beginning Inventory Tk.
9,80,000; Purchases Tk. 45,40,000; Ending Inventory Tk. 10,20,000. The inventory
turnover ratio will be:) [Xvwe 2004-05]

A. 4.5 (4.5) B. 6.29 (6.29) C. 4.41 (4.41)

D. 6.42 (6.42) E. 4.59 (4.59)

11. wb‡Pi †Kvb Kvi‡Y gRyZ cY¨ AveZ©b AbycvZ K‡g hvq? [Rvwe 2018-19]

A. gRyZ cY¨ K‡g †M‡j Ges weµxZ c‡Y¨i e¨q e„w× †c‡j

B. gRyZ cY¨ e„w× †c‡j Ges weµq K‡g †M‡j

C. gRyZ cY¨ K‡g †M‡j Ges weµq e„w× †c‡j

D. A I B DfqB
12. hw` evwK‡Z weµq 15,000 UvKv, weµxZ c‡Y¨i e¨q 10,000 UvKv Ges †`bv`vi AveZ©b nvi 5

nq, Zvn‡j Mo †`bv`vi KZ? [RvKKvbBwe 2017-18; Rwe 2010-11]

A. 3,000 UvKv B. 2,000 UvKv

C. 50,000 UvKv D. 75,000 UvKv

13. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Kvh©wfwËK Abycv‡Zi D`vniY? [Rwe 2016-17]

A. PjwZ AbycvZ

B. gRyZ c‡Y¨i AveZ©b AbycvZ

C. wewb‡qvM †_‡K Avq

D. †kqvi cÖwZ Avq

14. Gwe G›UvicÖvBR-Gi Mo †`bv`vi 75,000 UvKv, †`bv`vi AveZ©b nvi 2 ¸Y| bM` weµq

1,00,000 UvKv n‡j wbU weµq KZ? [Rwe 2015-16]

A. 2,45,000 UvKv B. 2,25,000 UvKv

C. 2,50,000 UvKv D. 1,80,000 UvKv

15. FY`vZviv †Kvb AbycvZwU we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q _v‡Kb? [ewikvj †evW© 2016]

A. cÖvc¨ wnmve AveZ©b AbycvZ B. m¤ú` AveZ©b AbycvZ

C. gRyZ AveZ©b AbycvZ D. m”QjZvi AbycvZ

ab¨ev`