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5 Supplementary information

6 A review on organophosphate flame retardants in indoor

7 dust from China: implications for human exposure

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18 Table S1. The names, abbreviations, structures, properties and applications of the studied OPFRs.

Name Abbreviations Structure Solubility in Vapor pressure Henry's law constant Log BCFs Applications

(mmHG) at
water (mg/L) at (atm m3/mol) at 25℃ KOW

25℃
25℃

Tris(2-chloroethyl) Flame retardant, plasticizer, lacquer,

TCEP 7000 0.0613 1.673 * 10-7 1.63 0.4254

phosphate paint, glue, industrial processes

Tris(2-chloroisopropyl)

TCIPP 51.85 5.64 * 10-5 4.688 * 10-7 2.89 3.268 Flame retardant, plasticizer

phosphate

Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)

TDCIPP 7 2.98 * 10-7 1.080 * 10-7 3.65 21.4

phosphate

Plasticizer, polyvinylchloride,

Triethyl phosphate TEP 1115 0.393 3.547 * 10-6

0.87 3.162

polyester resins, polyurethane foam

Plasticizer,
Tripropyl phosphate TPrP 1.71 3.60

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Plasticizer, hydraulic fluids, floor

finish, wax, lacquer, paint, glue, anti-

Tributyl phosphate TBP, TnBP 280 1.13 * 10-3 1.663 * 10-4 4.00 39.81

foam agent, industrial processes

Plasticizer, lubricant, concrete

Tri-iso-butyl phosphate TiBP 475.57 0.0129 3.19 * 10-6 3.60 19.51

Flame retardant, plasticizer, fungus

Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate TEHP 0.6 8.25 * 10-8

2.376 * 10 -2
9.49 1 * 10 6

resistance

Tris(2-butoxyethyl) Flame retardant, plasticizer, floor finish,

TBOEP, TBEP 1100 1.23 * 10-6 3.285 * 10-7 3.00 25.56

phosphate wax, lacquer, paint, glue, anti-foam agent

Flame retardant, plasticizer, hydraulic

Triphenyl phosphate TPHP 1.9 1.12 * 10-5 1.960 * 10-7 4.70 113.3

fluids, lacquer, paint, glue

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2-ethylhexyldiphenyl

EHDPHP 1.9 5 * 10-5 2.392 * 10-4 6.30 855.3 Plasticizer, hydraulic fluids

phosphate

Tricresyl phosphate TCP 0.36 1.80 * 10-7 9.20 * 10-7 5.48 8564.11

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20 Table S2. Summary of organophosphate flame retardants concentrations (µg/g dry weight) in indoor dust from microenvironments in China.
longitude latitude Region/City Year a TCEP TCIPP TDCIPP TDCPP TCPP TEP TPrP TBP TBEP TEHP TBOEP TnPP TPHP TCrP TCP EHDPP TMPP ΣOPFRs Reference

116.40 39.93 Beijing Homes (n = 21) 2012-2013 1 0.19 1.60 0.55 0.29 2.63 Bu et al.,2018

116.40 39.93 Beijing Homes (n = 21) 2012-2013 2 4.99 2.05 0.48 0.04 <LOQ 0.13 2.26 0.38 0.45 11.51 Wu et al.,2016

116.40 39.93 Beijing Homes (n =39) 2015 3 0.79 0.12 1.40 0.17 ND 0.43 0.11 0.28 0.40 0.04 0.25 5.90 Gao et al.,2019

121.48 31.23 Shanghai Livingrooms (n=15) 4 1.20 0.60 1.50 0.05 0.90 0.20 1.60 1.20 0.30 0.90 18.10 Peng et al.,2017

121.48 31.23 Shanghai Bedrooms (n=15) 5 1.00 0.70 1.60 0.03 0.90 0.30 2.00 1.40 0.30 0.90 11.50 Peng et al.,2017

113.23 23.17 Qingyuan Rural homes (n=25) 2013-2014 6 1.93 1.22 0.06 0.14 0.20 0.19 0.93 1.09 ND 0.31 7.48 He et al.,2015

113.23 23.17 Guangzhou Urban homes (n=11) 2013-2014 7 3.78 0.75 0.11 0.08 0.32 0.14 0.65 0.15 ND 0.36 9.34 He et al.,2015

113.23 23.17 Guangzhou Homes (n=51) 2015-2016 8 0.38 0.60 0.28 0.20 ND 0.70 0.74 0.29 0.53 0.19 1.58 Tan et al.,20018

112.96 24.38 Guangzhou Houses (n=2) 9 0.41 3.23 0.62 ND 0.11 0.40 0.77 0.61 0.21 1.02 9.20 Tan et al.,2017

112.96 24.38 Guangzhou Homes (n=3) 10 0.42 0.70 1.36 0.04 0.71 0.41 0.61 0.48 0.26 10.30 Tan et al.,20019

118.80 32.63 Nanjing Houses (n = 6) 2014-2015 11 2.14 0.11 0.72 0.60 3.12 He et al.,2016

126.29 45.98 Heilongjiang Homes (n=15) 2014 12 ND ND 0.50 0.25 0.38 ND 0.61 0.26 7.15 Sun et al.,2019

104.67 30.57 Chengdu Countryside houses 2016 13 0.06 0.02 0.10 0.01 ND 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.48 Chen et al.,2019

104.67 30.57 Chengdu Urban houses (n=36) 2016 14 8.99 19.23 1.57 0.30 ND 0.02 0.03 0.24 4.11 0.14 0.80 0.30 3.94 Chen et al.,2019

116.40 39.93 Beijing Offices (n = 23) 2012-2013 15 12.88 16.31 1.01 0.09 <LOQ <LOQ 4.19 1.93 1.55 40.08 Wu et al.,2016

116.40 39.93 Beijing Offices (n= 49) 2015 16 3.70 0.24 3.10 0.89 ND 0.38 0.14 0.22 0.61 0.05 0.15 11.00 Gao et al.,2019

116.40 39.93 Beijing Offices (n = 23) 2012-2013 17 0.12 0.55 0.12 0.57 1.36 Bu et al.,2018

118.80 32.63 Nanjing Offices (n = 12) 2014-2015 18 1.53 1.33 0.91 0.90 5.94 He et al.,2016

116.40 39.93 Beijing College dormitory (n 2015 19 0.81 ND 1.30 ND ND 1.07 0.09 0.56 0.41 0.02 0.25 4.30 Gao et al.,2019

113.23 23.17 Guangzhou Dormitory (n = 15) 2013-2014 20 7.94 0.48 0.17 0.10 0.28 0.16 0.52 0.12 ND 0.27 11.00 He et al.,2015

118.80 32.63 Nanjing Dormitories (n=8) 2014-2015 21 ND ND 0.05 0.15 0.30 He et al.,2016

123.40 41.92 Liaoning Dormitories (n=8) 2014 22 0.40 ND 0.16 0.12 0.03 0.16 0.17 ND 0.17 8.69 Sun et al.,2019

115.58 38.89 Hebei Dormitories (n=8) 2014 23 ND ND 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.61 0.18 0.15 6.54 Sun et al.,2019

126.29 45.98 Heilongjiang Dormitories (n=18) 2014 24 0.85 ND 0.18 0.21 0.20 0.84 0.58 0.18 6.19 Sun et al.,2019

113.23 23.17 Qingyuan Rural e-waste shops 2013-2014 25 0.93 4.77 0.17 0.28 0.24 0.25 0.71 4.27 9.51 0.58 25.00 He et al.,2015

112.96 24.38 Qingyuan Workshops (n=9) 2013 26 0.18 0.10 0.39 - 0.04 N.D. 1.11 0.09 2.18 Zheng et al.,2015

112.96 24.38 Qingyuan Workshops(n=7) 2013 27 0.32 0.25 1.30 - 0.05 N.D. 2.50 0.20 5.56 Zheng et al.,2015

113.68 23.42 Qingyuan Workshops (n=13) 2013 28 0.27 0.29 2.31 0.16 0.17 0.30 3.32 0.22 6.75 Zheng et al.,2015

116.67 23.36 Fuoshan Workshops(n=9) 2013 29 0.39 0.32 3.11 0.61 0.19 0.22 1.74 0.41 7.60 Zheng et al.,2015

112.96 24.38 Shantou Workshops(n=14) 2013 30 0.63 1.50 3.76 0.78 0.08 - 9.81 2.18 33.10 Zheng et al.,2015

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Daycare center
116.40 39.93 Beijing 2012-2013 31 1.99 0.49 0.27 0.03 <LOQ <LOQ 0.45 0.53 0.13 5.23 Wu et al.,2016
(n = 16)
Daycare center
116.40 39.93 Beijing 2012-2013 32 0.41 0.46 0.88 0.58 2.33 Bu et al.,2018
(n = 16)
121.48 31.23 Shanghai Balconies (n=7) 　 33 0.40 0.50 2.20 0.07 1.20 0.20 2.00 0.50 0.30 0.30 8.40 Peng et al.,2017

121.48 31.23 Shanghai Cars(n=4) 　 34 2.00 0.60 3.40 0.30 0.30 0.10 1.40 1.30 0.30 1.30 15.40 Peng et al.,2017

121.48 31.23 Shanghai Computer labs (n=7) 　 35 2.40 1.80 3.20 0.20 1.40 0.70 0.90 1.10 0.40 0.80 14.30 Peng et al.,2017

118.80 32.63 Nanjing Multiple area (n = 7) 2014-2015 36 4.12 1.50 1.43 0.22 11.60 He et al.,2016

126.29 45.98 Heilongjiang Publics (n=18) 2014 37 ND ND 0.20 0.13 0.14 ND 0.37 0.13 5.34 Sun et al.,2019

114.17 22.32 Hongkong Classrooms (n=11) 2015-2016 38 0.15 0.06 0.86 1.07 Deng et al.,2018

114.29 3.59 Wuhan Indoor dust(n=53) 213 39 0.59 0.66 0.29 0.35 0.01 0.24 0.16 0.27 0.64 2.10 Zeng et al.,2018

114.29 3.59 Wuhan Hotels (n=27) 216-217 40 0.23 3.16 0.15 0.90 0.59 0.22 1.21 0.17 0.20 8.64 Tao et al.,2018

Multiple city Multiple area(n=44) 2017 41 0.24 0.69 0.12 0.14 1.46 0.15 0.32 0.89 0.37 0.90 5.26 Wang et al.,2019

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27 Table S4. Summary of Chinese adult and toddler exposure to target OPFRs (ng/kg body weight/day) via indoor dust ingestion
28 using different exposure scenarios
Reference dosea Exposure Adult Toddler
scenario Median Average Median Average
mean# 0.52 0.91 1.84 3.46
TCEP 22,000
high$ 1.31 2.28 7.35 13.85
mean# 0.72 0.79 1.05 1.50
TCIPP 80,000
high$ 1.81 1.97 4.21 5.99
mean# 0.16 0.74 0.79 5.02
TDCIPP 15,000
high$ 0.41 1.86 3.15 20.08
mean# 0.21 0.28 1.06 1.59
TDCPP
high$ 0.52 0.70 4.23 6.35
mean# 0.45 0.42 2.16 1.89
TCPP 80,000
high$ 1.13 1.04 8.64 7.56
mean# 0.05 0.06 0.12 0.19
TEP 125,000
high$ 0.13 0.15 0.48 0.76
mean# 0.22 0.22 1.16 1.08
TPrP
high$ 0.56 0.54 4.64 4.32
mean# 0.06 0.08 0.23 0.35
TnBP 24,000
high$ 0.15 0.19 0.91 1.39
mean# 0.10 0.17 0.61 1.09
TBEP
high$ 0.26 0.42 2.43 4.38
mean# 0.10 0.14 0.62 0.91
TEHPc 35,000b
high$ 0.26 0.36 2.46 3.65
mean# 0.28 0.35 0.85 1.44
TBOEP 15,000
high$ 0.69 0.89 3.40 5.74
mean# 0.16 0.16 1.17 1.17
TnPP
high$ 0.40 0.40 4.69 4.69
mean# 0.22 0.28 0.90 1.34
TPHP 70,000
high$ 0.54 0.69 3.61 5.36
mean# 0.05 0.05 0.31 0.29
TCrP
high$ 0.12 0.11 1.23 1.18
mean# 0.12 0.13 0.52 0.64
TCP
high$ 0.29 0.33 2.09 2.57
mean# 0.09 0.13 0.58 0.82
EHDPP 15,000b
high$ 0.24 0.32 2.34 3.26
mean# 0.17 0.18 0.44 0.50
TMPP 13,000
high$ 0.43 0.45 1.78 2.02
mean# 1.00 1.55 5.20 5.18
Cl-OPEs
high$ 2.50 3.87 20.81 20.70
Alkyl-OPEs mean# 0.35 0.50 2.04 2.64

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high$ 0.87 1.25 8.16 10.57

mean# 0.33 0.35 1.36 1.50
Aryl-OPEs
high$ 0.83 0.88 5.43 5.99
mean# 2.12 2.56 11.06 11.08
ΣOPFRs
high$ 5.30 6.39 44.25 44.30
29 a
EPA(2014).
30 b
Estimated based on the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) values (World Health Organization,
31 2000; Rudel et al., 2003; Hartmann et al., 2004; Saito et al., 2007).
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36 Fig. S1. Regions comparison between average concentrations of ΣOPFRs reported in

37 indoor dust from China.

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