GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 GIVEN:

REVIEWER • 2.40 g – mass of biphenyl (solute)

• 154 g/mol – molar mass of biphenyl
o COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES (solute)
o Properties that depend on • 0.075 kg – mass of benzene (solvent)
the amount of dissolved • 2.53°C/m –of benzene (solvent)
solute(concentration) and not on • 80.1°C – of benzene (solvent)
the kind or chemical nature of the REQUIRED:
solute o Boiling point of the solution
o Colligative- “depending upon EQUATIONS:
the collection” •
TYPES OF COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES •
o Boiling Point- The temperature at SOLUTIONS:
which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals • Step 1: Calculate the molality of the
the atmospheric pressure solution.
o Boiling Point Elevation OR
o The difference between the
boiling point of the solution and • Step 2: Calculate the boiling point
boiling point of the solvent. elevation.

Molal boiling point constant òf common liquids: • Step 3: Calculate the boiling point of the
solution.
Kb

Solvent Normal Boiling Point (˚C)

(˚C/m)
ANSWER:
o Freezing Point- The temperature at
Water 100.0 0.52
which the solid and liquid

Benzene 80.1 2.53 phases coexist and their vapor pressures

are the same.
Ethanol 78.4 1.22 o Freezing Point Depression
• The freezing point of the solution
Acetic Acid 117.9 2.93
is less than the freezing point of the

Cyclohexane 80.7 2.79 pure solvent.

•
o Molal freezing point constant òf
How to compute for the Boiling Point of the common liquids
Solution: Normal Freezing Point K f

Solvent
Sample Problem: (˚C) (˚C/m)
1. A solution is prepared by dissolving Water 0 1.86
2.40 grams of biphenyl, C H with a molar
12 10

Benzene 5.5 5.12

mass of 154 g/mol in 0.075 kilograms of
Ethanol -117.3 1.99
benzene. Calculate the boiling point of the
solution. ( of benzene = 2.53°C/m, of Acetic Acid 16.6 3.90

benzene = 80.1°C) Cyclohexane 6.6 20.0

Solution:
How to compute for the Freezing Point of the
Solution
o Vapor Pressure-The pressure exerted
by the gas in equilibrium with a solid or
liquid in a closed container at a given
temperature.
o Vapor Pressure Reduction
o The vapor pressure of a pure
solvent is greater than the vapor
pressure of a solution containing
a non volatileliquid.
o Equation:
o Rauolt’s Law- states that at constant
temperature, the vapor pressure of the
solution is the product of the vapor
pressure of the pure solvent and the mole
fraction of the solvent.
o 1. What is the osmotic pressure of a 450 mL
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
1. Calculate the vapor pressure lowering of a
solution containing 95.5 g of glycerin (molar
mass= 92 g/n) in 200 g of ethanol (molar
mass= 46 g/n). The vapor pressure of pure
ethanol at 40˚C is 135.3 torr.
SOLUTION:
GIVEN:
• 95.5 g – mass of glycerin (solute)
• 92 g/mol – molar mass of glycerin
(solute)
• 200 g – mass of ethanol (solvent)
• 46 g/mol – molar mass of ethanol
(solvent)
• 135.3 torr – vapor pressure of
ethanol (solvent)
REQUIRED:
• Vapor pressure lowering of the solution
EQUATIONS:
• o
• between heat, work, and
SOLUTIONS:
Step 1. Calculate for the mole fraction of the
solvent.
Step 2. Calculate for the vapour pressure of
the solution
Step 3. Calculate for the vapour pressure
reduction of the solution.
ANSWER:
o Osmosis- The process where the
solvent flows through a semipermeable
membrane from a dilute solution to
a concentrated solution until the
concentration on opposite sides of
membrane are equal.
o Osmotic Pressure
o The pressure required to
prevent the process of osmosis.
o Equation:
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
solution containing 60 g of urea with a molar mass
of 60 g/n at 45˚C.
GIVEN:
• 450 mL – liters of solution  0.45 L
• 60 g – mass of urea (solute)
• 60 g/mol – molar mass of urea (solute)
• = universal gas constant
• 45 ˚C (+273) = 318 K is the absolute
temperature
REQUIRED:
• Osmotic Pressure
EQUATIONS:
•
SOLUTIONS:
Step 1. Calculate for the molarity (If not yet given
in the problem).
Step 2. Calculate for the osmotic pressure
ANSWER;
CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
revolves around the relationship
the energy required for a system to
function at equilibrium.
 o study of the energy changes that
accompany all process, whether it is
chemical or physical process.
SPONTANEITY
Entropy can be quantitative.
Equation:
o Dividing the heat absorbed or evolved
(q ) by the absolute temperature (T).
rev

o Unit:
o Spontaneous
NOTE: qrev = ∆H = enthalpy
process is a process that SAMPLE PROBLEM:
occurs naturally under a 1. One mole of water is vaporized at 100°C with
certain condition the absorption of 40.7 kJ. What is the molar
o Nonspontaneous entropy of vaporization?
process requires energy or needed an
Given:
external source of energy for the
• 100°C converted into Kelvin= 373 K
process to happen
• 40.7 kJ converted into J/mol= 40,700
o Spontaneity can J/mol
be deteremined from change in entropy
Required:
and changein free energy.
• Molar entropy
ENTROPY (S)
Equation:
o Refers to the number of ways the
•
energy of a system can be dispersed
Solution:
through the motions of its particles.
•
o Degree of “disorderliness” of a
Answer:
system.
•
Entropy is a state function.
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYANMICS
o The value depends on the present
• “the state of entropy of the entire
state of the system and not on the manner
universe, as an isolated system, will
by which the system was reached.
always increase over time”
o The change in entropy in
•
a system is defined as the difference
• If is positive, the process
between the entropies of the final and
is spontaneous.
initial states.
• If is negative, the process
o is nonspontaneous.
*Positive and negative value of entropy:
• If is zero, the system is in equilibrium.
S >S
gas liquid

Gas phase have positive ∆S, which

means there was an increase in entropy.
Initial State Final State Value
Solid Liquid Positive
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Solid Gas Positive
1. Calculate the change in entropy at standard
Liquid Gas Positive state and 25°C that accompanies the
Gas Liquid Negative reaction:
Gas Solid Negative Given:
Liquid Solid Negative
Required: Change in entropy
Equation:
Solution:

=
Answer: 175. 86 J/ K

Note:
Do not forget to watch the recorded video for
Chemical Equilibrium!
Good luck and God bless!