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EPFO BOOSTER 2023 - Part 1 - 17221684
EPFO BOOSTER 2023 - Part 1 - 17221684
1
OneClass.in (MISSIONCAPFHUB)
EPFO BOOSTER Part-1
INDEX
Sr. No. Topic Pg. No.
Introduction to Accounting
Accounting: It is defined as the process of identifying, measuring, recording, summarising,
interpreting and communicating the required information relating to the economic events of an
organisation to the interested users of such information. It is used for the maintenance of a
systematic record of all financial transactions in book of accounts.
Book Keeping: It is the activities concerned with the systematic recording and classification of
financial data of an organization in an orderly manner. It is essentially a record-keeping function
done to assist in the process of accounting. It also involves preparing source documents for the
financial transactions and other business operations being carried out.
Luca Pacioli is referred to as the father of accounting and bookkeeping and he was the first person
to publish a work on the double-entry system of book-keeping on the continent. His book Summa de
Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportion at Proportionality (Review of Arithmetic and Geometric
proportions) (1494) is considered as the first book on double entry book keeping. He was also called
Luca di Borgo after his birthplace, Borgo, San Sepolcro in what is now Northern Italy in 1446.
K S. Aiyar (1859-1940) a pioneer of Indian Accountancy and of the Accountancy profession, was
first and last, a dedicated educationist. He is known as the father of India's Accountancy
Profession.
Objectives of accounting:
1. Maintain records of business;
2. Calculate profit or loss;
3. Depict the financial position; and
4. Make information available to various groups and users.
Role of Accounting:
1. Language of a business
2. Historical record
3. Current economic reality
4. Information system.
5. Service to users.
Users of accounting information:
1. Internal users- Owner, Employees, Management.
2. External users- Lenders, Creditors, Potential Investors (shareholders), Government (Tax
authorities, Regulatory authorities), Customers.
Accounting conventions: Common practices which are universally followed in recording and
presenting accounting information of the business entity.
1) Convention of Full Disclosure –
All material and relevant facts concerning financial performance of an enterprise must be fully
and completely disclosed in the financial statements. Full disclosure means that there should be full,
fair and adequate disclosure of accounting information.
2) Convention of Consistency –
It means that same accounting principles should be used for preparing financial statements year
after year.
(It does not mean that a particular method of accounting once adopted can never be changed.
Whenever a change in method is necessary, it should be disclosed by way of footnotes in the
financial statements of that year.)
There are three types of consistency namely:
a) Vertical consistency (Same organisation): It is to be found within the group of inter-related
financial statements of an organisation on the same date. It occurs when fixed assets have been
shown at cost price and in the interrelated income statement depreciation has also been charged
on the historical cost of the assets.
b) Horizontal consistency (Time basis): This consistency is to be found between financial
statements of one entity from period to period. Thus, it helps in comparing performance of the
business between two years i.e., current year with past year.
Accounting Standards:
The Institute of Chartered Accountant of India (ICAI) is a professional body of accounting in
our country. ICAI constituted the Accounting Standards Board (ASB) in April, 1977 for
developing accounting standards.
Indian GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) were issued by ICAI. GAAP are
rule-based. They are based on Historical-cost concept.
Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) refer to a common set of accounting rules,
standards, and procedures issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).
Public companies in the U.S. must follow GAAP when their accountants compile their financial
statements. GAAP is guided by ten key tenets and is a rules-based set of standards.
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are a set of accounting rules for the
financial statements of public companies that are intended to make them consistent, transparent,
and easily comparable around the world. IFRS are principle-based. They are based on Fair Value
Concept. IFRS currently has complete profiles for 167 jurisdictions, including those in the
European Union. The United States uses a different system, the generally accepted accounting
principles (GAAP). The IFRS system is sometimes confused with International Accounting
Standards (IAS), which are the older standards that IFRS replaced in 2001.
International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) was set up in 1973 in London. It was
replaced by International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in 2001. It issues International
Accounting Standards.
Indian Accounting Standards (Ind-AS) notified under Companies Act, 2013 have been
formulated keeping the Indian economic & legal environment in view and with a view to
converge with IFRS Standards, as issued by and copyright of which is held by the IFRS
Foundation. It is issued under the supervision of Accounting Standards Board (ASB) which
was constituted as a body in the year 1977. The Ind AS are named and numbered in the same
2. Real Account:
This account is related to Asset, liability and Property. We do not close these accounts at the end of
the accounting year and appear in the Balance Sheet. Thus, we carry forward the balances of these
accounts to the next accounting year. Therefore, we can also say that these are permanent accounts.
We can further classify these into:
a) Tangible Real Account:
Accounts which have physical existence. In other words, such assets can be seen, felt or touched. Ex;
Cash A/c, Inventory A/C, Machinery A/c, Vehicle A/c, Building A/c, Furniture and Fixtures
A/c etc.
Machinery account: It shows debit balance. It is a real account because these accounts include all
the assets of the business whose value can be measured in terms of money.
b) Intangible Real Account:
These are the assets or possessions that do not have physical existence but can be measured in terms
of money. Ex; Goodwill, Trademarks, Patent, Copyright etc.
Rule of Real account- Debit What Comes In, Credit What Goes Out.
[If a prefix/suffix (ex; outstanding, prepaid) is added to a nominal account, it becomes personal
account. Ex; Wages A/c is nominal account but outstanding wages a/c is representative personal
account.]
Debit Credit
Cash- Non-cash
voucher Voucher
Journal: A book of accounts in which all day-to-day business transactions are recorded in a
chronological order i.e., in the order of their occurrence. It is the book in which transactions are
recorded for the first time. It is also known as ‘Book of Original Record’ or ‘Book of Primary
Entry’.
Journalising: Process of recording transactions in the journal.
Posting: Process of transferring journal entry to individual accounts.
Ledger: Principal book of accounting system. It contains different accounts where transactions
relating to that account are recorded.
Balancing of an account: It is the difference between the total of debits and total of credits of an
account.
Cash Book: A book in which all transactions relating to cash receipts and cash payments are
recorded.
Purchase Journal/Purchase book: is also a book of original entry. This book records only Credit
purchase of goods in which the firm deals.
Sales Journal/sales Book: All credit sales of merchandise are recorded in the sales journal.
Purchases Return Book: A book in which return of merchandise purchased is recorded.
Sales Return Book: A special book in which returns of merchandise sold on credit are recorded.
Journal Proper: A book maintained to record transactions, which do not find place in special
journals. (=Journal Residual).
Bank Reconciliation Statement: A statement prepared to reconcile the difference between the
balances as per the bank column of the cash book and pass book on any given date.
Trial balance: A trial balance is a statement showing the balances, or total of debits and credits,
of all the accounts in the ledger with a view to verify the arithmetical accuracy of posting into the
ledger accounts. It shows the final position of all accounts and helps in preparing the final
statements. It is a statement containing the various ledger balances of an entity on a particular date.
Classification of Errors:
A. On the basis of their nature
(a) Errors of omission- The errors of omission may be committed at the time of recording the
transaction in the books of original entry or while posting to the ledger. 2 types: (i) error of complete
omission (ii) error of partial omission
(b) Errors of commission - When the transaction has been recorded but an error is committed in the
process of recording, it is called an error of commission. (Wrong posting of transactions, wrong
totalling or wrong balancing of the accounts, wrong casting of the subsidiary books, or wrong
recording of amount in the books of original entry)
Trading Account
It show Gross Profit/Gross Loss.
Only manufacturing and trading entities prepare trading account, service provider not prepare
trading account.
It gives details of total sales, total purchase and direct expense relating to purchase and sell.
Advantages of trading account:
1. Help to earn maximum profit or reduce the losses.
2. Help excise authority to assess the excise duties of business firm.
3. Management decides the price of product with help of it.
Cost of goods sold = Opening stock + Net purchases + All direct expenses – Closing stock
Gross Profit = Net sales – Cost of goods sold
Gross loss = Cost of goods sold – Net sales
[Opening stock refers to the value of goods lying unsold at the beginning of the accounting year. It
is shown on debit side of Trading Account.
Closing Stock is the value of goods lying unsold at the end of the accounting year. It is shown on
credit side of Trading Account.
Direct expenses are the expenses that can be attributed directly to the purchase of goods or goods
manufactured.]
In Trading Account: on the debit side: Opening stock, net purchases and direct expenses and other
particulars listed above.
On the credit side - net sales and closing stock and other particulars listed above.
Investing Activities:
Cash inflow Cash Outflow
Financing Activities:
Cash inflow Cash Outflow
Only listed companies are required to prepare and present Cash flow statement. The Accounting
period for the Cash Flow Statement is the same for which Profit and Loss Account and Balance
Sheet are prepared.
There are 2 methods of calculating cash flow from operating activities namely Direct and
Indirect method. SEBI (Securities Exchange Board of India) Guidelines recommend for only
direct method.
Provisions: -
There are certain expenses/losses which are related to the current accounting period but amount of
which is not known with certainty because they are not yet incurred.
Examples of provisions are: Provision for depreciation; Provision for bad and doubtful debts;
Provision for taxation; Provision for discount on debtors; and Provision for repairs and
renewals.
In the balance sheet, the amount of provision may be shown either:
By way of deduction from the concerned asset on the assets side. For example, provision for
doubtful debts is shown as deduction from the amount of sundry debtors and provision for
depreciation as a deduction from the concerned fixed assets;
On the liabilities side of the balance sheet along with current liabilities, for example provision for
taxes and provision for repairs and renewals.
Reserves: -
A part of the profit may be set aside and retained in the business to provide for certain future
needs like growth and expansion or to meet future contingencies.
Examples of reserves are: General reserve; Workmen compensation fund; Investment
fluctuation fund; • Capital reserve; Dividend equalisation reserve; Reserve for redemption of
debenture etc.
Secret reserve is a reserve which does not appear in the balance sheet. It may also help to reduce
the disclosed profits and also the tax liability.
It can be created by – Charging higher depreciation, Undervaluation of inventories/stock, charging
capital expenditure to profit and loss account, making excessive provision for doubtful debts,
showing contingent liabilities as actual liabilities.
3. Balance Sheet
Every NPO prepares Balance Sheet at the end of the year. It also has the asset side and the liability
side.
Donations –
It is a sort of gift in cash or property received from some person or organisation. It appears on the
receipts side of the Receipts and Payments Account.
(i) Specific Donations: Donation received is to be utilised to achieve specified purpose.
-Such donation is to be capitalised and shown on the liabilities side of the Balance Sheet.
(ii) General Donations: Such donations are to be utilised to promote the general purpose of the
organisation. These are treated as revenue receipts as it is a regular source of income hence, it is
taken to the income side of the Income and Expenditure Account of the current year.
Legacies –
It is the amount received by organisations as per the will of a deceased person who may or may not
specify the use of the amount.
Legacies, use of which is specified are specific legacy and is shown in the balance sheet as liability.
If the use is not specified, it is considered as revenue nature and credited (i.e., income side) to
income and expenditure account.
Payment of honorarium–
This is an amount paid to persons who are not the employees of the organisation but take part
in the management of the organisation. Remuneration paid to them is called honorarium.
Retirement of Partner
When one or more partners leaves the firm and the remaining partners continue to do the business of
the firm, it is known as retirement of a partner.
A partner retires either: (i) with the consent of all partners, or (ii) as per terms of the agreement; or
(iii) at his or her own will.
The terms and conditions of retirement of a partner are normally provided in the partnership
deed. If not, they are agreed upon by the partners at the time of retirement.
Disposal of amount due to retiring partner –
The outgoing partner’s account is settled as per the terms of partnership deed i.e., in lumpsum
immediately or in various instalments with or without interest as agreed or partly in cash
immediately and partly in instalment at the agreed intervals. In the absence of any agreement,
B. Equity shares: All shares which are not preference shares are equity shares.
1. Rate of dividend on these shares is not fixed and depends upon the decision of the Board of
directors.
2. Dividend on these shares is paid after payment of dividend made to preference shareholders.
3. On winding up of the company equity shareholders get refund of capital only after preference
shareholders have been paid off.
4. Shareholders have voting rights in all matters.
5. Shares cannot be redeemed during the life of the company.
6. Equity shareholders have the right to elect directors of the company.
7. Equity shares are the permanent source of capital.
Issues of shares –
Share money can be collected in lump sum or in instalment. The first instalment is termed as Share
Application money and second instalment is known as Share Allotment money. In case share
money is collected in more than two instalments this is call money.
Issue of shares at premium: If a company issues its shares at a price more than its face value, the
shares are said to have been issued at Premium. The money received as premium is transferred to
Securities Premium A/c. According to Companies Act, the amount of premium can be utilised for: (i)
Issuing fully-paid bonus shares; (ii) Writing off preliminary expenses, discount on issue of shares,
underwriting commission or expenses on issue; (iii) Paying premium on redemption of Preference
shares or Debentures; (iv) for purchase of own shares/ other securities.
Issues of shares at discount: When the issue price of share is less than the face value, shares are
said to have been issued at discount.
Section 79 of Companies Act 1956 has laid down certain conditions subject to which a company can
issue its shares at a discount. -(i) At least 1 year must have elapsed from the date of commencement
of business; (ii) Such shares are of the same class as had already been issued; (iii) The company has
sanctioned such issue by passing a resolution in its general meeting and the approval of the court is
obtained. (iv) Discount should not be more than 10% of the face value of the share and if the
company wants to give discount more than 10%, it will have to obtain the sanction of the Central
Government.
Section 53 of Companies Act 2013, Company can’t issue shares at a discount except in case of
issue of sweat equity shares (i.e., shares issued to employees & directors).
Debenture –
When a company intends to raise the loan amount from the public it issues debentures. A Debenture
is a unit of loan amount. A debenture is a document issued under the seal of the company. It is an
acknowledgment of the loan received by the company equal to the nominal value of the debenture. It
bears the date of redemption and rate and mode of payment of interest. A debenture holder is the
creditor of the company.
As per Companies Act, “Debenture includes debenture stock, bond and any other securities of the
company whether constituting a charge on the company’s assets or not”
Types of debentures –
1. From security point of view:
(i) Secured or Mortgage debentures: These are the debentures that are secured by a charge on the
assets of the company. The holders of secured debentures have the right to recover their principal
amount with the unpaid amount of interest on such debentures out of the assets mortgaged by the
company. In India, debentures must be secured.
It can be of two types:
(a) First mortgage debentures: The holders of such debentures have a first claim on the assets
charged.
(b) Second mortgage debentures: The holders of such debentures have a second claim on the assets
charged.
Issue of Debentures:
By issuing debentures means issue of a certificate by the company under its seal which is an
acknowledgment of debt taken by the company. The procedure of issue of debentures by a company
is similar to that of the issue of shares. A Prospectus is issued, applications are invited, and letters of
allotment are issued. Issue of Debenture takes various forms which are as under:
1. Debentures issued for cash
2. Debentures issued for consideration other than cash
3. Debentures issued as collateral security.
Debentures may be issued (i) at par, (ii) at premium, and (iii) at discount.
The premium on debentures is credited to Securities Premium A/c.
Debenture interest is payable before the payment of any dividend on shares.
D) Leverage Ratio:
Leverage or capital structure ratios are calculated to test the long-term financial position of a firm.
Generally, capital gearing ratio is mainly calculated to analyse the leverage or capital structure of the
firm.
Capital gearing ratio = (Equity share capital + reserve and surplus) / (Preference share capital +
Long-term bearing fixed interest)
c. Installation Account
6. Which one of the following denotes Gross
d. Profit and Loss Account Profit? (EPFO EO/AO 2020)
d. Subject to a contingency
Sales— 20,00,000
Which one of the following is the amount of 23. The cost of electric power should be
apportioned over different departments
gross profit?
according to (EPFO EO/AO 2016)
(a) 5,00,000
(a) Horsepower of motors
(b) 6,25,000
(b) Number of light points
(c) 3,75,000
(c) Horsepower multiplied by machine
(d) 4,00,000 hours
History of Computers:
Scientist Invented/developed- About
John Van Newman EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Used binary numbers & stored-program
Variable Computer) 1949 for first time
Based on utility –
1) General purpose computer- Desktop computers and laptops.
2) Special purpose computer- traffic-light control systems, weather-forecasting simulators.
2. CPU (Central Processing Unit): It is brain of the computer. It has 3 main components:
a) Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU) – performs all mathematical & logical operations.
b) Control Unit (CU) – Reads & decodes program instructions and transform them into control
signals that activate other parts of computer.
c) Registers – Storage locations that hold instructions/data while CPU is using them. (In contrast,
Memory unit holds data & instructions before and after CPU processes these.)
3. Input Devices: Devices that permit users to supply information to the computer.
Keyboard, Mouse, Track ball, Joy stick, Scanner, Touch Screen, Web camera, Microphone, Light
pen, MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition), OMR (Optical mark recognition), OCR (Optical
Character Recognition), Barcode reader, Digitizer etc.
4. Output Devices: Permits computer to convey processed information to outside world.
Monitor (Visual Display Unit), Printers, Plotters, Speakers, Digital Projectors, etc.
Printers: It is a device that accepts text and graphic output from a computer and transfers the
information to paper.
1) Impact Printers - The impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon which is
then pressed on the paper. Ex; Dot-Matrix Printers, Line Printers, Daisy wheel printer, Drum printer,
Chain printer, Band printer.
Dot-Matrix Printers – It prints characters as a combination of dots. They have a matrix of pins on
the print head of the printer which form the character.
Line Printers - A line printer can print one line of text at a time. (= bar printer).
2) Non-Impact Printers - Non-impact printers form characters and images without direct physical
contact between printing mechanism and the paper. These printers print a complete page at a time
(=Page printers). Ex; Laser Printers, Inkjet Printers etc.
Laser Printers - A laser printer uses a non-impact photocopier technology. (Dry ink is used). It
gives high-quality output. The resolution of laser printers is measured in dpi (dots-per-inch).
Inkjet Printers - Inkjet printers work by spraying ink on a sheet of paper. (Wet ink is used).
3) Other Types:
Solid Ink Printer - It is a type of colour printer. It works by melting the solid ink that applies the
images to the paper. It is non-toxic and convenient to handle.
LED Printer - This printer uses a light emitting diode instead of a laser. It starts by creating a line-
by-line image of the page.
Plotter: It is a computer hardware device much like a printer that is used for printing vector
graphics. Instead of toner, plotters use a pen, pencil, marker, or another writing tool to draw
multiple, continuous lines on paper rather than multiple dots, like a traditional printer. Plotters
produce a hard copy of schematics and other similar applications. Though once widely used for
computer-aided design, these devices were more or less phased out by wide-format printers.
Memory Devices
Stores all instructions and data for CPU.
Receive data, hold it and deliver according to instruction from Control Unit.
Two types –
1. Primary Memory: (= Working/main memory of computer)
Types:
1. Masked ROM (MROM) - The very first ROMs were hard-wired devices that contained a pre-
programmed set of data or instructions. These kinds of ROMs are inexpensive.
2. Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) - PROM can be modified only once by a user. The
user can buy a blank PROM and enter the desired contents using a PROM programmer.It can be
programmed only once and is not erasable.
3. Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM) - The EPROM can be erased by
exposing it to ultra-violet light for up to 40 minutes.
4. Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) - The EEPROM is
programmed and erased electrically. It can be erased and reprogrammed about ten thousand times.
Both erasing and programming take about 4 to 10 milliseconds.
TYPES EXAMPLES
Semiconductor Memory RAM, ROM
Optical Memory CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD, HVD, Blue ray disk
Magnetic Memory Hard disk drive (HDD), Floppy disk drive (FDD)
Flash Memory Pen drive, Memory card
Registers:
Registers are a type of computer memory used to quickly accept, store, and transfer data and
instructions that are being used immediately by the CPU.
Types:
1. MAR Register: Memory address register is used to retrieve instructions and data from memory,
and to aid in their execution.
2. MDR: Memory data register is used to hold data that will be stored or fetched from the computer
memory, also known as random-access memory (RAM).
3. MBR: Memory buffer register’s primary role is to store various sorts of computer instructions and
data for transfer between computer memory.
4. PC: Programme counter register used to identify the current place of the programme sequence.
5. Accumulator: Used for storing logic or intermediate outcomes.
6. Index Register: Used to change the address of operands during programme execution.
Software:
Software is set of programs which are designed to perform specific function.
2 Types of Software –
1) System Software-
It is a type of computer program that is designed to run computer’s hardware and application
software.
Four Types-
a) Operating System –
Interface between user, computer hardware & application software.
d) Language translators –
Translates high-level language program into an equivalent machine language program.
It also detects and reports the error during translation.
Types:
Assembler – It converts assembly language into machine language.
Compiler – It converts the program in a high-level language into low-level language. It translates all
at once.
C, C++ use compilers.
b) Special Purpose Applications- Ex; audio/video editors, accounting software, air traffic control
software, etc.
2) Unguided Media: -
a) Microwave transmission- Mobile phones, satellite communication
b) Radio wave transmission- Radio, TV
C) Infrared transmission- TV remote control
Other types: -
Personal Area Network (PAN) –Connects electronic devices around an individual person. It
can cover a network range of 30 feet (approx. 10 m). It can be constructed by using cables or it
may be wireless. Ex; USB, Printer, Keyboard, Bluetooth, Wireless mouse, etc.
Campus Area Network (CAN) - Computer network of interconnected local area networks. It is
larger than a LAN but smaller than MAN or WAN. It can also stand for Corporate Area
Network.
Storage Area Network (SAN) - SAN is a high-speed special-purpose network. It supports data
storage, retrieval, and sharing of data, multiple disk arrays, data migration from one storage
device to another and uses Fibre Channel interconnection technology.
Network Topology: Arrangement of network-
1) Physical Topology- Geometric layout of connected networks.
Types: BUS Topology, Ring topology, Star Topology, Tree topology (Expanded star topology),
Mesh topology, Hybrid topology, etc.
2) Logical/signal Topography-Denotes how signals transmitted from node to node across system
Types: Broadcast topology-No need of instructions. Ex. Broadcast transmission.
Token Passing- Electronic token is passed to each node. When a token is received by the node, the
node can send data on the network. Ex; Token Ring and Fibre Distributed Data Interface (FDDI).
NETWORKING HARDWARE:
Plug and Play (PnP):
Part of Windows that enables a computer system to adapt to hardware changes with minimal
intervention by the user. A user can add and remove devices without having to do manual
configuration, and without knowledge of computer hardware.
Plug and play (PnP) device or computer bus is one with a specification that facilitates the
recognition of a hardware component in a system without the need for physical device configuration
or user intervention in resolving resource conflicts.
Bluetooth:
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard that is used for exchanging data between
fixed and mobile devices over short distances and building personal area networks (PANs). In
the most widely used mode, transmission power is limited to 2.5 milliwatts, giving it a very short
range of up to 10 metres (33 ft). It employs UHF radio waves in the ISM bands, from 2.402 GHz to
2.48 GHz. It is mainly used as an alternative to wire connections, to exchange files between nearby
portable devices and connect cell phones and music players with wireless headphones.
The development of the "short-link" radio technology, later named Bluetooth, was initiated in 1989
by Nils Rydbeck, CTO at Ericsson Mobile in Lund, Sweden.
APPLICATION
PRESENTATION
SESSION
TRANSPORT
NETWORK
DATA LINK
PHYSICAL
2. Internet Layer: Three different protocols- (IP) Internet Protocol, (ARP) Address Resolution
Protocol, (ICMP) Internet Control Message Protocol.
3. Host to Host Layer: Two main protocols – (TCP) Another integral part and (UDP) User
Datagram Protocol.
4. Application Layer: Multiple protocols are present in this layer like (HTTP) Hypertext
Transfer Protocol, (NTP) Network Time Protocol, (TELNET) Telecommunication Network,
(FTP) File Transfer Protocol etc.
Email:
Electronic mail (email or e-mail) is a method of transmitting and receiving messages using electronic
devices. Popular webmail providers are Yahoo!, Microsoft's Outlook.com (previously Hotmail), and
Google's Gmail. In 1971 Ray Tomlinson invented and developed electronic mail by creating ARPANET's
networked email system.
Email spam known as junk email is unsolicited messages sent in bulk by email (spamming).
Cloud computing:
Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage (cloud
storage) and computing power, without direct active management by the user.
Cloud computing works by enabling client devices to access data and cloud applications over the internet
from remote physical servers, databases and computers.
Various malwares: -
Adware - Software designed to display advertisements on the computer screens.
Spyware- Software that is installed with or without your permission. It collects user’s information,
browsing habits, etc. Ex; CoolWebSearch, Gator, Zlob
Worms- Self-replicating software program which affects the functions of software and hardware
programs. Ex; ILOVEYOU, MSBlast, Stuxnet, Code Red
Ransomware - Malware program that infects and takes control of a system. It infects a computer with the
intention of extorting money from its owner. Ex; WannaCry, Locky, Petya
Trojanhorse –Malware that presents itself as legitimate software but take control your computer. It may
perform actions on a computer that is genuine but will install malware actions. Ex; CryptoLocker
Types of Hackers –
Ethical Hacker (White hat): Security hacker who gains access to systems with view to fix the
identified weaknesses.
Cracker (Black hat): Hacker who gains unauthorised access to computer system to steal data,
transfer fund, violate privacy right, etc.
Grey Hat: (Between White & Black hat)Who breaks into computer system without authority with
a view to identify weaknesses.
Phreaker: People who specialize in attacks on telephone system.
Recent malwares – EventBot, ShadowPad, Shopper, Pegasus, BlackRock Android malware, etc.
Video file formats: Following are the various types of Video file formats:
MP4.
MOV.
WMV.
AVI.
AVCHD.
FLV, F4V, and SWF.
MKV.
WEBM or HTML5
E –WASTE:
E-waste or electronic waste is created when an electronic product is discarded after the end of its
useful life.
E-waste is electronic products that are unwanted, not working, and nearing or at the end of their
“useful life.” Computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, and fax machines are everyday
electronic products.
Most electronics contain some form of toxic materials, including beryllium, cadmium, mercury, and
lead, which pose serious environmental risks to our soil, water, air, and wildlife.
(b) Linker
(c) Fedora
7. Which one of the following registers is
(d) Google Chrome
used to keep track of the next instruction to be
executed? (EPFO EO/AO 2020)
8. Which one of the following is not an audio 12. Bluetooth technology allows (EPFO
file format? (EPFO EO/AO 2020) EO/AO 2016)
9. Which one of the following denotes a 13. Which one among the following is not a
sequential electronic circuit that is used to basic function of a computer? (EPFO
store I-bit of information? (EPFO EO/AO EO/AO 2016)
2020)
(a) Accept and process data
(a) Register
(b) Store data
(b) Transistor
(c) Scan text
(c) Flip-flop
(d) Accept input
(d) Capacitor
11. WAP stands for (EPFO EO/AO 2016) 15. The devices that work with computer
(a) Wireless Addition Protocol systems as soon as they are connected are
described as: (EPFO APFC 2015)
(b) Wireless Automation Protocol
(a) Hot Swapping
(a) Database
Q20. SMPS is the acronym for (EPFO APFC
(b) Spreadsheet 2015)
17. LAN, WAN and MAN are computer (d) Start Mode Power Supply
networks covering different areas. Their first
alphabets L, W and M respectively stand for
(EPFO APFC 2015) Q21. USB is the acronym for (EPFO APFC
(a) Local, World and Middle 2015)
Q23. SPAM in a system (e-mail) is: (EPFO (d) File Transfer Protocol
APFC 2015)
(a) The files that are deleted and enter the 'Waste-bin' folder in a computer
(b) The temporary files, folders, links etc. that are rarely used in a computer.
(c) The electronic products such as mobiles, PCs etc. that are disposed off after their useful life.
d. design
EPFO/APFC 2023 Booster Part 2 releasing soon. You can get it on our website or Official app.