Revision Notes

Class – 11 Mathematics
Chapter 5 - Complex Number and Quadratic Equations

1. Definition

When a given number is in the form of a  ib , where a, b  R and i  1 it is called

a complex number and such number is denoted by ‘ z ’.

z  a  ib

Where,

a = real part of complex number and,

b= imaginary part of complex number.

1.1 Conjugate of a Complex Number

Consider a complex number z  a  ib ,

Then its conjugate is written as ' z '.

Whose value is defined as z  a  ib .

2. ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

Let z1  a  ib and z2  c  id be two complex numbers where a, b, c, d  R and i  1 .

1. Addition:

z1  z2   a  bi    c  di 
  a  c   b  d  i

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2. Subtraction:

z1  z2   a  bi    c  di 
  a  c   b  d  i

3. Multiplication:

z1  z2   a  bi  c  di 
 a  c  di   bi  c  di 
 ac  adi  bci  bdi 2
 ac  bd   ad  bc  i
 i 2  1 
Note:

a  ib  c  id
1.
ac \ bd

 1; r  0
 i; r  1

2. i 4 k  r 
1; r  2
 i; r  3

3. b a  ba is only possible if atleast one of either a or b is non-negative.

3. ARGAND PLANE

Any complex number z  a  ib can be represented by a unique point P (a, b) in th

argand plane.

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P ( a, b) represents the complex number z  a  ib .

3.1 Modulus and Argument of Complex Number

Consider a complex number z  a  ib .

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(i) Distance of z from origin is reffered as modulus of complex number z . It is
represented by r | z | a 2  b 2

(ii) Here,  i.e.,the angle made by ray OP with positive direction of real axis is called
argument of z .

Note:

z1  z 2 or z1  z 2 has no meaning but z1  z 2 or z1  z 2 holds meaning.

3.2 Principal Argument

The argument '  of complex number z  a  ib is called the principal argument of z

if     .

b
Consider tan   , and  be the arg  z  .
a

i.

ii.

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iii.

iv.

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In (iii) and (iv) the principal argument is given by    and  respectively.

4. POLAR FORM

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a  r cos  b  r sin 
where r | z | and   arg( z )
 z  a  ib
 r (cos   isin  )

Note:

A complex number z can also be represented as z  rei , it is known as Euler’s form.

Where,

r | Z |   arg(Z)

5. SOME IMPORTANT PROPERTIES

1. ( z )  z

2. z  z  2 Re( z )

3. z  z  2i Im( z )

4. z1  z2  z1  z2

5. z1z2  z1.z 2

6. | z | 0  z  0

7. z.z | z |2

z1 z
8. z1 z2  z1 z2 ;  1
z2 z2

9. | z || z || z |

10. z1  z2  z1  z2  2Re  z1z2 

2 2 2

11. z1  z2 z1  z2 (Triangle Inequality)

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12. z1  z2 z1  z2

2 2

13. az1  bz 2  bz1  az 2   a 2  b 2  z1  z 2
2 2

14. amp  z1  z2   amp z1  amp z2  2k ; k  I

 y0 
15. amp    amp z1  amp z 2  2k ; k  I
 y1 

16. amp  z n   n amp( z )  2k ; k  I

6. DE-MOIVRE'S THEOREM

Statement: cos n  i sin n is the value or one of the values of (cos   i sin  )n
according as if 'n' is integer or a rational number. The theorem is very useful in
determining the roots of any complex quantity.

7. CUBE ROOT OF UNITY

Roots of the equation x3  1 are called cube roots of unity.$

Roots of the equation x3  1 are called cube roots of unity.

x3  1  0

( x  1) x 2  x  1  0 
x 1 or x  x 1  0
2

1  3i 1  3i
i.e x  or x 
2 2
w w2

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 1  i 3 1  i 3
(i) The cube roots of unity are 1, , .
2 2

(ii)  3  1

(iii) If w is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1     2  0 .

(iv) In general 1   r   2r  0 ; where r  I but is not the multiple of 3 .

(v) In polar form the cube roots of unity are:

2 2 4 4
cos 0  i sin 0;cos  i sin , cos  i sin
3 3 3 3

(vi) The three cube roots of unity when plotted on the argand plane constitute the
vertices of an equilateral triangle.
(vii) The following factorisation should be remembered:


a 3  b3  (a  b)(a  b) a   2b 

x2  x  1  ( x   ) x   2 

a 3  b3  (a  b)(a  b) a   2b 
 
a 3  b3  c 3  3abc  (a  b  c) a  b   2c a   2b  c 

8. ‘n’ nth ROOTS OF UNITY

Solution of equation x n  1 is given by,

2k 2k
x  cos  i sin ; k  0,1, 2, , n  1
n n
 2k 
i 
e n 
; k  0,1,., n  1

Note:

1. We may take any n consecutive integral values of k to get ' n ' n th roots of unity.

2. Sum of ' 'n n th roots of unity is zero, n  N

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3. The points represented by ' n ', nth roots of unity are located at the vertices of
regular polygon of n sides inscribed in a unit circle, centred at origin and one vertex
being one positive real axis.

Properties:

If 1, 1 ,  2 ,  3 . n1 are the n, n th root of unity then:

(i) They are in G.P. with common ratio ei(2 /n )

0, if p  k n
(ii) 1     _1^^ .   _m  0^^  
p 0
where k  Z
 n, if p  kn
0

(iii) 1  1 1   2 1   n1   n

0, if n is even
(iv) 1  1 1   2 1   n1   
1, if n is odd

 1, if n is even
(v) 1.1   2   3  n 1  
 1, if n is odd

Note:

sin( n / 2)  n 1 
(i) cos   cos 2  cos 3 .  cos n  cos  
sin( / 2)  2 

sin( n / 2)  n 1 
(ii) sin   sin 2  sin 3 .  sin n  sin   .
sin( / 2)  2 

9. SQUARE ROOT OF COMPLEX NUMBER

Let x  iy  a  ib , Squaring both sides, we get

( x  iy )2  a  ib

i.e., x 2  y 2  a, 2 xy  b

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Solving these equations, we get square roots of z .

10. LOCI IN COMPLEX PLANE

(i) z  z0  a represents the circumference of a circle, centred at z o , radius a.

(ii) z  z0  a represents the interior of the circle.

(iii) z  z0  a represents the exterior of this circle.

(iv) z  z1  z  z2 represents  bisector of segment with endpoints z1 and z2 .

 z1  circle, k  1 
(v)  k represents:  
 z2  bisector, k  1

(vi) arg(z)   is a ray starting from the origin (excluded) inclined at an  with a
real axis.

(vii) Circle described on line segment joining z1 and z2 as diameter is:

 z  z1  z  z2    z  z2  z  z1   0

(viii) If z1 , z 2 , z3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle where z 0 is its circumcentre

then

1 1 1
(a)   0
z 2  z 3 z 3  z1 z1  z 2

(b) z10  z11  z12  z1z2  z2 z3  z3 z1  0

(c) z10  z11  z12  3z1/

(ix) If A, B, C, D are four points representing the complex numbers z1 , z 2 , z3 , z 4 then

Z 4  Z3
AB || CD if is purely real ;
z 2  z1

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 z 4  z3
AB  CD if is purely imaginary
z 2  z1

11. VECTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX

Every complex number can be considered as if it is the position vector of that point.
If the point P represents the complex number z then,

OP  z and OP  z .

Note:

(i) If OP  z  rei then OQ  z1  rei(  )  z.ei .

If OP and OQ are of unequal magnitude, then

OQ  OPei

(ii) If z1 , z2 and z3 are three vertices of a triangle ABC described in the

counterclockwise sense, then

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z3  z AC AC i z3  z1 i
 (cos   i sin  )  e  e
z2  z AB AB z2  z1

12. SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS

(i) If z1 and z 2 are two complex numbers, then the distance between z1 and z2 is
z2  z1 .

(ii) Segment Joining points A  z1  and B  z 2  is divided by point P(z) in the ratio
m1z 2  m 2 z
m1 : m 2 then z  , m1 and m 2 are real.
m1  m 2

(iii) The equation of the line joining z1 and z2 is given by

z z
z z  0 (non parametric form) Or
z2 z2

z  z z  z2

z  z z  z2

(iv) az  az  b  0 represents a general form of line.

(v) The general eqn. of circle is:

zz  az  az  b  0 (where b is real no.).

Centre : ( a ) and radius,

| a |2 b  aa  b .

(vi) Circle described on line segment joining z1 and z2 as diameter is:

 z  z1  z  z2    z  z2  z  z1   0

(vii) Four pts. z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 in anticlockwise order will be concyclic, if and only if

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  z2  z4   z2  z3 
  arg    arg  
 z1  z4   z1  z3 

z z  z z 
 arg  2 4   arg  2 3   2n ;(n  I )
 z1  z4   z1  z3 
 z  z   z  z  
 arg  2 4   1 3    2n
 z1  z4  z2  z3  

z z   z z 
  2 4    1 3  is real and positive.
 z1  z4   z2  z3 

(viii) If z1 , z2 , z3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle where z0 is its circumcentre

then

1 1 1
(a)   0
z2  z3 z3  z1 z1  z2

(b) z10  z11  z12  z1z2  z2 z3  z3 z1  0

(c) z10  z11  z12  3z1

(ix) If A, B, C and D are four points representing the complex numbers z1 , z2 , z3 and z4
then

z4  z3
AB || CD if is purely real;
z2  z1

z 4  z3
AB  CD if is purely imaginary.
z2  z1

(x) Two points P  z1  and Q  z2  lie on the same side or opposite side of the line
az  az  b accordingly as az1  az1  b and az2  az2  b have same sign or opposite sign.

Important Identities

(i) x 2  x  1  (x  )  x   2 

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(ii) x 2  x  1  (x  )  x   2 

(iii) x2  xy  y 2  ( x  y )  x  y 2 

(iv) x 2  xy  y2  (x   y)  x  y 2 

(v) x 2  y 2  ( x  iy)( x  iy)

(vi) x3  y3  ( x  y)( x  y)  x  y 2 

(vii) x3  y3  (x  y)(x  y)  x  y 2 

(viii) x2  y 2  z 2  xy  yz  zx   x  y  z 2  x  y 2  z 

or  x  y 2

 z x 2  y  z 
or  x  y  z  x
2 2
 y  z 
(ix) x3  y3  z3  3xyz  ( x  y  z)  x   y   2 z   x   2 y  z 

1. QUADRATIC EXPRESSION
The standard form of a quadratic expression in x is, f (x)  ax 2  bx  c , where
a, b, c  R and a  0 . General form of a quadratic equation in x is, ax 2  bx  c  0 , where
a, b, c  R and a  0 .

2. ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATION

(a) The solution of the quadratic equation,

b  b2  4ac
ax 2  bx  c  0 is given by x 
2a

The expression D  b 2  4ac is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation.

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(b) If  and  are the roots of the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 , then

b
(i)    
a

c
(ii)  
a

D
(iii) |    |
|a|

(c) A quadratic equation whose roots are  and  is ( x   )( x   )  0 i.e.,

x 2  (   )x    0 i.e.,

x 2  ( sum of roots )x  product of roots  0

Note:

y  
 ax 2  bx  c  a  x    x   
2
 b  D
 a x   
 2a  4a

3. NATURE OF ROOTS
(a) Consider the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 where a, a, b, c  R and a  0
then;
(i) D  0  roots are real and distinct (unequal).
(ii) D  0  roots are real and coincident (equal).

(iii) D  0  roots are imaginary.

(iv) If p  iq is one root of a quadratic equation, then the other must be the conjugate
p  iq and vice versa. (p,q  R and i  1) .

(b) Consider the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 where a, b, c  Q and a  0 then;

(i) If D  0 and is a perfect square, then roots are rational and unequal.

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(ii) If   p  q is one root in this case, (where p is rational and q is a surd) then
the other root must be the conjugate of it i.e.,   p  q and vice versa.

Note:
Remember that a quadratic equation cannot have three different roots and if it has,
it becomes an identity.

4. GRAPH OF QUADRATIC EQUATION

Consider the quadratic expression, y  ax 2  bx  c , a  0 and a, b, c  R then;

(i) The graph between x, y is always a parabola. If a  0 then the shape of the
parabola is concave upwards and if a  0 then the shape of the parabola is concave
downwards.

(ii) y  0x  R , only if a  0 and D  0

(iii) y  0x  R , only if a  0 and D  0

5. SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES

ax 2  bx  c  0(a  0)

(i) If D  0 , then the equation ax 2  bx  c  0 has two different roots  x1  x 2 

Then a  0  x   , x1    x 2 ,  

a  0  x   x1 , x 2 

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 P(x)
(ii) Inequalities of the form 0 can be quickly solved using the method of
Q(x)
intervals (wavy curve).

6. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUE OF QUADRATIC EQUATION

Maximum and minimum value of y  ax 2  bx  c occurs at x   

b 
 according as:
 2a 

For a  0, we have:

 4ac  b 2 
y , 
 4a 

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 D b
ymin  at x  , and y max  
4a 2a

For a  0, we have:

 4ac  b 2 
y   , 
 4a 

D b
ymax  at x  , and y min  
4a 2a

7. THEORY OF EQUATIONS

If 1 ,  2 , 3 ,,  n are the roots of the n th degree polynomial equation:

f (x)  a 0 x n  a1x n 1  a 2 x n 2  a n 1x  a n  0

where a0 , a1 ,.an are all real and a0  0

Then,
a1
 1 
a0

a2
  1 2 
a0

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 a3
  
1 2 3 
a0
;

………….
an
1 2 3 . n  ( 1) n
a0

8. LOCATION OF ROOTS

Let f ( x)  ax 2  bx  c , where a  0 and a, b, c  R

(i) Conditions for both the roots of f ( x)  0 to be greater than a specified number ‘k’
are:
D 0 and f (k)  0 and (b / 2a)  k

(ii) Conditions for both roots of f (x)  0 to lie on either side of the number ‘k’ (in
other words the number ‘k’ lies between the roots of f (x)  0 is:
a f (k)  0

(iii) Conditions for exactly one root of f  x  0 to lie in the interval

 k1 , k2  i.e., k1  x  k2 are:
D  0 and f  k1  . f  k2   0

(iv) Conditions that both the roots of f  x   0 to be confined between the numbers
k1 and k 2 are  k1  k2  :

 b 
D 0 and f  k1   0 and f  k2   0 and k1     k2
 2a 

9. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF RATIONAL NUMBERS

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Here we shall find the values attained by a rational expresion of the form
a1 x 2  b1 x  c1
for real values of x .
a2 x 2  b2 x  c2

10. COMMON FACTORS

(a) Only One Common Root

Let  be the common root of ax 2  bx  c  0 and a x 2  b x  c  0 , such that a, a  0

and a b  a b . Then, the condition for one common root is:

 ca  c a    ab  a b bc  b c 
2
     

(b) Two common roots

Let  ,  be the two common roots of

ax 2  bx  c  0 and a x 2  b x  c  0 such that a, a   0 .

a b c
Then, the condition for two common roots is:  
a  b c 

11. RESOLUTION INTO TWO LINEAR FACTORS

The condition that a quadratic function f ( x, y)  ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c may be

resolved into two linear factors is that:

abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch2  0 or,

a h g
h b f 0
g f c

12. FORMATION OF A POLYNOMIAL EQUATION

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If 1 ,  2 , 3 ,,  n are the roots of the n th degree polynomial equation, then the
equation is

x n  S1x n 1  S2 x n 2  S3x n 3  (1)n Sn  0

where Sk denotes the sum of the products of roots taken k at a time.

Particular Cases

(a) Quadratic Equation: If  ,  be the roots the quadratic equation, then the
equation is :

x 2  S1x  S2  0 i.e. x 2  (   )x    0

(b) Cubic Equation: If  ,  ,  be the roots the cubic equation, then the equation is :

x3  S1x 2  S2 x  S3  0 i.e

x3  (     ) x 2  (     ) x    0

(i) If  is a root of equation f (x)  0 , the polynomial f (x) is exactly divisible by

(x   ) . In other words, ( x   ) is a factor of f ( x ) and conversely.

(ii) Every equation of nth degree (n  1) has exactly n roots \& if the equation has
more than n roots, it is an identity.

13. TRANSFORMATION OF EQUATIONS

(i) To obtain an equation whose roots are reciprocals of the roots of a given equation,
it is obtained by replacing x by 1/ x in the given equation.

(ii) Transformation of an equation to another equation whose roots are negative of

the roots of a given equation-replace x by  x .

(iii) Transformation of an equation to another equation whose roots are square of the
roots of a given equation-replace x by x .

(iv) Transformation of an equation to another equation whose roots are cubes of the
roots of a given equation-replace x by x1/3 .

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