1.

Pathetic fallacy- This is figure of speech that depicts human emotions through nature or
weather. ‘The fall of darkness made my heart sink in gloom and agony.
2. Oxymoron- This is where two words with contrasting meanings are placed side by side to
highlight their contrast. ‘He gave out a rueful laugh when he reunited with my old family’
3. Formal language- Writing or speaking that follows standard rules of grammar, spelling and
punctuation as well as use of third person perspective, passive voice, multi-clause sentence and
register.
4. Statistics. Use of numbers and figures usually to back up claims made by the writer in persuasive
or argumentative texts.
5. Anecdotes.- These are personal experiences a writer includes in their work as support for claims
made usually in formal writing.
6. Informal language- Writing or speaking that involves use of colloquial language where the
audience is familiar. Such language includes slang, short forms, active voice, use of personal
pronouns and dialect.
7. Short sentences- They are usually single clause sentence that are used to raise tension or
suspense and at times to lay emphasis on key points in the text.
8. Long sentences- usually multi- clause sentences that are used to provide descriptive detail and
at times as build up for suspense.
9. Repetition- The use of a word or a phrase more than once for effect. Sometimes it is used to
create an overall feeling of humour.

Narrative perspective

1. First person viewpoint-This is where the story is given from the point of the speaker or writer
using pronouns such as I, we, us, me . First person is effective to create a rapport with the
audience and the plural pronoun ‘we’ can make a text more inclusive so the audience becomes
participatory.
2. Second person perspective or direct address- Writing or speaking that addresses the reader or
audience forthwith using the pronouns ‘you, your, . It is useful to engage the reader and involve
the audience more closely.
3. Third person perspective- where the writer or the speaker discusses a different subject other
than themselves using the personal pronouns such a she, she, it , they, them, him ,her,. It is
effective to create distance between the narrator and the subject as well as raise the text’s
overall level of formality.
4. Omniscient third person/ stream of consciousness – This is where the narrator is all knowing and
appears to understand the character’s emotions, feelings and thoughts.
A. Simile- a figure of speech that compares something to another using like or as. For example:
the athlete ran like a cheetah till he won the race.
B. Metaphor – this is a figure of speech that compares two unlike things without using like as.
For example: The circus was a magnet for the children.
C. Alliteration- a figure of speech where initial consonant sounds begin similarly in neighboring
words. For example: Harry hurried home to hide his highly prized possession.
D. Hyperbole- This is deliberate exaggeration for effect. Example: The teacher gave me tons of
homework.
E. Emotive language- writing or speaking to influence the emotions of the reader. Example:
The young baby was mauled bone to bone by the heinous lion’
F. Antithesis- when a writer places side by side two ideas that are contrasting in meaning.
Exampe: One small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.
G. Anecdotes- short personal stories a writer uses to support claims in a persuasive or
argumentative text.
H. Repetition- the use of a word or a phrase more than once for emphasis.
I. Short sentences- single clause sentences used to create tension or to lay emphasis on a
certain point.
J. Long sentences – multi-clause sentences that are used to provide descriptive details or as
build for suspense
K. Direct speech- Where a character’s spoken words are put inside speech marks “Like this”
L. First person narrative voice- where a text is given from the point of the narrator or speaker
using pronouns I,we, us, me,
M. Direct address- where the writer directly speaks to the audience using the pronouns you,
your
N. Third person- where the writer or speaker discusses a different subject other themselves
using pronouns such as he, she, they, them, it
O. Pathetic fallacy- where human emotions are reflected through nature and weather
P. Oxymoron- where words with opposite meanings are placed side by side
Q. Informal language- use of causal language that includes slang, short forms, or dialect
R. Formal language- use of official language that include passive voice, impersonal tone,
register and multi-clause sentences.
S. Personification- this is giving human qualities to non-living objects. For example: The wind
whistled through the trees making them dance joyfully.
T. Onomatopoeia- The imitation of natural sounds. For example: The rumbling river could not
hide the hissing cobra snake or the chirping songstresses.
U. Idioms- figure of speech where the combined meaning of constituent words is quite
different from that of individual words. That pen cost me an arm and a leg.
V. Colloquialism- The use of unofficial language that includes slang, short forms and dialect
which is aimed at a familiar audience. Wow! I can’t wait bro. That kills it.