Module CRN: 13983 MSBSE: Fall 2022 2024

3 Basis of Design

Building cooling load is calculated on HAP (Hourly Analysis Program) and generally,
ASHRAE recommendations are followed for design parameters in addition following are
the specific requirements for the project are followed. The calculation outputs show the
peak zone air volume required including the sensible and latent heat gains for each zone.
Results from the heat gain calculations are attached in Appendix. Zone inputs such as
areas of each zone, exposure and properties of facades & glazing, lighting & equipment
loads, and occupancy rate are attached in Appendix.

Outside design conditions

The Qatar Construction Standards 2014 has been used to identify the
worst-case design figures of external Dry Bulb and Wet Bulb temperatures. These
figures shall be used for the thermal cooling load assessment for heat gain in the
building

a) Summer: 115°F. DB, 86°F. WB (46°C. DB, 30°C. WB)

b) Winter: 50°F. DB, 90% RH (10°C. DB, 90% RH

Inside Design Conditions

a) Offices, Staff Room 73°F DB, 50% RH

b) Classrooms 73°F DB, 50% RH
c) Computer Room 73°F DB, 50% RH
d) Multipurpose Hall 73°F DB, 50% RH
e) Coffee Room 79°F DB, 50% RH
f) Store 79°F DB, 50% RH

Humidity Control & Winter Heating is not required.

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Module CRN: 13983 MSBSE: Fall 2022 2024

Building Fabric

Building fabric details have been provided by the architect and are in line with Kahramaa
minimum requirements.

a) U Value for roof 0.077 Btu/ft.sq.hr. °F

b) U Value for walls 0.10 Btu/ft.sq.hr. °F
c) U Value for Windows 0.36 Btu/ft.sq.hr. °F

Noise Level

a) Classrooms 35 to 40 NC
b) Corridors 40 to 45 NC

Occupancy

First Floor

a) Office 6 Person
b) Staff Room 20 Persons
c) Multi-Purpose Hall 107Persons
d) Reception Hall 18 Persons
e) Classroom 1 & 2 17 Persons each

Second Floor

f) Classroom 3 31 Persons
g) Classroom 4 19 Persons
h) Classroom 5 31 Persons
i) Computer Lab 13 Persons

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Module CRN: 13983 MSBSE: Fall 2022 2024

Lighting Heat Gain

All areas minimum 1 W/SFT Except for the below

a) Classrooms 1.25 W / SFT

b) Computer Rooms 1.7 W / SFT
c) Office 1.25 W / SFT
d) Staff Room 1.25 W / SFT

Ventilation

Exhaust

a) Students Toilets 50 CFM for each seat

b) Office Toilets 25 CFM for each seat

Outdoor Air (OA)

a) Classroom 10 CFM/Person & 0.12 CFM/SF

b) Multipurpose Hall 7.5 CMF/Person & 0.06 CFM/SF
c) Corridors 0.06 CFM/SF

4 Design Rationale for Low or Zero Carbon Energy (LZC)

The following features of the building are primarily focused on and have not been
compromised while achieving the energy efficiency of the school building. In the below
sections, different aspects of a building with their impact on an LZC design are discussed.
Additionally, it is described that how these aspects of the building are considered and
what strategy has been adopted in pursuance of LZC design.

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Module CRN: 13983 MSBSE: Fall 2022 2024

Location, Orientation

A metro station is located within walking distance of the building due to

pupils can use public transport to reach the institute easily. This will help to reduce
the traffic on the roads and carbon emissions from vehicles. Additionally, this will
also eliminate the requirement for parking space for the school. Since it was an
existing building therefore the orientation of the building was not possible to
change (to create self-shading).

Architecture

Therefore, from the architectural and interior designing point of view, it was
designed in a way that every classroom is having access to direct sunlight. For the
eastern facade of the building, the window-to-wall ratio was more than 70%
therefore taking the necessary measures to select the right U-value glass
overhang also helped harvest the sunlight while reducing the direct exposure of
the glass thus reducing cooling loads. Additionally, this building structure was
designed as airtight which really helps in the elimination strategy of infiltration. This
strategy created a positive impact in the overall indoor environment.

Overhang & Shades

Figure 4-1 - Building Overhang & Shades

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Module CRN: 13983 MSBSE: Fall 2022 2024

Sensors

Along with occupancy sensors for lighting control rooms and the
multipurpose hall will be provided with CO2 sensors and a thermostat. This will
enable the occupant to have demand control ventilation and avoid unnecessary
ventilation air thus it will decrease the cooling loads on equipment and energy
consumption. The sensors will be interfaced with BMS as well to monitor ventilation
and cooling requirements. Based on higher CO2 readings DOAS will increase or
decrease the outdoor air supply.

Equipment Condensate

Condensate water from air-conditioning equipment was collected in a storage

tank to use in toilet flushing, air conditioning servicing and floor cleaning as well.

Zoning

The building was divided into 13 zones based on the occupancy, use of
space, & individual control of equipment which means each zone. Briefly on the
ground floor corridor and adjacent toilets (Male & Female) are considered in one
zone, Office and adjacent toilet is considered in one zone, and then in the hallway
and adjacent small rooms (coffee room, store etc.) are considered as a separate
zone. Remaining each space including, reception, classrooms etc. are considered
a separate zone. Dividing the spaces into separate zones helped reduce the
cooling loads because most of the potions in the building have different exposures
due to which their peak loads are on different days throughout the year.

Furthermore, during unoccupied time individual zone with separate terminal

units directly control the temperature. In this way zone that is not used often
warmer during the summer can help reduce energy costs. This is because the
overall system will not have to cool the entire building.

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Module CRN: 13983 MSBSE: Fall 2022 2024

Ventilation

Ground floor corridors and toilets are designed in such a way that cold air
supply from the terminal unit shall be delivered in corridors. As per (ASHRAE
(Firm), 2019) standard 62.1 50 cfm per seat for public toilets and 25 cfm per seat
for private toilets is extracted. To compensate for the extracted air additional supply
of air (outdoor air) shall be delivered in the corridor. For toilets, only air is extracted
to create negative pressure in the toilets so that toilet odours can be stopped from
spreading inside the building.

Figure 4-2 - Toilets Ventilation

Indoor Air Quality

In any learning environment, poor indoor air quality may badly impact on the

chemical vapours from indoor occupancy, furniture, and paints play a major role in
disturbing indoor air quality. HAP has a feature to comply with the outdoor air
requirements as per ASHRAE standard 62.1. This helped to estimate the required
outdoor airflow along with its sensible & latent loads on the systems.

4.7.1 Minimum Outdoor Air Rates & Cooling Loads

For the requirement of outdoor air in the subject building, figures have been taken
from the ASHRAE standard 62.1 (which is an inbuilt feature of HAP). HAP directly take

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the readings from its database as per selected types of space. Given below figure (from
ASHRAE) shows the minimum requirements of outdoor air highlighting the relevant
reading those are considered for this building and a complete table has been provided in
Appendices.

Figure 4-3 - From ASHRAE Standard 62.1

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Below table represents the actual required OA CFM for each zone of the building
and their cooling loads on systems.

Sensible Latent
Zone# Space Description OA CFM
MBH MBH
First Floor
1 Corridor & Toilets 498.0 29.3 21.8
2 Reception 142.0 8.3 6.2
3 Classroom 2 226.0 13.3 9.9
4 Classroom 1 226.0 13.3 9.9
5 Office & Toilet 72.0 4.2 3.2
6 Staff Room 124.0 7.3 5.4
7 Multipurpose Hall 867.0 51.0 38.0
8 Service Hallway 10.0 0.4 -
Sub Total 2,165 CFM 127.1 94.4
Second Floor
9 Classroom 5 288.0 26.2 19.5
10 Classroom 4 436.0 16.9 12.6
11 Classroom 3 65.0 25.7 119.1
12 Corridor 202.0 3.8 2.8
13 Computer Lab 288.0 11.9 8.8
Sub Total 1,436 CFM 84.4 162.9
Grand Total 3,601 CFM 39.1 TR
Table 4-1 - Outdoor Air for Zones & Respective Cooling Loads

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Positive Pressure in the Building

The supply of more outdoor air in the building than exhaust air from the
building helped to keep the building positively pressurized. This positive pressure
pushes air out of the building doors and cracks around windows and door seals
etc. This helped to eliminate air infiltration. Additionally, to stop the infiltration in the
building through the main entrance an additional airlock room/vestibule has been
created with an air curtain. Due to this infiltration load on the equipment was
negligible and therefore not considered in cooling load calculations.

Figure 4-4 - Reception with Airlock Room

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Module CRN: 13983 MSBSE: Fall 2022 2024

Cooling Loads

The Following table illustrate the cooling loads of the building zones based
on which equipment selection shall be made.

Sensible Latent
Zone# Space Description SHR TR
MBH MBH
First Floor
1 Corridor & Toilets 10.3 2.2 0.8 1.0
2 Reception 14.5 2.4 0.9 1.4
3 Classroom 2 12.5 2.2 0.8 1.2
4 Classroom 1 11.5 2.2 0.8 1.1
5 Office & Toilet 4.7 0.9 0.8 0.5
6 Staff Room 6.9 2.6 0.7 0.8
7 Multipurpose Hall 37.0 14.1 0.7 4.3
8 Service Hallway 7.0 - 1.0 0.6
Sub Total 10.9
Second Floor
9 Classroom 5 18.4 4.1 0.8 1.9
10 Classroom 4 13.3 2.5 0.8 1.3
11 Classroom 3 19.1 4.1 0.8 1.9
12 Corridor 21.7 1.3 0.9 1.9
13 Computer Lab 15.9 1.7 0.9 1.5
Sub Total 8.5 TR
Grand Total 19.4
Table 4-2 - Zones Cooling Loads

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