Department of

Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing Technology Lab

(ME 364)

Experiment title Lathe Parts and Cutting Tools

Experiment no. 2

Experiment date 30/1/2022

By

Student name ID Section

1 Nawaf Abdullah Raslan Alanazi 440017997 1

2 Hussain Abdullah Al sulaiman 440026363 1

Instructor: Dr. Barun Haldar

 Department of
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

Evaluation sheet (Official use)

Marks
Checklist Details Marks Remarks
Deducted

Cover Page 5
Plagiarism in results & discussion part must be < 50%

Table of Content 5

Introduction
10
(Experiment objectives, theory, etc.)
± 5 marks, depending
Contents

Experiment Procedure & setup 20 on the nature of

department/lab
Data, Results & calculations 25

Discussion and/or Conclusion 10

References, Standard, appendix, etc. 5

Subtotal 80 Min. 48

Text 12 Regular, with Spacing 1.5 4

Heading 14 Bold 2
Formatting

Standard Front Type 2

Paragraph: Justified 2

Figures/Tables/Equations: Numbered,
10
Caption & Cited in text

Subtotal 20 Min. 12

Total 100
Table of Contents
OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................................. 2
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................... 2
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 2
2. EXPERIMENTS PROCEDURE ..................................................................................................... 9
3. DATA & RESULT .........................................................................................................................10
4. DISCUSSION / ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................10
5. CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................12
6. REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................12

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Objectives
To study various parts and cutting tools used for a Centre Lathe.

Abstract
Lathe is from the most important machine that do many things like, turning, facing,
tapering, taper turning, drilling, boring, spinning, grinding, threading, tapping and
polishing operation. Also lathe has an old history and one of the first lathes in the UK
was the Horizontal Boring Machine that was installed by Jan Verbruggen in 1772 in the
Royal Arsenal in Woolwich.During the Industrial Revolution, mechanized power
generated by water wheels or steam engines was transmitted to the lathe via line
shafting, allowing faster and easier work .The lathe is an ancient tool, dating at least to
ancient Egypt and known and used in Assyria and ancient Greece.Ancient Rome
improved the Egyptian design with the addition of a turning bow. In the Middle Ages
a pedal replaced hand-operated turning, freeing both the craftsman’s hands to hold
the woodturning tools. The pedal was usually connected to a pole, often a straight-
grained sapling. The system today is called the “spring pole” lathe. Spring pole lathes
were in common use into the early 20th century.

1. Introduction
The most machine which have multiple functions is the lathe and its functions. It’s also
contains many parts like, chuck is the holding device which rotates on the axis, where
at the line of desired cut the cutting tool is advanced along there. Also lathe is
performed many operations and it’s should be suitable attachments. The typical
machining operations that the lathe do is lathe turning, facing, tapering, taper turning,
drilling, boring, spinning, grinding, threading, tapping and polishing operation. Lathe
contains various types and its divided into two parts which is major and main parts.
Major Parts of Lathe:
Each part of the lathe falls into one of the three functional divisions:
1) Driving the lathe

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2) Holding and rotating the work.
3) Holding and moving the cutting tool.

Main parts of a center lathe:

1) The bed and ways.

2) The head Stock.
3) The quick change gear box.

4) The carriage assembly.

5) The tail stock.

Bed:
The bed is a heavy, rugged casting made to support the working parts of the lathe. On
its top section are machined ways that guide and provide for precise alignment of the
headstock and tail stock.
The Head Stock:
The head stock is clamped on the left hand side of the bed. A hollow spindle supported
by the bearings, provides a drive through the gears from the motors to the work piece
holding devices. 3-jaw or 4-jaw chucks can be fitted on to the spindle in order to hold
and drive the work piece that would allow the cutting tool to perform various
operations.
Feed Mechanism:
The feed mechanism transmits power through a gear train to the quick change gear
box which in turn regulates the distance of tool travel per revolution of the spindle. The
LEAD SCREW transmits the power to the carriage through a gearing and clutch
arrangement in the apron. Feed change levers on the apron control the operation of
power feed and when placed in neutral, permits the half nuts to be engaged for
threading operations.
Carriage Assembly:
The Carriage Assembly consists of three main parts.

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a. The Saddle

It is used to move the cutting tool along the lathe bed. The saddle is an H- Shaped,
casting mounted on the top of the lathe ways, provides a means of mounting the cross
slide and the apron.
b. Apron:

It is the part of carriage assembly on the side of the operator. It contains levers for
engaging and dis-engaging the feed rod and lead screw via a half nut. Apron fastened
to the saddle houses the gears and mechanism required to move the carriage or cross
side automatically. The apron hand wheel can be turned manually to move the carriage
along the lathe bed. This hand wheel connected to a gear that meshes on a rack
fastener to the lathe bed.
c. The cross slide:

The cross slide mounted on top of the saddle, provides a manual or automatic cross
movements for the cross movement of cutting tools. The compound rest, fitted on the
top of the cross slide is used to support the cutting tool.
Tail stock:
It consists of the upper and lower castings. It can be adjusted along the lathe ways to
accommodate works of different lengths. The tail stock can be locked in any position
along the bed of the laths by the tail stock clamp. The tail stock spindle has an internal
taper to receive the dead center, which provides support for the right hand end of the
work. Other standard tapered shank tool such as reamer and drill can be held in the
tail stock spindle. A spindle clamp is used to hold the tail stock spindle in or out of the
tail stock casting. It can be used to provide a hand feed for drilling and reaming
operations.

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 Figure 1: Basic Components of Lathe

METHODS OF WORK HOLDING IN LATHE

There are four common methods used to hold work parts in turning.
1. Mounting the work between centers.
2. Chuck.
3. Collet.
4. Face plate.

Figure 2: (a). Mounting the Work Between Center. (B).Three-Jaw Chuck.( C).Collet. (D). Faceplate

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 Figure 3: Some Parts of CNC Lathe.

Cutting tools:
1- HSS cutting tools
2- Brazed cutting tools

Figure 4: Hss Cutting Tools Figure 5: Brazed Cutting Tools.

GEOMETRY OF CUTTING TOOLS:

Cutting tool geometry is described and designated in several systems:

• Tool-in-hand System – where only the salient features of the cutting tool point are
identified
or visualized as indicated in Figure 10. There is no quantitative information, i.e., value
of the angles.
• Machine Reference System – ASA system
• Tool Reference Systems
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- Orthogonal Rake System – ORS [ISO Old]
- Normal Rake System – NRS [ISO New]
• Work Reference System – WRS

Figure 6: Basic features of single point tool in tool-in-hand system

Cutting tool wear:

Wear cannot be prevented or avoided but the rate of growth of tool wear can be
reduced. This necessitates studying and knowing the basic mechanisms of wear, that
the cutting tool undergoes in different machining conditions.
Figure 8 schematically shows the usual pattern or geometry of wear that develop at
the rake surface and the flank surfaces of single point cutting tools or inserts with the
progress of machining.

Figure 7: General pattern and features of turning tool

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Cutting tools life:
There is an equation which describe the life of the cutting tools, Taylor’s equation is
the equation which describe the life of the cutting tool. Cutting tool wear, like any other
sliding wear, occurs gradually and systematically with time. The rate of growth of tool
wear increases sharply with the increase in cutting velocity and moderately with that of
feed. Increase in depth of cut, if not excessive, generally does not influence tool wear
(VB etc.) and tool life significantly.

Figure 8: Nature of variation in tool life with the increase in cutting velocity

Based on Figure 9, a simple but very important and useful equation has been derived
[1] as,

V = cutting velocity, VC in m/min

T = tool life in min (TL)

n, C = constants (Taylor’s exponent and Taylor’s constant)
The values of the Taylor’s constants, n and C depend upon,

• work material and tool material

• maximum permissible value of VB (i.e., 0.3, 0.4, 0.6 mm etc.)

• type and method of application of cutting fluid

• levels of feed, So and also depth of cut t to some extent

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 2. Experiment procedure
Run CNC lathe:
1. Ensure the machine is fully powered down. Don’t leave any risk of the machine
turning on by accident.
2. Securely load the part. In a CNC lathe, the stock is held in a “chuck” by tightening
screws at each end.
3. Select and load your tooling. CNC lathes can handle a wide variety of tools and
machining techniques. Choose the right ones for the program you’re about to run,
and load them into the tool turret.
4. Correctly calibrate the tools and the part. Through the CNC lathe’s “learning eye,”
you can assure that tools are operating where expected. By zeroing the piece

properly, you’ll guarantee that everything is operating in sync.

5. Enter and execute the program. Now that you know how to set up a CNC lathe,
the final step is execution. Upload or input the program, and let it run.
CNC Lathe Main Parts:
1. Headstock
2. CNC Lathe Bed
3. Chuck
4. Tailstock
5. Tailstock Quill
6. Foot Switch or Foot Pedals
7. CNC Control Panel
8. Tool Turret

Figure 9: CNC Lathe

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 3. Data & result
Tool flank wear about 260 micron.

Figure 10: Cutting Tool Under Microscope

4. Discussion / Analysis
Q1: What are the importance to measure cutting force?

Force sensors are needed because the formation of cutting forces during
manufacturing processes is the most fundamental step in identifying and controlling
the conditions under which the machine, tool and work piece operate.
Q2: Write the advantages and limitations of HSS cutting tools, brazed carbide cutting

tools and tool inserts.

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 Tool Type Advantage Limitations

HSS Faster speedy cutting HSS tools are not at all

beneficial for producing
enables rapid production
high-quality ends.
in minimum time.

Brazed With its unique

composition and o Carbide tools are more
structure, micrograin can brittle than HSS, leading
substantially outperform to more frequent
conventional grades on breakage
certain applications and
particularly on certain
metals.

Tool inserts Throw away insert are sintered at high

cheaper than brazed-tip temperature to combine
tools the alloy powder with
other materials and make
the blade have a certain
strength

Q3: What are the importance of cutting tool geometry?

• Effect cutting.
• Sharp edge.
• Safety for workers.
Q4: Write hat are the role of various cutting tool angels.

• It increases tool life as, for the same depth of cut, the cutting force is distributed
on a wider surface.
• It diminishes the chip thickness for the same amount of feed and permits greater
cutting speed.
• It dissipates heat quickly for having wider cutting edge.

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• This side cutting edge angle of the tool has practically no effect on the value of
cutting force or power consumed for a given depth of cut and feed.
• Large side cutting edge angles are lightly to cause the tool to chatter.
Q5: Write the characteristics of cutting tool materials.

• Hardness.
• Bending strength and toughness.
• Wear resistance.
• oxidation resistance.
Q6: How do you identify that the cutting tool is out of work (tool life is over)?

By applying Taylor’s tool life equation.

5. Conclusion
Lathe machine is one from the oldest and from the most important machine for
manufacturing industries. Lathes operate by rotating a cylindrical object , commonly a
metal work piece , such that tool may cut into it to produce a uniform axial pattern.
Also we know now more about lathe machine cause it is important machine for
mechanical engineers.

6. References
1- https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjyr4q
S1oT2AhUnhP0HHczMDXUQFnoECCMQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fravimachines.com%2Fhist
ory-of-lathe-machine%2F&usg=AOvVaw0_I68isenJ5OFsabiMB5RF
2- https://www.cncexchange.com/about/blog/operating-cnc-lathe
3- https://americancarbidetool.com/products/brazed-tools/

4- https://tjgrinding.com/blog-post/comprehensive-guide-pros-and-cons-carbide-tools-
and-hss

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