Resource

• The term “resource” means any thing that we use

from our environment to achieve our objective.
• For example, we require bricks, cement, iron,
wood etc. to construct a building. All these items
are called the resources for construction of
building.
• A resource can be defined as ‘any natural or
artificial substance, energy or organism, which
is used by human being for its welfare.

Resource
• is defined as anything having physical or virtual entity of limited

availability, that might be consumed in order to get benefits from it.

• The term resource is derived from two words ‘ re ’ means again and

‘ source ’ means the place from where something comes again and

again. The sum total of physical , chemical , biological and social

factors which compose the surroundings of a man is referred to as

environment and each element of these surroundings constitute a

resource.
 Resources
• Natural resources: Any stock or reserve that can be
drawn from nature such as soil, air, water, minerals,
coal, sunlight, animals and plants (forest , crops),
etc.,. Human being uses these directly or indirectly
for survival and welfare.

• All that exists without the actions of humankind. This

includes all natural characteristics such as magnetic,
gravitational, and electrical properties and forces.

Resources

• Artificial resources: The resources, which have been

developed by human being during the growth of
civilization. For example, biogas, thermal electricity,
plastics, etc are manmade resources. These man-made
resources are generally derived from some other natural
resources. For example, plastics and many other
chemical products are ultimately derived from the
natural resource of petroleum.
Types of Natural Resources

All Natural Resources fall under two

main categories: Renewable and
Non-renewable Resources.

Non-renewable Resources

• The resources, which cannot be replaced after

the use.
• Resources. These include minerals (copper,
iron etc.) fossil fuels (coal, oil etc.).
• Even the wildlife species (rare plants and
animals) belong to this category.
 Renewable Resources
• Known as some of the exhaustible resources are
naturally regenerated after consumption e.g. the
living beings (both animals and plants).
• reproduce and can thus, replace the dying or
killed individuals.
• However, if the consumption of these resources
exceeds the rate of regeneration they may also get
totally exhausted. Some examples are fresh water,
fertile soil, forest (yielding wood and other
products), vegetation, wildlife, etc.
 Renewable resources
Renewable resources are those that are constantly

available (like water) or can be reasonably replaced

or recovered, like vegetative lands. Animals are

also renewable because with a bit of care, they can

reproduce offspring to replace adult animals. Even

though some renewable resources can be replaced,

they may take many years and that does not make

them renewable.

Non-renewable resources
Non-renewable resources are those that cannot easily
be replaced once they are destroyed.

Examples include fossil fuels. Minerals are also non-

renewable because even though they form naturally in
a process called the rock cycle, it can take thousands
of years, making it non-renewable. Some animals can
also be considered non-renewable, because if people
hunt for a particular species without ensuring their
reproduction, they will be extinct. This is why we must
ensure that we protect resources that are endangered.
 Following are some examples of the
major natural resources:
• Forest resources
• Water resources
• Mineral resources
• Food resources
• Energy resources
• Land resources

FOREST RESOURCES
• It is a dense growth of trees, together with other plants,
covering a large area of land.
• Forests are one of the most natural resources on this earth.
Covering the earth like a green blanket these forests not only
produce innumerable material goods, but also provide several
environmental services which are essential for life.
• About 1/3rd of the world’s land area is forested which
includes closed as well as open forests.
• Former USSR accounts for about a 5th of the world’s forests,
Brazil for about a 7th and Canada and USA each for 6-7%.
• But it is a matter of concern that almost everywhere the cover
of the natural forests has declined over the years.
• The greatest loss occurred in tropical Asia where one third of
the forests resources have been destroyed
 USES OF FORESTS: Commercial Uses
• Forests provide us a large number of commercial goods which include
timber, firewood, pulpwood, food items, gum, resins, non-edible oils,
rubber, fibers, lac, bamboo canes, fodder, medicine, drugs and many more
items, the total of which is estimated to be more than $ 300 billion per year.

• Half of the timber cut each year is used as fuel for heating and cooking.

• One third of the wood harvest is used for building materials as lumber,
plywood and hardwood, particle board and chipboard.

• One sixth of the wood harvest is converted into pulp and used for paper
industry.

• Many forest lands are used for mining, agriculture, grazing, and recreation
and for development of dams.

USES OF FORESTS: Ecological uses

The ecological services provided by our forests may be summed up as
follows:

• Production of oxygen : The trees produce oxygen by photosynthesis

which is so vital for life on this earth. They are rightly called as
earth’s lungs.

• Reducing global warming : The main greenhouse gas carbon dioxide

(CO2)is absorbed by the forests as a raw material for photosynthesis.
Thus forest canopy acts as a sink for CO2 thereby reducing the
problem of global warming caused by greenhouse gas i.e. CO2.

• Wild life habitat : Forests are the homes of millions of wild animals
and plants. About 7 million species are found in the tropical forests
alone.
 USES OF FORESTS: Ecological uses
• Regulation of hydrological cycle : Forested watersheds act like giant

sponges, absorbing the rainfall, slowing down the runoff and slowly

releasing the water for recharge of springs. About 50-80% of the

moisture in the air above tropical forests comes from their

transpiration which helps in bringing rains.

• Soil Conservation : Forests bind the soil particles tightly in their

roots and prevent soil erosion. They also act as windbreaks.

• Pollution moderators : Forests can absorb many toxic gases and can

help in keeping the air pure and clean. They have also been reported

to absorb noise and thus help in preventing air and noise pollution.

OVER EXPLOITATION OF FORESTS

• Since time immemorial, humans have depended heavily
on forests for food, medicine, shelter, wood and fuel.
• With growing civilization the demands for raw material
like timber, pulp, minerals, fuel wood etc. resulting in
large scale mining, road-building and clearing of
forests.
• Our forests contribute substantially to the national
economy. The international timber trade alone is worth
over US $ 40 billion per year.
• Excessive use of fuel wood and charcoal, expansion of
urban, agricultural and industrial areas and overgrazing
have together led to over exploitation of our forests
leading to their rapid degradation.
 DEFORESTATION
• In 1990 the world had 4128 million ha of forest; by 2015 this area had
decreased to 3 999 million ha. This is a change from 31.6 percent of global
land area in 1990 to 30.6 percent1 in 2015.
• Deforestation rate is relatively less intemperate countries, but it is very
alarming in tropical countries where it is as high as 40-50 percent and at
the present rate is it estimated that in the next 60years we would lose
more than 90 percent of our tropical forests.

Major causes of Deforestation:

• Shifting cultivation
– There are an estimated 300 million people living as shifting cultivators who
practice slash and burn agriculture and are supported so clear more than 5 ha of
forests for shifting cultivation annually.
• Fuel requirements
– Increasing demands for fuel wood by the growing population.
• Raw materials for industrial use
– Wood for making boxes, furniture, railway-sleepers, plywood, match boxes, pulp
for paper industry etc. have exerted tremendous pressure on forests. Plywood is
in great demand for packing tea for Tea industry .
• Development projects
– Massive destruction of forests occur for various development projects like
hydroelectric projects, big dams, road construction, mining etc
• Growing food needs
– In developing countries this is the main reason for deforestation. To meet the
demands of rapidly growing population, agricultural lands and settlements are
created permanently by clearing forests
• Overgrazing
– The poor in the tropics mainly rely on wood as a source of fuel leading to loss of
tree cover and the cleared lands are turned into the grazing lands. Overgrazing by
the cattle leads to further degradation of these lands
 Major consequences of deforestation

• It threatens the existence of many wild life species due

to destruction of their natural habitat.
• Biodiversity is lost and along with that genetic diversity
is eroded.
• Hydrological cycle gets affected, thereby influencing
rainfall.
• Problems of soil erosion and loss of soil fertility
increase.
• In hilly areas it often leads to landslides

Major activities in Forests:

• Timber Extraction:
– Logging for valuable timber, such as teak and Mahogany not only involves a few large trees per
hectare but about a dozen more trees since they are strongly interlocked with each other a by vines
etc. Also road construction for making approach to the trees causes further damage to the forests.
• Mining:
– Mining operations for extracting minerals and fossil fuels like coal often involves vast forest areas.
– Mining from shallow deposits is done by surface mining while that from deep deposits is done by
sub-surface mining.
– More than 80000 ha of land of the country is presently under the stress of mining activities.
– Mining and its associated activities require removal of vegetation along with underlying soil mantle
and overlying rock masses.
– This results in defacing the topography and destruction of the landscape in the area.
– Large scale deforestation has been reported in Mussorie and Dehradun valley due to indiscriminating
mining of various minerals over a length of about 40 Km.
– The forested area has declined at an average rate of 33% and the increase in non-forest area due to
mining activities has resulted in relatively unstable zones leading to landslides.
– Indiscriminate mining in forests of Goa since 1961 has destroyed more than 50000 ha of forest land.
– Coal mining in Jharia, Raniganj and Singrauli areas has caused extensive deforestation in Jharkhand.
– Mining of magnesite and soap –stones have destroyed 14 ha of forest in hill slopes of Khirakot, Kosi
valley,Almora.
– Mining of radioactive minerals in Kerala, Tamilnadu and Karnataka are posing similar threats of
deforestation.
– The rich forests of Western Ghats are also facing the same threat due to mining projects for
excavation of copper, chromite, bauxite and magnetite.
 Challenges of natural resources
• Man lives in nature and depend on the resources of
the nature. The utilization of soil, water, coal,
electricity, oil, gas and nuclear energy is very
important for the development of nation.
There are basic reasons of the depletion of natural
resources:
(1) Rapid population increase.
(2) Pollution
(3) High consumption of resources.
(4) Deterioration of land.
 1- Rapid population increase
• An increase in population will decrease all types
of natural recourses and consequently result in
environmental pollution (deteriorating the quality
of natural recourses). In addition, the demand of
natural resources increase.
• The industrialized countries have annual growth
rate of 0.5 to 1 percentage, while developing
countries have growth rate 2 to 3 percent. The
world cannot meet the continuous increased
demand for natural resources.

2- Pollution
• Due to increasing population, we are polluting
lakes, streams, rivers by sewage, industrial
wastes, heat, radioactive materials,
detergents, fertilizers and pesticides, releasing
a number of toxic materials into surrounding.
3- High consumption of resources:
• Due to tremendous increasing population, the
high rate of consumption has disturbed our
ecosystem and will affect adversely the quality
of our environment either by unwise use of
natural recourses or by increasing pollution.
 4- Deterioration of land

• Due to excessive consumption of minerals of

the soil by cropping or soil erosion, loose the
soil fertility and land deteriorates gradually .
Drought also results in deterioration of land
and fertility of soil is lost.

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

• As the human population is continuously growing the
consumption of natural resources is also increasing. With the
increasing industrialization and urbanization of the modern
human society, the use of all the resources is rising. If they are
not properly used and well managed, a serious scarcity will
result. Therefore we need to conserve the natural resources.
This will also upset the ecological balance.
• Conservation is the proper management of a natural resource to
prevent its
• exploitation, destruction or degradation.
• Conservation is the sum total of activities, which can derive
benefits from natural
• resources but at the same time prevent excessive use leading to
destruction or
• degradation.
 Soil Erosion
• Erosion literally means “to wear away”.
• when wind blows it carries away sand and soil particles
from one place to another.
• Similarly flowing water removes some amount of soil
along with it.
• This removal of top layers of soil by wind and water is
called soil erosion.
• You know that top layers of soil contain humus and
mineral salts, which are vital for the growth of plants.
Thus, erosion causes a significant loss of humus and
nutrients, and decreases the fertility of soil.

Causes of soil Erosion

• There are several causes of soil erosion, these
include:
• (a) Natural causes; and
• (b) Anthropogenic causes (human generated
causes)
(a) Natural Causes of Soil Erosion
• Erosion of soil takes places due to the effect of
natural agents like wind and water.
• High velocity winds over lands, which have no
vegetation, carry away the loose top soil.
Similarly in areas with no or very little vegetation,
the pouring raindrops carry away the soil.
(b) Anthropogenic Causes of Soil Erosion
• Besides the natural agents, there are some
human activities, which cause soil erosion.
• Let us know about them.
1. Deforestation:
If the forests are cut down for timber, or for
farming purposes, then the soil is no longer
protected from the effect of falling rains.
Consequently, the top soil is washed away into
the rivers and oceans.

2. Poor farming methods:

Improper tillage and failure to replace humus
after successive crops and burning the stubble of
weeds reduce the water-holding capacity of the
soil. So the soil becomes dry and can be blown
away as dust.
3. Overgrazing: Overgrazing by flocks of cattle,
buffaloes, goats and sheep leave very little plant-
cover on the soil. Their hooves make the soil dry
and soil can be blown away easily.
 Conservation of Soil
Soil loses its fertility due to erosion. So we need to conserve the
soil. Soil conservation means checking soil erosion and improving
soil fertility by adopting various methods. Let us know some of
these methods.
1. Maintenance of soil fertility: The fertility can be maintained by
adding manure and fertilizers regularly as well as by rotation of
crop.
2. Control on grazing: Grazing should be allowed only on the areas
meant for it and not on agricultural land.
3. Reforestation: Planting of trees and vegetation reduces soil
erosion by both water and wind.
4. Terracing: Dividing a slope into several flat fields to control rapid
run of water. It is practised mostly in hilly areas.
5. Contour ploughing : ploughing at right angles to the slope allows
the furrows to trap water and check soil erosion by rain water.

Degradation of Water
Degradation of water is the decrease in quality and quantity of water on
the earth surface. With increase in population and industrial growth,
water is being degraded day by day.
The main reasons for the degradation of water are:
1. To meet the need of increasing population, surface water (water from
ponds, lakes, rivers, etc.) and ground water are overdrawn.
2. Sewage i.e., waste water from domestic and municipal use makes
fresh water unfit for use by human beings and animals.
3. waste water, from all industries flow down the surface water bodies
and ground water bodies and they get polluted.
4. Agricultural wastes containing manures, fertilizers and pesticides
enter the water bodies and degrade the quality of water.
5. The continuous decrease of ground water level along coastal regions
often cause movement of saline sea water into freshwater wells, thus,
spoiling their water quality.
 Conservation of Water
Conservation and management of water are essential for the
survival of mankind, plants and animals. This can be achieved
adopting the following methods:
1. Growing vegetation in the catchment areas, which will hold
water in the soil and allow it to percolate into deeper layers and
contribute to formation of ground water.
2. Constructing dams and reservoirs to regulate supply of water
to the fields, as well as to enable generating hydroelectricity.
3. Sewage should be treated and only the clear water should be
released into the rivers.
4. Industrial wastes (effluents) should be treated to prevent
chemical and thermal pollution of fresh water.
5. Judicious use of water in our day-to-day life.
6. Rainwater harvesting should be done by storing rainwater and
recharging groundwater.

BIODIVERSITY
• When we observe our surrounding, we find different
types of plants, ranging from
• small green grasses to large trees.
• Large variety of animals, from tiny insect to
• human being and many other big animals.
• Besides these there are micro-organisms in the soil, air
and water that we can’t see through our naked eyes.
• These varieties of plants, animals and microbes together
form the biological diversity or biodiversity of your
surrounding.
• So biodiversity can be defined as the flora and fauna i.e.
variety of all plants, animals and microbes of a region.
 Importance of Biodiversity
Biodiversity is essential for maintenance of ecosystem.

Some of the uses of biodiversity are given below :

• Food : All kind of food is derived from plants and animals.

• Drugs and Medicines : Around 25% of drugs are obtained from plants.

• All antibiotics are derived from microbes.

• Cultural and Aesthetic value : You enjoy watching butterflies, animals, birds

• and flowers. Eco-tourism is a source of income.

• It is essential for maintenance of ecosystem.

• It is required for disposal and pollination in plants, formation and

conservation of soil and purification and conservation of water.

Threat to Biodiversity
Though biodiversity is so important for our survival, we are
destroying it knowingly or unknowingly. It is under threat due to
the following reasons:
(i) Destruction of habitat by cutting down trees, filling up the
wetland, ploughing of grassland or burning a forest.
(ii) Habitat fragmentation: fragmentation of large forests into
smaller segments for purposes as construction of dams, roads and
railways building, mining, constructing buildings… etc destroys
huge patches of forests, grassland etc. thus, disturb the biodiversity.
Where, this disturbed the requirements of large contentious
regions by the large – sized animals like elephants, lions, tigers,
etc. The most clear from of habitat degradation is environmental
pollution.
(iii) Population explosion has increased demand for food and
shelter. It has lead to culture of single crop that will result in
disappearance of some other crops.
 Threat to Biodiversity
(iv) Industrialization and urbanization has changed and destroyed the natural
habitat of plants and animals.
(v) Pollution of soil, air and water changes the habitat quality and may
reduce or eliminate sensitive species.
(vi) Mining activities add to the pollution of air and water and threaten
the survival of the animals in the nearby areas.
(vii) Over – exploitation: The natural resources are exploited by human
for monetary gains. Indiscriminate killing of animals for different
purposes has resulted in their reduction. as follow:
the population of tigers and many other animals has decreased
considerably due to poaching also, over fishing, killing animals for their
fur, birds killing for their delicious meat.
(viii) Introduction of exotic/foreign species in an area threaten the
survival of existing natural biodiversity; e.g., water hyacinth clogs rivers
and lakes and threatens the life of many aquatic species in our country.

ENDANGERED SPECIES
• You have already learnt about
• The various reasons due to which our biodiversity is under
constant threat.
• Let us know about some of the plants and animals which have
already become extinct or are going to be extinct from the
earth surface.
• The species, which have already disappeared, are called the
extinct species and the phenomenon of disappearance is
known as the extinction.
• Another category of species called
• endangered species are those which have been reduced in
number to a critical level and facing a high risk of extinction in
the near future.
 Extinction of species
Extinction can be classified into three types:

(1) Natural Extinction: It is also known as background extinction. The

environmental factors have been changing slowly and the species which

fail to adapt to the changing environment get eliminated.

(2) Mass extinction: This resulted from natural disaster.

(3) Anthropogenic extinction: The population explosion in recent times has

resulted in deforestation on a large scale that not only the flora, but also

the fauna are under a lot of pressure. The disappearance of the natural

habitat and poaching on a large scale is resulting in extinction of several

species of the wild life.

• The World Conservation Union, formerly

International Union for the Conservation of
Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) has
enlisted endangered plants and animals in the
Red Data Book. This union established 5 main
conservation categories as follow: extinct,
endangered, vulnerable, rare and insufficient
known species. Threatened species include
those which are endangered, vulnerable and
rare in IUCN categories.
 Conservation of Biodiversity
Now you have an idea of the importance of biodiversity for our
survival and how it is destroyed. Let us know how to protect the
biodiversity. There are two basic strategies for conservation of
biodiversity:
(i) In-situ conservation
(ii) Ex-situ conservation
(i) In-situ (on site): This is the conservation of genetic resources
through their maintenance within natural or man made ecosystems
(protected areas) in which they occur. Protected areas are areas of
land or sea dedicated to protection and maintenance of biodiversity.
For example: e.g., National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere
Reserves, etc.
(ii) Ex-situ (off site) conservation is the conservation of plants and
animals outside their natural habitats. These include Botanical
Gardens, Zoo, Gene Banks, DNA Banks, Seed Banks, Pollen Banks,
Seedling and Tissue Culture etc.

In-situ conservation

In-situ conservation of wildlife is a comprehensive

system of protected area.
There are different categories of protected areas
which are managed with different objectives for
brining benefits to the society. They include:
• National parks
• Sanctuaries
• Biosphere reserves
• Natural reserve
• National Monuments
• Cultural landscapes.
 Natural reserve
• Fully enclosed nature reserve to ensure the
continuation of natural balance without
exposing the area to interference.

National Monuments
• Protected areas are protected a milestone
(forested forest).

Cultural landscapes protected area

• Protected areas of the aesthetic nature.
• ‫ﻣﺣﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺎطﻖ اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ ذات اﻟطﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬

Natural resources protected area

• General protection for the conservation of resources for
future uses on a sound planning basis.
‫• اﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺣﻔظ اﻟﻣﺻﺎدر ﻟﻼﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻻت اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس و ﺗﺧطﯾط ﺳﻠﯾم‬
 Natural parks
No one is allowed to use the resources in the
Natural parks and they are dedicated to
educational and recreational purposes where
they have stunning views

Sanctuaries
They are meant for the conservation of animals only.
Operations such as harvesting of timber, collection of
minor forest products and private ownership rights are
allowed but without disturb the animals.
e.g. Society For The Protection Of Animal Rights In Egypt.

Biosphere reserves
• Preserving vital groups for the present and the
future within a natural ecosystem and maintain
the genetic variation on which evolution
depends.
• They are protected areas in which humans are a
part of the system.
• Biosphere reserves are areas comprising
terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems. Each
reserve promotes solutions reconciling the
conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable
use.
 ‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻣﺤﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺣﯿﻮي ؟‬
‫ﻣﺣﻣﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﯾط اﻟﺣﯾوي ھﻲ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻣواﻗﻊ ﺗم اﻧﺷﺎءھﺎ ﻣن‬
‫ﻗﺑل اﻟﺑﻼد وﻣﻌﺗرف ﺑﮭﺎ ﻣن اﻟﯾوﻧﺳﻛو) ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻻﻣم اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة‬
‫ﻟﻠﺗرﺑﯾﺔ واﻟﻌﻠم واﻟﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫وﻣن ﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻣﺣﯾط اﻟﺣﯾوي ﺗﻌزﯾز اﻟﺣﻠول اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗوﻓّﻖ ﺑﯾن‬
‫اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣﺳﺗدام و ﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻧوع اﻟﺣﯾوي واﻟﻣﺻﺎدر اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﯾوﺟد ﺣﺎﻟﯾﺎ ً ‪ ٥٨٠‬ﻣﺣﻣﯾﺔ ﻣﺣﯾط ﺣﯾوي ﻓﻲ ‪ ١١٤‬دوﻟﺔ ﺣول‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻤﻤﯿﺰ واﻟﻤﮭﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻂ اﻟﺤﯿﻮي؟‬

‫ﺗﺣﻘﻖ ﻣﺣﻣﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﯾط اﻟﺣﯾوي ﺛﻼث ﻣﮭﺎم رﺋﯾﺳﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺳﺎھم ﻣﺣﻣﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﯾط اﻟﺣﯾوي ﻓﻲ ﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺎظر‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ واﻟﻣواﺋل واﻟﻧظم اﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ واﻟﺗﻧوع اﻟﺣﯾوي‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻌزز ﻣﺣﻣﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﯾط اﻟﺣﯾوي اﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﻋن طرﯾﻖ زﯾﺎدة اﻟدﺧل اﻟﻣﺳﺗدام اﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺎ ً وﺛﻘﺎﻓﯾﺎ ً‬
‫وﺑﯾﺋﯾﺎ ً‪.‬‬
‫اﻟدﻋم اﻟﻠوﺟﯾﺳﺗﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﻣﻖ ﻣﺣﻣﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﯾط اﻟﺣﯾوي ﻓﮭﻣﻧﺎ ﻟﻠﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗداﻣﺔ ﻣن ﺧﻼل دﻋم اﻟﺑﺣوث واﻟﻣراﻗﺑﺔ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗوﯾﯾن اﻟﻣﺣﻠﻲ واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ‪ .‬وﺑﻌﺑﺎرة أﺧرى‪ ،‬ﻣﺣﻣﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﯾط‬
‫اﻟﺣﯾوي ﺗﻌﻧﻰ ﺑﻛل ﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﺎﻋد اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﺔ وﯾﺳﺎﻋد اﻟﻧﺎس ﻓﻲ اﻟوﻗت‬
‫ذاﺗﮫ‪.‬‬
 Biosphere reserves
Biosphere reserves have three interrelated zones that aim to
fulfil three complementary and mutually reinforcing functions:
1. The core area(s) comprises a strictly protected ecosystem
that contributes to the conservation of landscapes,
ecosystems, species and genetic variation.
2. The buffer zone surrounds or adjoins the core areas, and is
used for activities compatible with sound ecological practices
that can reinforce scientific research, monitoring, training
and education.
3. The transition area is the part of the reserve where the
greatest activity is allowed, fostering economic and human
development that is socio-culturally and ecologically
sustainable.