ever-changing under the influence of the “verte Wuwidh 20 goeters- hgh alh tude J uduswooker Ar vag © fond aLtad n this chapte! face are n the earth's sut The landforms on following two forces: (o Endogenetic (or intemal) forces (ii) Exogenetic (or external) forces. ty the effects of endogenetic forces ir ‘These forces are generated in the interior of the earth. Mountains, plateaus and plains are formed under the influence of endogenetic forces. They are also responsible for the volcanoes and earthquakes. The powerful internal forces operating from idden. Many areas either rise We will stud) occurrence of within the crust are called earth movements, both slow and s or subside due to the action of these forces. Many important changes have taken place on the surface of the earth under the influence of endogenetic forces. The ‘Gondwanaland’ started breaking about 120 million years ago, ac India drifted towards the north and took its present shape about 60 million years ago. The chain of Himalayan mountains w: s was raised to ent hei , eee its present heights during the The effect of endogenetic proc process is clearly visible in mat 7 : any parts ia e submergence of a forest in Mumbai harbour, the Mahabalipuram on en ae am temple the sea and the sinking of 5,000 sq. km. to now standing it a depth of 4 metres in the Rann of Kachehh ia cee metres high, are some of the India" he discovery of remains of about 9,500 yea 1819 and a land of about 1,500 sq. km. raises examples of the unstable nature of our earth The faulting, «diastro} of years. coast of the peal submer such m positior The wide ch each ot advanc Die Th words, there ance of the a nd plains le for the ing from ither rise ler the illion illion ting the ia, The ding in achh in dian year _npoceNOUS PROCESSES AND ASSOCIATED LANDFORMS Endogenetic Processes —_—_——_____1_ Diastrophism, ‘Sudden Forces Volcanoes: Earthquakes: | eroengbe raves (Comments Tana) Orogonetc Fores (Hoey (aE ae upward Downsard Compression Teron ro Lsconad (Folds) (Faults) old civilization in January, 2002 in the Gulf of Khambhat shows that this was a land area ‘which submerged under the sea water at a later stage. Endogenetic processes are renced by many endogenetic forces which are cla influ sified as under ‘A. DIASTROPHISM The forces which have disturbed or deformed the earth’s crust, including folding, faulting, uplift and depression are known as diastrophic forces and the process is known as Vegetation, A lage variety of forests and grasses grow 07 he ‘mountains which they also provide raw materials for ased many forest provide rich timber and pastures industries such as paper, synthetic fibres, sports 8 woods, furniture, match-box, lac, plywood 4 in the rocks of mount jems, lead, copper Minerals, Many minerals are found gold, silver, mica, ‘biained from the mountains are coal, iron Ore 'ypsum, and mineral oil, id have thelr sources in the mountains." are permanent source of vers coming 4. Rivers, All larger rivers of the wor perennial rivers originating from the snoweovered OURS TS ater and form fone aluvil plains. The northern pln of India is for ‘tom the Himalayas. emed by world have been hamessed to produce nydro: hakra-Nangal dam isi apan, Italy, Norway ace lnito-lecticty, Many rivers in the lectricty by constructing dams across them B The i - industrial development in North Americ® i ‘important example. sweden, ete largely nd is upon hydro-electrcity \d for health. Many ¥s, Shimla, sin the eal heat of the plains ourist resort peatttlth and ‘Tourist Resort > evs stations during the summer oe ainital, Mussoori, S F a " soori, Srinagar, Darling, ete: ar im alas, The maaimunn tourist profession isin te nile of to escape the portant health and t switzerland15¢ GEOGRAPHY vpundaries between differ, z man from outside invasions. effective. P rer isnot absolute scientific age, lopment of agricul 1 develop) : i slopes through terraces ‘on hill slopes fable for hig sly irrigated ng better transpon 0 P.G. Worcester, “The HS! ler, “A plateau isan upland surface at Of the sca ges ia lange e nes. It is this | e ted h topography into But plateaus of elevation alon The goose mOceseee scions are much hig pase es are lower than any pistenes above sea-level goo met veri at height ssi ion of Plateaus A gsification fos en ata can sieuab9tfieation of the plates eee gus are usually Fs antermontane Plat Cn oF folly enclosed | part jmtane plateaus, The seer, such a8 Ube (i Piedmont Platea fountain, they are bounde Gran ocean. The plateaus Appalachia in United St cont plateaus. The Mi To this class. These are als rly high have now be Ai Copsinensal Pas sides. They are the result South Aftica, West Austral liGportant examples of cor Sometimes a plain or India, plateaus of Kaimu Plateau of Pakistan also fé A lava plateau is for th fensive land surface. 1 his type of plateau The! ‘gin depth from 1, Deccan, The Sn160 GEOGRAPHY, ries between differe, eny » Boundaries Of Spay, boundaries based g, pir significance in the side invasions. Those Jong been protecteg ely effective. Passe tific age, mountaing 962 is a livin, mote hilly terrain, ment of agriculture es through terraced hill slopes only ble for high value nsely irrigated and ion of the natural g better transport In contrast to ace. Its sides are mountains. It is, The plateaus are long the sides of upland surface, ick or lava flows tones. It is this, ined or a tilted Deccan Plateau. 15 and streams opography into more than the . But plateaus on alone. The { respectively. lll, yous PROCESSES AND ASSOCIATED LANDFORMS 00 ns are much higher than man jain any mountains of the worl. On th 2 slower than the plains. Fore Jn the other han are lower than the plains. For example, the Appalachian Pedment tee above sea-level whereas the Great Plain of North America in thew ris ata height of 1,500 metres above sea-level eee, aa rosa sign metres ssisPP Jaton of Patents spaugpnteas con be dasiNed onthe bass oftheir [STAN WERE ‘SToasication of the plateau is situation, Following three Leta \ | plateaus are usually recognised on thé bass of their Ton Fig 512) | Ji reeiiy enclosed by mountains are known as | /\ TEMSMT Pe barortane plateaus The highest and extensive plateaus | Fee word, such as Tibet, Bolivia and Mexico are ofthis ae eee category. ‘CONTINENTAL | we PLATEAU AaPledmont Plateaus. Situated at the foot of a Ga | funtzn, they are bounded on the opposite side by a plain |sea / =| ran ocean. The plateaus of Patagonia in Argentina and the [= = Appalachia in United States are important examples of — FG. “Types of plateaus ednont plateaus. The Malwa plateau of India also belongs Tots cass, These are also called the plateaus of denudation because areas which were ‘omety high have now been reducein elevation by various agents of erosion. ‘These plateaus are surrounded by sea or plains from all the sides They are the result of continental uplift and are quite vast. The plateaus of Braz South Africa, West Australia, South India, Greenland, Antarejic and Arabian peninsula are saniples of contineital plateaus ‘ontinental Plates Sometimes a plain or a low-lying area is vertically uplifted and gives rise 10 8 plateau, In ln, plateaus of Kaimur, Rohtas, Ranchi and Karnataka are of this type. The, Porwar Plateau of Pakistan also falls in this category : the interior ofthe earth covers an accumulation, Maharashtra has the origins phy “spe of plateau, The horizontal sheets of lava flow have ‘Trapped the origi i eae = Ying in depth from 1,200-1,500 metres over large parts of Maharashtra andhe é ue ‘ Win Deccan, The Snake River plateau in north-west United States, Antrim P| Spake Ree orth “Rem sland are also good examples of such Volcanic plateaus. ee Alava plateau is formed when lava erupting from eensiv : ‘sive land surface. This is also known as plateau of tis typ1c GEOGRAPHY, cies MAN ry 9% of world’s POPUlatiog arson of eat eaus is higher a rant 3% density in the pleats aa great extent Whig lation density ance te HU Plateaus cO¥ fear thatthe population det 1 in the plains ints aa Plateaus in noe an hate vm the following Pol rae re climatcaly coment rae For long the ges Pats vs ’ eatte and practise plants se yah reason he world are surrounded by ly arid or semi: eas in the tropical zone DECaUse enient fis in tropical regions have PrOvideg lateaus in tr ction agriculture. The benefits are sti rast Africa and Brazil. is cle 1. Climate. Plateaus al conve their Cool elim ‘coolness for Europeans 1 plateau dwvel lateaus of t the mountains or are hey are climaticall rid lands. Theip they are climatica lands. they at olor gation. But some platen hr 1 to agriculture. The Deccan Plateau of India ang soils and their climate is suited fer os an te south America are such plateaus. The voteanic soil of the Deccan Colombia Plateau of South America a and is especially useful for the cultivation of cotton. being enjoyed by fod ird side. Hence, Jocatef'on theit leewat hard rocks do not permit the use of can Plateau is quite fertile 3, Minerals.(Plateaus are regarded as storehouses of minerals’) They are normally ade up of 01d rocks which are quite rich in mineral resources. The Chotanagpur plateau is composed of granite and gneiss and has large deposits of coal, iron ore, manganese bausite lime stone, dolomite and many more minerals. This is the richest area of India from minerals point of view and is known as ‘mineral heartland of India’. The West Australian Plateau provides large quantities of gold, silver and manganese. 2 Brazilian Plateau is known for its iron ore and manganese whereas Bolivian Plateau is famous for its tin deposits, Tungsten, antimony, coal, copper, silver, et 7 Yunan Plateau of China . et een ae eel 4. Transport. Most of the plateaus are com surface. The dep river valleys and swift ow of transportation. Plateaus of Brazil, Bolivie Progress du to ack of transport in spite ot is level land, roads have been built by soneisealy available inthe pl 5. Grazing. Many plate has led ( Targe scale grazin are important grazing area posed of hard rocks and have undulating water in the rivers do not encoyrage watet and Shan could not make much economic heir vast mineral t mineral deposits. But wherever there ecause necessary buil a 'Y building material in the shape of aus have arid or sem ng in these areas. P s where sheep and 6. Hydro-electrcity. The Plateaus. rims made possible 7. Population. tt} 7 has already be than the i han the Braths, This is du aid climate where ’atagonia, Turkey Boats are reared only grass grows. This and South African plateaus ata large scale, rivers have Steep edges of a number of ‘plains have [ow ‘plains are lowlar the term ‘plain’ | Jocal relief less t Most plains of the others may be located cast of Mississippi riv evel to the west of th above sea-level) near in Punjab. The Kash level. Aessification of PI Plains can be cli classified on the ba tion of plain Structural Plains Pene Plains -— Alluvial Plains by de Structural Pi °Y the uplift of the edmont Pi; extensive Pl lowlands. “NS of USA and thPHY—x pulation, jountaing ent which ecause of provided S are still ins or are ids. Their eaus have India and e Deccan normally plateau is anganese, a of India ‘The West Plateau is und in the undulating yrage water economic srever there ne shape of grows. This ‘an plateaus number of ly populated ortation al ple. In som? | conditions CESSES AND ASSOCIATED LANDFORMS: of nous PRO ary gat and aJow-Iving land surface with least difference between its highest fats is called a plain. The plains are usually lowlands. The main characteris- areativ ssalove from some important defi supare clea from some important definitions listed below rics of ieee tea eee eee i [prin ave fw role and have more ft and than slope, eee 2 Worcester 4, The tem Local reli ‘eins ae lowlands of ow relief underain by horizontal stat ‘plain’ is applied to all land that is relatively low with respect to sea-level and has @ s less than about 500 feet”. —Finch and Tewartha ‘os plains of the world are flat lowlands, but some of them may be rolling plains while be located at a much higher elevation. A plain may be as low as 30 metres to the the Appalachian range and as high as 1,500 metres above sea- ‘The great northern plains of India are just at tide (6-8 metres fanga river, and attain an average of 200 metres height others may’ ‘qstof Mississippi river near Jevel to the west of the river. above sea-level) near the mouth of G tn Punjab. The Kashmir lake plain reaches an average height of 1,700 metres above sea- level Ke ification of Plains Plans can be classified according to their position and surface relief but are better cisifed on the basis of their mode of formation. The following chart clarifies the classification of plains = =] | Piaine bergen eee eee pra Drift Lacustrine Loess: Coastal ae i ; Structural Plains. These are also known as coastal plains and are normally formed © uplift of the continental shelf (The co! astal plain lying betw nthe Appalachian Uplige Plateau and the Atlantic coast of south-eastern United States A ao ‘Ta oastl plain} The Malabar Coastal Plain of India is also ee eaten shell. On the other hand, there ate structurally depressed are Te great atte lowlands, Such plains include the great plains of Russian platform, insof ‘USA and the Central lowlands of Australia.{50 GEOGRAPHY [os] si rructional plains’. They by, s desiructional plat ba cal plains a 1 Plans, sep onal so krown a ied auch as a Mountain, a *aecdansrecrunsweca man aac work oe HE re safety are of the following tyPe faces, wid re. ace TONE Tongs te he med as 4 7 re ississippi basin a sort of plain. ny evelled down into a P sr etasa peneplatn. Residues Of hay ronadnocks Paris basin, upper part of M examples of peel ar ee cet gan anda Keer Aa TOPHRE. The plain of Yugostvy entul, Tennessee and Florida in USA, che Cuban pig Sex cont, plane of Kentucky, Te seta oSanh ae examples of at plas solves rocks in a limestone area, Thy, round water dis (i) Desert Plain. These plains re formed due to erosional work of wind in the dese wees. Part of Sahara in Aca are wind-eroded plains 3. Deposiona Plans. Also known as constructional pains, the de farmed aa result of deposition ofthe material in lowlands such a de dane st Pes ofthe world ace depositional plana The deposi ese te cies, wind, ea waves and volenie eruptions Poll ‘pero depositona plans depending upon thea positional plains ae pressions, lakes and ional work is mainly lowing are the chiet gent of deposition (0 Attuviat Plans. The p ail plains. Fine has i Fans or Bhabar, foot oman, Pradesh slong led tec 8 Seostona work of rivers are known a ine wt oe no thre categories ay Paden iam 2 (9 Deka Pan When heey ey ie ans Penal Tinos ot on parle. When is deposited nong 'xensive flood plains like , Tete Alluvial posited at the in Uttarakhan id and Uttar tho @ of north Bihar idle course of great rivers, econ er dng ode Ths pected The great loads of sediments are ie Ganga under favourable’ Then aise formed slong thes th the Huang He Plain of Nox mit Plans in the Indion tment Chia net Pins or Lombardy Subcontinent amples of some of they alluvial po **4Y in north Haly and ann Plans, The plains formed by e 7 faces rc aes gg hey een the depentnn 2§ o thee “Ormed by the do Positic of formation (a) Position " underneath the mation ( Metal ofthe ace Go ©) Marginal moraines “4 Outwash plains, ave been a ous PROCESSES 8 - gactoftuvial sil by te forth-west Eur foe rth of ha oxi Plains. 2 rine gn ecu “cnsacine pai. rat his type. The ;ad thick populat uteure a atc ss kne 2 () Coastal Plains. The c ich drive the beach mate Sad flats and tidal lowlar Netherlands and of Palestine (vi Lava Plains. When area and forms a lava plain. PLAINS AND MAN Plains have influenced | the dawn of civilization. Ma called ‘cradles of civilization (® Agriculture. Plains a Inigation is e: world’s asily done by agricultural produc earth's land surface The tn the Nie Riv. ( Transport. Plains roads and railw, ays. There is India. The density of tran negligibly small in the Hin lain areas, iid) pg (io) Inet scaleSC GEOGRAPHY, 1 plains’ They hay, asa mountain, a hy ound water and ge, ,asort of plain, The in Residues Of hang f Russia are goog pestone area. Thig plain of Yugoslavia 4, the Cuban plain ice in the ice age uplands on a large ains are found in wind in the desert sitional plains are essions, lakes and nal work is mainly ving are the chief vers are known as Piedmont Alluvial s deposited at the akhand and Uttar se of great rivers. ‘of sediments are 2 mouths of rivers an subcontinent n north Italy and ers are known a of formation (a) farginal moraines plains have bee noceSseS AND ASSOCIATED LANDFORMS, = jovial sils starting from the end of the melting ice. The plain ne oa 1 plains of No avyine 8 y-west Europe are drift plains. Ladakh has a glacial plain to the cate oO ot vo ‘roth of Chang Chenmo river. ‘ : ; 3 rine Pains: Depoiion of sediments nak basin gives is old ie «2 ae lhe Valley of Kashi the inp sn nthe Manipur paca ini ype. The fertile soll ofthese areas have made them areas of good population within mountains. camara seen as Plains Loes plans are formed by the depositional work of wind, Winds carry particles known as ess from barren surfaces of interior deserts to the The loess plains are found along normal margins of west Rajasthan, and non-westem China. ay fine dust ‘aeining 2762S pussan Turkstan ip coat! Plains. The coastal plains are formed due to depositional work of sea waves sgh drive the beach material landward. I results inthe formation of marine swamps, its and tidal lowlands. A good portion of the coastal plains of Belgium, the a aterands and of Palestine are examples of plains emerging asa result of deposition. (x Lava Plains, When the lava erupting out of volcano is thin, it spreads over a vast sraand forms a lava plain. Plains have influenced man to a great extent, Man has been living in the plains since te dawn of civilization. Many old civilizations developed in the plains and they are often alled ‘cradles of civilization’. Man draws following benefits from the plains @ iculture. Plains are flat and fertile areas which are ideally suited for agriculture. lrigation is easily done by canals, wells and tube-wells. It is estimated that about 85% of world's agricultural produce is obtained from the plains whereas they occupy only 41% of ‘arth’s land surface, The Indo-Gangetic plain, the Huang He Plain, the Mississippt Plain, the Nile River Plain are some of the outstanding examples of fertile agricultural pli (i Transport. Plains are flat areas and provide ideal locations for the construction of roads and railways, There is a dense network of roads and railways in the northern plain of India. The density of transport routes is less in the Peninsular Plateau area and it is negligibly small in the Himalayan region, Water transport is also more developed in the plain areas, .e world, About 90% of the ans of transport and the tration of word Puation, Plains are most densely populated areas of the ls P Population lives in plains. The rich fertile soils, easy mes rapid populgnn’,°f industrialisation and urbanisation have led (0 high concent ston in the Plains, (tin industries “sale Bowth of ina yy transport system have led to large High population density and eas! lation provides lustries in the plains. The high concentration of popueNouS PROC! IscG@EOGRAPHY—x1 _ADOGEN cheap labour and ready market. Cheap and efficient transport materials to the manufacturing centre and the finishe plains badly lack in mineral resources and have to be mountains (») Urbanisation. Much of world’s urbanisation has also take because favourable condition for the growth of urban area: xcs :s | VERY SHORT-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ‘mountainous country has Which type of tandtorm Which type of lanato Diastrophism and sudden forces.