Q. 3. What was the main aim of the French Revolutionaries?

Ans. The main aim of French revolutionaries was to liberate the people of France and also the
people of Europe from despotism and to establish nation- state inder common people's rule.
Q. 9. What is an Allegory? State any one example ?

Ans. Allegory means when an abstract idea for instance; greed, envy, freedom, liberty is
expressed through a person or a thing. It is symbolic.
Ex:- Statue of liberty, Marianne, Germania etc.
Q. 1. Describe any three economic hardship faced by Europe in the 1830s?

Ans. Economic hardship faced by Europe in the 1830s :

i) Rapid increase in Population was seen all over Europe. In most of countries there were more
seekers of jobs than employment. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in
over crowed slums.

ii) Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap
machine made goods from England.

iii) In Europe, where the aristocracy still enjoyed power , peasants struggled under the burden of
feudal dues and obligations.

iv) The rise of food prices as a result of bad harvest led to wide spread pauperism in town and
country.
Q. 2. What were the major proposals of the Vienna congress?

Ans. In 1815 the European powers met at Vienna and tried to transform all the changes that
came about in Europe during Napoleon's era.

The four major proposals features of the Vienna congress were

i) The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution was restored to
power and France lost the territories it had annexed.

ii) A series of states were setup on the boundaries of France to prevent the French expansion in
future. Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the North
and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the South.

iii) Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given
control of Northern Italy.
iv) The German Confederation of 39 states that had been setup by Napoleon was left
untouched.
Q. 4. Describe any three conditions that led to the formation of the British Nation state.
Ans.
The condition that led to the formation of the British Nation state were:

i) The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones- such as
English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political
traditions. But as the English Nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power it was able
to extend its influence over the other Nations of the islands.

ii) The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a
protected conflict, was the instrument through which a nation state, with England at its centre,
came to forged.

iii) The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the '
United Kingdom of Great Britain' meant, in effect that England was able to impose its influence
on Scotland. The British Parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members.
Q. 5. Why was the Napoleonic rule over other regions unpopular with some sections of
Europe?

Ans. Initially the French Armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty. But the initial
enthusiasm soon turned to hostility. Because people gradually understood that new
administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom.

The four factors which seemed to outweigh the advantages of administrative changes are

i) Increased taxation on people.

ii) Strict censorship on printing media and books.

iii) Forced recruitment into French armies to satisfy its imperialist ambition.

iv) Restrictions on Freedom.

. 7. Mention three features of the painting of Frederic Sorriau.

Ans. The features are;

i) Men and women walking across the statue of liberty offering homage.

ii) Statue of liberty has a torch of enlightenment and Charter of the Rights of man.
iii) On the Earth lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions.
Q. 8. How did Napoleonic trade benefited the businessman and small scale producers?

Ans. Businessman and small scale producers of goods, in particular began to realise that
uniform laws , standardised weight and measures and a common national currency would
facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.
Q. 2. "Ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe were closely allied to the
ideology of Liberalism".Analyse the statement.

Ans. In early nineteenth century in Europe, the idea of national unity were closely allied to the
ideology of Liberalism. It can be analysed in the following ways.

i) For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and quality of all
before the law. Liberals stressed the Inviolability of private property.

ii) Politically liberalism emphasised the Concept of government by consent. Since French
Revolution, liberalism meant the end of autocracy and clerical privileges and tried to establish a
representative government through Parliament and a Constitution for all.

iii) France first experiment the liberal democracy, thus the right to vote and get elected
were granted, but only for the property owning men. Throughout the nineteenth centuries
women and non-propertied men organised movements demanding political rights for all.

iv) In 1834 , a customs union Or Zolleverin was formed by Prussia and most of the German
states joined.

V) They abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
This wave of economic nationalism initiated by the liberals strengthened the wider nationalist
sentiments at that time
Q. 4. Who hosted ' Vienna Congress' in 1815? Analyse the main changes brought by the
Vienna Treaty.

Ans. The Vienna Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor " Duke Metternich. "
The main causes of the Treaty of Vienna signed in 1815 were:

I) The Bourbon dynasty which had been deposed during French Revolution was restored to
power.

II) France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.

III) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French extension in
future.
IV) kingdom of the Netherlands, included Belgium was set up.

V) Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers.

Q. 3. Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. Justify the statement?

Ans. Power sharing is the spirit of Democracy because

I) It helps to reduce the conflict between social groups.

II) It is a good way to ensure the stability of the political order.

III) Here, people have the right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. Thus a legitimate
government is one where citizens, through participation, acquire a stake in the system.
Q. 5. Differentiate between horizontal and vertical division of powers?

Ans. Horizontal Division of power:-

i) In this division, power sharing arrangement, power is shared among different organs of
government such as legislature, executive and judiciary.

ii) In this, division different organs of government exercise different powers. It is a concept of
separation of power.

iii) It specific the concept of checks and balances in order to check the unlimited power of the
different organs.

Vertical Division of power:-

i) In this division, power sharing arrangements ,

Power is shared among governments at different levels like union, state and local level.

ii) In this division Constitution clearly lays down the power of the different levels of government.

iii) In this division, there is no concept of check and balance because powers are clearly divided
among higher and lower level.

Q. 4. Which values are associated with the idea of power sharing in any country?

Ans. The values are associated with the idea of power sharing in any country are;

i) It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups and bring peace in the
society.

ii) It ensures that stability of political orders.

iii) It is the very spirit of democracy. Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public policies.
iv) Reservation of seats for women in the local self- government under power sharing leads
to women empowerment.
Q. 5. Why was Brussels chosen as the headquarters during the formation of European
Union?

Ans. Brussels chosen as the headquarter during the formation of Europe Union because;

i) The Belgian leaders recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural
diversities.

ii) Between 1970 and 1993, they amended their Constitution four times, so as to work out an
arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country.

iii) This arrangement was different from any other country and was very innovative, such as
they put the equal number of ministers in the central government from Dutch and French
speaking both.

Q. No. 6) Which provisions of Indian Constitution make India a full-fledged

federation?
Or,
Mention any five main features which make India a federal country.
Ans. The following are the five provisions that make India a federal country:
• Two or more levels of government: India has three levels of
government (Centre, State, and Local levels).
• Three lists: The powers are divided between the Centre and the States
by three lists – Union list, State list, and Concurrent list.
• Rigid Constitution: The fundamental provisions of the Constitution
cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such
changes require the consent of both levels of government.
• Financial Autonomy: The revenue sources of both the Centre and States
have been clearly defined, which ensures financial autonomy to both
the Centre and the State.
• Independent Judiciary: The Supreme Court has been given the power
to settle disputes between different levels of government.
Q. No. 8) “Indian Constitution has a unitary bias.” Support the statement with
examples.
Ans.
• The power-sharing arrangement between the union and the state given
in the Constitution of India clearly distributes power between the two.
In this sense, it is federal but the system becomes unitary when the
residuary power rests with the union.
• The Constitution did not use the word ‘Federation’ but it has the
division of powers into a three-tier system of the central government,
the state government, and the local governments.
• Each level of the government has its own jurisdiction to legislate. But
we have a centralized federation in which the Union government carries
 more powers than the state governments. The Union government has
97 subjects, whereas State, as well as Concurrent lists, have less number
of subjects.
Q. No. 9) ‘Independence of the Judiciary is the key to the success of federalism.’
Examine the statement.
Ans.
• The judiciary with the Supreme Court at the apex is the sole interpreter
of the Indian Constitution.
• It plays a pivotal role in overseeing the implementation of
constitutional provisions and procedures.
• In case of any dispute about the division of powers, the High Courts
and the Supreme Court make a decision.
Q. No. 10) Why has federalism succeeded in India? Which were the policies
adopted by India that ensured this success? Explain.
Ans. The success of federalism in India can be attributed to the nature of democratic
politics in our country. This ensured that the spirit of federalism, respect for diversity,
and desire for living together became shared ideals in our country.
The policies adopted by India that ensured this success are:

• Linguistic states: Many old states have vanished and many new states
have been created. Areas, boundaries, and names of the states have
been changed. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the
same language lived in the same state. Some states were created to
recognize differences based on culture, ethnicity, or geography.
• Language policy: Indian constitution did not give the status of national
language to any one language. Hindi was identified as the official
language. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognized as
Scheduled Languages by the Constitution. States too have their own
official languages.
• Centre-State relations: Restructuring Centre-State relations have
strengthened federalism in practice. After 1990, there was a rise of
many regional political parties and it was the era of coalition
governments at the center. This led to a new culture of power sharing
and respect for the autonomy of state governments.
• Decentralization: In 1992, the Constitution was amended to make the
third tier of democracy more powerful and effective. The local
government includes Panchayats in villages and municipalities in urban
areas.
Q. No. 12) What is decentralization in democracy? What are the advantages of
decentralization in democracy?
Ans. Decentralization: When power is taken away from central and state government
and given to local government it is called decentralization.
The advantages of decentralization in a democracy are:
 • The basic idea behind decentralization is that there are a large number
of problems and issues which are best settled at the local level. People
have better knowledge of problems in their localities.
• They know better where to spend money and how to manage things
efficiently.
• Besides, at the local level, it is possible for people to directly participate
in decision-making. This helps to inculcate a habit of democratic
participation.
Q. No. 15) “Local governments have made a significant impact on Indian
democracy. At the same time, there are many difficulties.” Explain.
Ans. Impact of local self-government on Indian democracy:
• Constitutional status for local government has helped to deepen
democracy in our country.
• It has increased women’s representation and voice in our democracy.
Difficulties:
• Elections are not held regularly and enthusiastically.
• Gram Sabhas are not held regularly.
• Most state governments have not transferred significant powers to the
local governments.
• Local governments are not given adequate resources.