M.

Prakash Institute
Summer Workshop for STD VIII

(Mathematics)
Workshop Lecture 1 M. Prakash Institute
1. State and prove Ptolemy’s theorem.
2. State and prove converse of Ptolemy’s theorem.
3. Let P be any point on minor arc BC of circumcircle of equilat-
eral 4ABC. Let P A ∩ BC = {D}.
(i) Prove P B + P C = P A.
1 1 1
(ii) Prove + = .
PB PC PD
4. Let P be any point on minor arc AE of circumcircle of regular
pentagon ABCDE.
Prove P A + P C + P E = P B + P D.
5. Using Ptolemy’s theorem prove Pythagoras theorem.
6. Let O be circumcenter of 4ABC . Let D, E, F be feet of per-
pendiculars drawn from P on to BC, CA, AB respectively.
(i) Prove OD + OE + OF = r + R if 4ABC is acute.
(ii) Prove −OD + OE + OF = r + R if m∠A > 90.
Exercise: Consider cyclic ‘n’gon. Perform complete triangulation
such that all the diagonals are non intersecting. Prove that sum of
all the in-radii of these triangles is constant and is not dependent
on the way triangulation is carried out.
7. Consider 4ABC. Let 4P AB, 4QBC, 4RCA be the equilat-
eral triangles constructed on sides AB, BC, CA respectively.
(i) Prove P C ∼= QA ∼ = RB.
(ii) Prove P C, QA, RB are concurrent. The point of concurrency
is called Farmat’s Point.
Exercise: Given points P, Q, R which are vertices of equilateral
triangles other than A, B, C. Device a strategy to relocate 4ABC.
Workshop Lecture 2 M. Prakash Institute
1. State and prove Pappus theorem.
2. Using Pappus theorem prove Pythagoras theorem.
3. Prove Pythagoras theorem using Herron’s proof.
4. Prove Pythagoras theorem using inradii and exradii.
5. Complete ‘Leonardo Da Vinci’ proof of Pythagoras theorem.
Workshop Lecture 3 M. Prakash Academy
Proof of Pythagoras theorem by Euclid.
* Define similarity between two polygons.
* Extend the area theorem of triangles to polygons.
[P ] [P 0 ]
* Express it in the form 2 = 02 .
a a
* Is this true for :
(i) Equilateral Triangle.
(ii) Semicircle.
(iii) Regular polygons.
(iv) Similar polygons.
* Consider any 4ABC. Draw similar polygons Pa , Pb , Pc on a, b, c
respectively.
[Pa ] [Pb ] [Pc ]
Prove that 2 = 2 = 2
a b c
* Revise them on equal ratio.
[Pa ] + [Pb ] [Pc ]
* Deduce 2 2
= 2
a +b c
* Note if 4ABC is right angled with ∠C = 90 then
PT ⇒ a2 + b2 = c2 .
That is, in the above equation denominators are equal hence nu-
merators must be equal. We get, [Pa ] + [Pb ] = [Pc ].
* Consider 4ABC with ∠C = 90.
Conversely if for some similar figures we can prove that [Pa ]+[Pb ] =
[Pc ] then a2 + b2 = c2 .
This will be a new proof of PT.
Recall proof by Pythagoras.
Theme:
Find out all the statements equivalent to a given statement. To
prove the given statement it is enough to prove any one of them.
Obviously prove that statement which you find simplest.
How do we go about applying this theme to find one more proof of
PT.
Which shape should we use?
Or is square the simplest?
One more important considerations.
Do we have to draw these figures on the outside of 4ABC?
Can these be drawn on the same side of 4ABC?
Final Figure...
Workshop Lecture 4 M. Prakash Institute
Length of a curve.
* Limiting value of the sum of the chord lengths as
(1) n becomes arbitrarily large and
(2) the length of the largest chord tends to zero.
Theorem Ratio of circumference of a circle to its diameter is in-
dependent of the choice of the circle (is constant for all circles).
* This ratio is denoted by π.
* What is the value of π?
* Is π rational or irrational?
* We will prove in 12th std that
π2 1 1 1
= 2 + 2 + 2 + ···
6 1 2 3
π 1 1 1 1 1
= − + − + ···
4 1 3 5 7 9
* π is irrational.
* Area of the circle=π.r2 .
Radian Measure:
Thm: An arc of a circle having length equal to its radius subtends
at the center an angle of fixed measure.
Measure of angle in above thm is called one radian.
Measure of circle is 2π radian and straight angle is π radian.
Length of a curve.
How do we define the length of a curve?
We know length of a segment. Let us compare curve length ABC
with st length AB +BC.
Theorem:
(1)s = r.θ... Length of an arc (θ is in radian measure).
(2)A = 12 r2 θ... Area of a sector (θ is in radian measure).
Pr1: ABCD is a square. AB = a. Four quarter circles are drawn
inside square considering each vertex as center. Compute the area
of various regions thus formed. Let P, Q, R, S be the points of in-
tersection of arcs. Prove 2P QRS is a square. Compute area of
square PQRS.
Pr2: Find the area of the regular octagon inscribed in a unit circle.
Pr3: Find the area of the regular octagon having each side equal
to a.
Workshop Lecture 5 M. Prakash Institute
Problem Set:
1 In 4ABC, P QRS is a square inscribed as shown in figure.
Let P Q = k.
A

P S

ha
k

B Q R C
1 1 1
Prove that = + .
k a ha
2 2ABCD is a parallelogram. Let Q be any point on side CD.
←−−
→ ←
−−
→
Let AQ meet BD at P . AQ meet BC at R.
A D

P Q

B C R
1 1 1
Prove that = + .
AP AQ AR
3 2ABCD is a trapezium. Diagonals intersect at M .
Let M N kCD and A-N -D.
A B

N
M

D C
1 1 1
Prove that = + .
MN AB CD
4 4ABC is a general triangle. Let G be the centriod of it. Let P
←
−−
→ ←
−−→
be any point on side AB. Let PG cut AC in Q and BC in R.
A

P G
Q

R
B M C
1 1 1
Prove that = + .
GP GQ GR
5 Three circles with radii a, b, c touch each other and they have a
common direct tangent as shown.

a
b
c
1 1 1
Prove that √ = √ + √ .
c a b
6 4ABC is a an isosceles triangle where AB = AC. BD is angle
bisector. Let CD = x

1 1 1
Prove that = + .
x a c
7 In 4ABC, m∠A = 120. AD is angle bisector. Let AD = ta .
A o
120

ta

B D C
1 1 1
Prove that = + .
ta b c
8 2BEF D is a rhombus inscribed in 4ABC, as shown in the
figure. Let BE = k.
A

D F
c
k

B E a C
1 1 1
Prove that = + .
k a c
1 1 1
9 In regular septagon ABCDEF G, prove that = + .
AB AC AD
Use standard notation in the following problems.
1 1 1 1
10 Prove that = + + .
r r1 r2 r3
1 1 1 1
11 Prove that = + + .
r ha hb hc
2 1 1
12 Prove that = + .
ha r2 r3
Workshop Lecture 6 M. Prakash Institute
Steiner’s Theorem.

I2
L'1
A
I3
r2
I
r3
r
O
D3 B D A' D 1 C

L1 r1

I1
1. Revise in a trapezium.
2ABCD is a trapezium where AB k CD.
Let M be the mid point of AD, N be the mid point of BC,
Q be the mid point of AC, P be mid point of BD.
(1) Prove: M N = 12 (AB + CD).
(2) Prove: P Q = 21 |AB − CD|.
Prove : r1 + r2 + r3 = r + 4R
2. Inscribe an equilateral triangle in a given triangle.
3. Inscribe square in a given triangle.
4. Construct equilateral triangle such that given triangle is in-
scribed in it.
Homework: Given the position of the three points construct the
4ABC.
1. A, B, C.
2. Mid-points of the sides. 3. Feet of the altitudes.
4. I1 , I2 , I3 . 5. I, I2 , I3 . 6. I, I3 , I1 . 7. I, I1 , I2 .
8. I, O, I1 . 9. I, O, I2 . 10. I, O, I3 . 11. O, I1 , I2 .
12. O, I2 , I3 . 13. O, I3 , I1 . 14. P, Q, R of Fermat’s configuration.
 F2

r2

E3
I2
r3 L'1
A L2
I3 E r2
L3 F r r2
r3 I
r3 F3
E2
O D2
D3 B D A' D 1 C
E1
L'3

L'2
L1 r1
F1
r1
r1

I1
Workshop Lecture 7 M. Prakash Institute
* Discussion on the homework.
* Constructions:
(i) One Line and two points.
(ii) Two Lines and one point.
* Discuss first method of each above in class and second method
for homework.
* Construction of direct and transverse tangent to two circles by
method of shrinking and expanding circles.
* Construction:
Construct a touching circle to two given lines and a circle.
Homework:
Revise PT, CPT, EPT, Appolonius Thm, Parallelogram law, Stew-
art’s Thm. Compute the length of angle bisector AD in terms of
a, b, c using two different methods.
In 4ABC,
(i) if AB = AC then prove that medians from B, C are equal and
its converse.
(ii) if AB = AC then prove that altitudes from B, C are equal and
its converse.
(iii) if AB = AC then prove that angle bisectors from B, C are
equal and its converse.
Workshop Lecture 8 M. Prakash Institute
1. Discussion on last homework.
2. OGH Collinearity.
3. If 4ABC ∼ 4P QR and ABkP Q, BCkQR, CAkRP then prove
←
−−
→ ←−−
→ ← −−
→
that AP , BQ , CR are concurrent or are mutually parallel.
Homework:
1.
G
K
R

S IV III F
D
P x M
Q
C
I II
V
E
J
x W
A B
L
I
II
T
X V Z
N
IV
III
U

H Y I
Consider 4ABC.
Given: (i) ∠C = 90, (ii) Square ACDE, Square BCGF , Square
ABIH are drawn as shown in the figure.
(iii) M is center of Square BCGF .
(iv) P QkAB and JKkAH.
(v) QR⊥GC and M S⊥GC.
Prove: (1) 4P RQ ∼
= 4ACB. (2) JK⊥P Q.
(3) M P = M K = M Q = M J = 2c .
(4) P S = 2b , CP = a−b
2
, GP = a+b
2
.
(5) 2CJM P ∼ = 2BQM J ∼ = 2F KM Q ∼
= 2GP M K.
(6) Let W, Z, Y, X be the mid points of AB, BI, IH, HA respec-
tively. Draw W −L−N kCAkY −U −T , Z −F −LkBCkX −N −U .
(7) Complete the proof of PT.
2.
J I
In 4ABC.
C a B D
H E H Given: (i) ∠C = 90.
y
V
z (ii) Square DEF G with
x
K
v
L each side equals b.
b
c
w
(iii) Square DHIJ, Square
x
S T EKLM , Square F N P Q,
Square GRST are drawn
Q
A R G y
F as shown in the figure
z
W
with side a.
N
P (iv) Draw HL, LN , N G, GH.
(v) EK ∩ HL = {V }, GN ∩ P Q = {w}.
Prove: (i)2HLN G is a square with each side equal to c.
(ii) 4HEV ∼= 4GQW .
(iii) 2EM LV ∼
= 2QF N W .
(iv) 4HDG ∼ = 4LKW .
(7) Complete the proof of PT.
3.
H
Consider 4ABC.
G
Given: (i) ∠C = 90,
(ii) Square ACDE, Square CBF G
D
F are drawn as shown in the figure.
C
(iii) Lines ED, F G meet at H.
E (iv) Draw HC.
A K B (v) Let line HC meet AB in k.
Prove: (i) 4ABC ∼ = 4HGC.
(ii) HK⊥AB.
(iii) Compute area of 4ACH using once base AC and then CH.
(iv) Compute area of 4BCH using once base BC and then CH.
(7) Complete the proof of PT.
Workshop Lecture 9 M. Prakash Institute
* Discussion on the homework.
* Homothetic Transformations (HT)
Hom(A, K) : P → P 0 such that AP 0 = kAP .
Prove under HT.
1 L → L0 and LkL0 (Locus type of argument).
2 ∆ → ∆0 similar triangle . All special points are transferred into
corresponding special points of triangle.
3  → 0 such that M → M 0 and AM 0 = kAM , r0 = kr.
4 What happens if k = 1 ?
5 What happens if k = −1 ?
6 What happens if k < 1 ?
7 Hom(G, − 21 ) : ABC → A0 B 0 C 0 = N P C.
Also H → H 0 i.e. O.
Hence give one more proof of OGH Collinearity.
Homework: Without using NPC prove that following four points
are concyclic in each case independently.
1 A0 , B 0 , C 0 , D 2 A0 , B 0 , C 0 , X.
3 X, Y, Z, A0 4 X, Y, Z, D.
5 D, E, F, A0 6 D, E, F, X.
7 B 0 , C 0 , Y, Z is rectangle and m∠C 0 DZ = 90.
Let A∗ is diametrically opposite point and K is point of intersection
of altitude AD and circumcircle.
8 2HBA∗ C is a parallelogram.
9 A0 is a midpoint of HA∗ .
10 X is a midpoint of HA.
11 D is a midpoint of HK.
Workshop Lecture 10 M. Prakash Institute
1 Discussion on the homework.
2 One more proof of NPC using homothetic transformation.
3 The figure shows three circles C1 , C2 , C3 touching two given in-
tersecting lines. C2 touches both C1 and C3 .

C3

C2
C1 S
R
Q
P
Find the relationship between r1 , r2 , r3 .
4 Let D, D1 be the points where incircle, excircle opposite to A of
4ABC touch BC respectively. Let D∗ be the point diametrically
opposite to D on the incircle. Prove A − D∗ − D1 .
Definition: Two n-gons with given correspondence are said to be
similar if and only if their corresponding angle are congruent and
ratios of the corresponding sides are equal.
Theorem: If two n-gons are similar and their corresponding sides
are parallel then the line joining their corresponding vertices are
concurrent.
Homework:
Let ABCD be any quadrilateral. Let P, Q, R, S be the mid points
of AB, BC, CD, DA respectively. Let A0 , B 0 , C 0 , D0 be centroids of
4BCD, 4CDA, 4DAB, 4ABC. Let M, N be the mid points of
AC and BD.

A S D

C'

P N B'

M
R
D'
A'

C
(i) Prove that 2P QRS is a parallelogram.
[P QRS]
(ii) Find the ratio .
[ABCD]
(iii) Prove that perimeter of 2P QRS is length of the sum of the
diagonals of 2ABCD.
(iv) Prove that 2QN SM is a parallelogram.
(v) Prove that 2P M RN is a parallelogram.
(vi) Prove that P R, QS, M N are concurrent.
(vii) Prove that 2A0 B 0 C 0 D0 ∼ 2ABCD.
(viii) Prove that AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 , DD0 are concurrent.
(ix) Prove that the point of concurrency (say K)of (vi) and (viii)
is same.
[A0 B 0 C 0 D0 ]
(x) Find Find the ratio .
[ABCD]
(xi) Prove that [KP AS] + [KRCQ] = [KP BQ] + [KRBS].
Workshop Lecture 11 M. Prakash Institute
1 Discussion on the homework.
2 Recall:
If P is inside the circle then P A · P B = R2 − OP 2 .
If P is outside the circle then P A · P B = OP 2 − R2 .
LB = LI = LC.
L'
A
E

I
C
B
E1

I1

Theorem OI 2 = R2 − 2rR and OI12 = R2 + 2r1 R.

Hint (i) ∆AEI ∼ ∆L0 CL .
(ii) ∆AE1 I1 ∼ ∆L0 CL .
3 P is any point in the plane of 4ABC. G is its centroid. Prove
that P A2 + P B 2 + P C 2 = GA2 + GB 2 + GC 2 + 3P G2 .
Hence find out the point P such that P A2 + P B 2 + P C 2 is mini-
mum.
Also show that OH 2 = 9R2 − (a2 + b2 + c2 ).
4 Given R, r, r1 construct 4ABC.
Homework:
1 4ABC is a right angled triangle with m∠A = 90. AD⊥BC.I, I1 , I2
are incenters of 4ABC, 4DBA and 4DAC respectively. Further
r, r1 , r2 are the radii of their incircles respectively.
A

x
x oo

I
I1
I2

o K x
o x
B D Q C
P
Definition: 4LM N is std if ∠L = ∠B
2
, ∠M = ∠C
2
, m∠N = 135.
Prove:
(1) 4BCI, 4BAI1 , 4ACI2 are std triangles.
(2) 4ABQ, 4ACP are isosceles triangles.
(3) I is circumcenter of 4AP Q.
(4) I is orthocenter of 4AI1 I2 .
(5) 4II1 I2 is std triangle.
(6) AI = I1 I2 .
(7) r2 = r12 + r22 (inradii of 4ABC, 4DBA, 4DAC respectively.)
(8) P I2 ⊥AQ, QI1 ⊥AP and they intersect on AD at K. K is the
orthocenter of 4AP Q.
(9) KII1 I2 is a parallelogram.
(10) Nine point center of 4AP Q is midpoint of I1 I2 .
(11) 4I1 I2 K, 4P QK are std triangles.
(12) 4DI1 I2 ∼ 4ABC .
(13) B, C, I2 , I1 and P, Q, I2 , I1 are concyclic .
(14) ABP I and ACQI are concyclic .
(15) Circles passing through A, B, I1 and A, C, I2 touch at A. Line
AI is common tangent .
2 Construct 4ABC if given
(i) r1 , r2 , r3 (ii) R, r2 , r3 (iii) r, r1 , r2 .
Workshop Homework-12 M. Prakash Institute
1 Prove following theorems:
T1 Quadrilateral has circumcircle if and only if sum of measures of
opposite angles is equal.
T2 Quadrilateral has incircle if and only if sum of lengths of oppo-
site sides is equal.
2. (i) Prove that if two circles touch each other then their centers
and point of contact are collinear. (Discuss both the cases)
(ii) A circle S is drawn with XZ as diameter. M is mid point of
XZ. Y is on XZ. Let XY = 2a and Y Z = 2b. A is mid point of
XY . B is mid point of Y Z. Construct (A, a) and (B, b). Let
perpendicular to XZ at Y meet S at P . Let (C, c) be the circle
which touches (A, a) at U , circle S at V and Y P at W . Draw
CD⊥XZ.

C c

a b
X A DY B Z
M

(i) Compute CM, M D, CD = Y W in terms of a, b, c.

(ii) Apply Pythagoras theorem to 4CM D.
ab
(iii) Prove c = a+b
.
1
(iv) Deduce c
= a1 + 1b .
(v) If a and b are given then give a step by step procedure to con-
struct all the circles.
(vi) Let (E, e) touch circle S, (B, b) and Y P . Find e in terms
of a, b, c.
3. P is a point inside equilateral 4ABC such that P A = 5, P B =
6, P C = 7. let L, M, N be the reflections of point P in BC, CA, AB
respectively.
Find [ABC].
Use following steps as hint only as a last resort.

A
M

N
P

B C

L
(i) Prove 2P AM C is a kite.
(ii) Compute ∠M AN .
(iii) Compute [LM N ].
(iv) Compute [AN BLCM ].
(v) Compute [ABC].
Workshop Lecture 13 M. Prakash Institute
Definition: Let P be any point in the plane of 4ABC.
Let D, E, F be the feet of the altitudes drawn from P on lines
BC, CA, AB respectively. In general, D, E, F are non-collinear.
4DEF is called the pedal triangle generated by P w.r.t. 4ABC.
Can you think of a suitable position of the point P for which pedal
triangle may degenerate into a line?
Indeed A, B, C are such points. Could there be many more such
points?
Can you think of a locus on which all the three points A, B, C lie?
Indeed , the circumcircle of 4ABC is one such locus.
Theorem (Simson Line)
If P is any point on the circumcircle of 4ABC, then the feet of
the altitude drawn from P on lines BC, CA, AB respectively are
collinear.
Converse
If P be any point in the plane of 4ABC such that the feet of the
altitude drawn from P on lines BC, CA, AB are collinear then P
lies on ABC.
Concurrency of three circles:
Consider 4ABC. Draw 4P BC, 4QCA, 4RAB such that
←−−→
(i) P and A are on the opposite side of BC .
←−−
→
(ii) Q and B are on the opposite side of CA .
←
−−→
(iii) R and C are on the opposite side of AB .
If m∠P + m∠Q + m∠R = 180, then prove that,
P BC, QCA, RAB are concurrent.
Concurrency of four circles: Consider 4 lines in a plane which
are in general position. That is no three of these are concurrent or
no two of these are parallel. In this situation these four lines deter-
mine four triangles. Prove that their circumcircles are concurrent.
Hint Construct two of these circles. Let their new point of inter-
section be P . Show that P lies on the other two circles also.
Homework:
In 4ABC, ∠A = 90. Squares BCX1 X2 , CAY1 Y2 , ABZ1 Z2 are drawn
as shown in the figure. Join AZ1 , AY2 , AX1 , AX2 , CZ1 , BY2 . .
Let AX2 ∩ CZ1 = {V }, AX1 ∩ BY2 = {U }, CZ1 ∩ AB = {Q},
BY2 ∩ AC = {P }, AX2 ∩ BC = {F }, AX1 ∩ BC = {E},
AX2 ∩ BY2 = {M }, AX1 ∩ CZ1 = {L}.

Y1

Z2
Y2
S
A
R
P
Z1 U
Q V K
M
L

B F D E C

X2 X1
Prove
(1) 4AZ2 Y1 ∼
= 4ABC.
(2) [ABC] = [AZ2 Y1 ] = [BZ1 X2 ] = [CX1 Y2 ].
(3) Z1 , A, Y2 are collinear.
(4) 4ABX2 ∼ = 4Z1 BC.
(5) 4ACX1 ∼
= 4Y2 CB.
(6) AX2 ⊥CZ1 .
(7) AX1 ⊥BY2 .
(8) B, X2 , X1 , C, U, V are concyclic.
Draw AD⊥BC.
(9) A, B, D, U are concyclic.
(10) A, C, D, V are concyclic.
(11) CZ1 , BY2 , AD are concurrent. Denote this point by K.
(12) K is the orthocenter of 4AM L.
(13) LM kBC.
(14) 4KF E ∼ 4ABC.
(15) U X2 bisects ∠BU X1 .
(16) X2 , U, Y1 are collinear.
(17) X1 , V, Z2 are collinear.
(18) Let R be the mid point of AZ1 . C, U, R are collinear.
(19) Let S be the mid point of AY2 . B, V, S are collinear.
(20) 4BAP ∼ 4BY1 Y2 and 4CAQ ∼ 4CZ2 Z1 .
1 1 1 1 1 1
(21) Deduce AP
= AB
+ AC
and AQ
= AB
+ AC
.
(22) P QkZ1 Y2 .
(23) Let BX1 ∩ CX2 = {O}. A, B, O, C are concyclic.
(24) AO⊥Z1 Y2 .
(25) 2 · AO = Z1 Y2 .
(26) 4OBR ∼ 4CBZ1 and 4OCS ∼ 4BCY2 .
(27) Let OR ∩ CZ = {G1 }, OR ∩ AX2 = {G2 },
OS ∩ BY2 = {H1 }, OS ∩ AX1 = {H2 }.
Then following set of points are concyclic.
(i) B, Z1 , R, G1 (ii) C, Y2 , S, H1 (iii) B, X2 , O, G2 (iv) C, X1 , O, H2 .
(28) BG1 V G2 and CH1 U H2 are squares.
←
−−
→
(29) AD bisects Y1 Z2 .
(30) Points E, F, V, U are concyclic.
Workshop Lecture 14 M. Prakash Institute
To construct a triangle, we require information about three suita-
bles parts of given triangle. If we want to construct a quadrilateral,
how much information shall we need? We can view 2ABCD as
a union of two triangles. To draw first triangle we need to know
three of its parts. Now for the remaining triangle, one of its parts is
already constructed. Hence we will need information of two more
of its parts. Over all, we need the information of five (suitable)
parts of the given quadrilateral. We will use the following notation.
Consider 2ABCD. let AB = a, BC = b, CD = c, DA = a, AC = x
and BD = y. Let A, B, C, D denote the measures of its angles.
(i) Construct 2ABCD, given a, b, c, d, x.
(ii) Construct 2ABCD, given a, b, c, d, A.
(iii) Construct 2ABCD, given a, b, c, d and that it is a cyclic quadri-
lateral.
Possible C yclic Q uadrilaterals

C c
b
B B
b
q r
a p c a q
r p
s s

A A
d D d D

Possible O rientation ofSides E

C c C
b b
B x B z B
b
x
a c
a y a
y d
d d z
A A A
D D c

F
abcd -clockw ise acbd -clockw ise abdc -clockw ise

Applying Ptolemy Theorem to 2ABCD, get ac + bd = xy.(1)

to 2ABED, get ab + cd = yz.(2), to 2ABCF , get ad + bc = xz.(3)
(1) · (2) (ac + bd)(ab + cd) (xy)(yz)
= = = y2.
(3) ad + bc xz
Also similarly calculate x2 , z 2 .
Construct cyclic 2ABCD given all four sides. (two methods).
Querry:
(1) Does there exist a 4ABC with a = 3, b = 7 and c = 15? Why?
(2) Does there exist a 4ABC with a = 6, b = 7 and c = 11?
Justify your answer. Is it really correct? No.
Have you used the theorem? Sum of the length of any two sides of
triangle is greater that the length of third side.
Check carefully whether we are using above theorem or its converse.
Is the converse true?
Statement of Converse: Given three positive real numbers a, b, c
such that a > b + c, b > c + a and c > a + b · · · (I).
There exists 4ABC such that BC = a, CA = b and AB = c.
Strategy: WLG let a ≥ b, c · · · (II) . We will tempararily assume
that 4ABC exists.

Let AD be altitude. Let BD = x, DC = a − x.

Now applying PT to 4ADB, we get
h2 = AD2 = BA2 − BD2 = c2 − x2 · · ·(1)
Now applying PT to 4ADC, we get
h2 = AD2 = CA2 − CD2 = b2 − (a − x)2 · · ·(2)
From (1) and (2) we get,
c 2 + a2 − b 2
c2 − x2 = b2 − (a − x)2 , ∴ x =
2a
(I) and (II), ⇒ x > 0 · · ·(3)
c 2 + a2 − b 2 1 c2 b2 1 a2
   
x= = +a− < + a = a · · · (4)
2a 2 a a 2 a
Now we systematically prove that required 4ABC actually exists.
Consider c2 − x2 
c2 + a2 − b2 c 2 + a2 − b 2
 
= (c + x)(c − x) = c + c−
2a 2a
 2ac + c2 + a2 − b2 2ac + c2 + a2 − b2
  
=
2a   2a
(c + a)2 − b2 b2 − (c − a)2
 
=
2a 2a
(a + b + c)(−a + b + c)(a − b + c)(a + b − c)
=
4a2
Note that (I) ⇒ each bracket in numerator is positive · · ·(5)
p
(a + b + c)(−a + b + c)(a − b + c)(a + b − c)
Let h =
2a
Proof:
Consider plane S. Let u be a line in S. Choose a point on u and
denote it by B. Choose positive side of u. By PPT there exist C
on u such that BC = a. By PPT, there exist D on u such that
c 2 + a2 − b 2
BD = . · · · (6)
2a
By (3), (4) and (5) we get B-D-C.
−−→ −−→ −−→
By APP, there exists DE in plane S such that DE ⊥ BC at D.
−−→
By PPT, there exists A on DE such that
p
(a + b + c)(−a + b + c)(a − b + c)(a + b − c)
DA = · · · (7)
2a
We must now varify that AB = c and AC = b
AB 2 = AD2 + BD2
(a + b + c)(−a + b + c)(a − b + c)(a + b − c) (c2 + a2 − b2 )2
= +
4a2 4a2
[(c + a) + b][(c + a) − b] [b + (c − a)][b − (c − a)] (c2 + a2 − b2 )2
= +
2a   2a 4a2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 
(c + a) − b b − (c − a) (c + a − b )
= +
2a 2a 4a2
2ac + c2 + a2 − b2 2ac + c2 + a2 − b2 (c2 + a2 − b2 )2
   
= +
2a 2a 4a2
c 2 + a2 − b 2 c 2 + a2 − b 2 (c2 + a2 − b2 )2
   
= c+ c− +
2a 2a 4a2
(c2 + a2 − b2 )2 (c2 + a2 − b2 )2
 
= c2 − + = c2 .
4a2 4a2
Similarly show that AC 2 = b2 .